The automatic detection and analysis of sunspots play a crucial role in understanding solar dynamics and predicting space weather events.This paper proposes a novel method for sunspot group detection and classificatio...The automatic detection and analysis of sunspots play a crucial role in understanding solar dynamics and predicting space weather events.This paper proposes a novel method for sunspot group detection and classification called the dual stream Convolutional Neural Network with Attention Mechanism(DSCNN-AM).The network consists of two parallel streams each processing different input data allowing for joint processing of spatial and temporal information while classifying sunspots.It takes in the white light images as well as the corresponding magnetic images that reveal both the optical and magnetic features of sunspots.The extracted features are then fused and processed by fully connected layers to perform detection and classification.The attention mechanism is further integrated to address the“edge dimming”problem which improves the model’s ability to handle sunspots near the edge of the solar disk.The network is trained and tested on the SOLAR-STORM1 data set.The results demonstrate that the DSCNN-AM achieves superior performance compared to existing methods,with a total accuracy exceeding 90%.展开更多
With great advance of ground-based extensive air shower arrays,such as LHAASO and HAWC,many very high energy(VHE)gamma-ray sources have been discovered and are being monitored regardless of the day and the night.Hence...With great advance of ground-based extensive air shower arrays,such as LHAASO and HAWC,many very high energy(VHE)gamma-ray sources have been discovered and are being monitored regardless of the day and the night.Hence,the Sun and Moon would have some impacts on the observation of gamma-ray sources,which have not been taken into account in previous analysis.In this paper,the influence of the Sun and Moon on the observation of very high energy gamma-ray sources when they are near the line of sight of the Sun or Moon is estimated.The tracks of all the known VHE sources are scanned and several VHE sources are found to be very close to the line of sight of the Sun or Moon during some period.The absorption of very high energy gamma rays by sunlight is estimated with detailed method and some useful conclusions are achieved.The main influence is the block of the Sun and Moon on gamma rays and the shadow on the cosmic ray background.The influence is investigated considering the detector angular resolution and some strategies on data analysis are proposed to avoid the underestimation of the gamma-ray emission.展开更多
In this present study,we have analyzed different types of X-ray solar flares(C,M,and X classes)coming out from different classes of sunspot groups(SSGs).The data which we have taken under this study cover the duration...In this present study,we have analyzed different types of X-ray solar flares(C,M,and X classes)coming out from different classes of sunspot groups(SSGs).The data which we have taken under this study cover the duration of 24 yr from 1996 to 2019.During this,we observed a total of 15015 flares(8417 in SC-23 and 6598 in SC-24)emitted from a total of 33780 active regions(21746 in SC-23 and 12034 in SC-24)with sunspot only.We defined the flaring potential or flare-production potential as the ratio of the total number of flares produced from a particular type of SSG to the total number of the same-class SSGs observed on the solar surface.Here we studied yearly changes in the flaring potential of different McIntosh class groups of sunspots in different phases of SC-23 and 24.In addition,we investigated yearly variations in the potential of producing flares by different SSGs(A,B,C,D,E,F,and H)during different phases(ascending,maximum,descending,and minimum)of SC-23 and 24.These are our findings:(1)D,E,and F SSGs have the potential of producing flares≥8 times greater than A,B,C and H SSGs;(2)The larger and more complex D,E,and F SSGs produced nearly 80%of flares in SC-23 and 24;(3)The A,B,C and H SSGs,which are smaller and simpler,produced only 20%of flares in SC-23 and 24;(4)The biggest and most complex SSGs of F-class have flaring potential 1.996 and 3.443 per SSG in SC-23 and 24,respectively.(5)The potential for producing flares in each SSG is higher in SC-24 than in SC-23,although SC-24 is a weaker cycle than SC-23.(6)The alterations in the number of flares(C+M+X)show different time profiles than the alterations in sunspot numbers during SC-23 and 24,with several peaks.(7)The SSGs of C,D,E,and H-class have the highest flaring potential in the descending phase of both SC-23 and 24.(8)F-class SSGs have the highest flaring potential in the descending phase of SC-23 but also in the maximum phase of SC-24.展开更多
Olbers’s paradox, known as the dark night paradox, is an argument in astrophysics that the darkness of the night sky conflicts with the assumption of an infinite and eternal static universe. Big-Bang theory was used ...Olbers’s paradox, known as the dark night paradox, is an argument in astrophysics that the darkness of the night sky conflicts with the assumption of an infinite and eternal static universe. Big-Bang theory was used to partially explain this paradox, while introducing new problems. Hereby, we propose a better theory, named Sun Matters Theory, to explain this paradox. Moreover, this unique theory supports and extended the Einstein’s static universe model proposed by Albert Einstein in 1917. Further, we proposed our new universe model, “Sun Model of Universe”. Based on the new model and novel theory, we generated innovative field equation by upgrading Einstein’s Field Equation through adding back the cosmological constant, introducing a new variable and modifying the gravitationally-related concepts. According to the Sun Model of Universe, the dark matter and dark energy comprise the so-called “Sun Matters”. The observed phenomenon like the red shift is explained as due to the interaction of ordinary light with Sun Matters leading to its energy and frequency decrease. In Sun Model, our big universe consists of many universes with ordinary matter at the core mixed and surrounded with the Sun Matters. In those universes, the laws of physics may be completely or partially different from that of our ordinary universe with parallel civilizations. The darkness of night can be easily explained as resulting from the interaction of light with the Sun Matters leading to the sharp decrease in the light intensity. Sun Matters also scatter the light from a star, which makes it shining as observed by Hubble. Further, there is a kind of Sun Matters named “Sun Waters”, surrounding every starts. When lights pass by the sun, the Sun Waters deflect the lights to bend the light path. According to the Sun Model, it is the light bent not the space bent that was proposed in the theory of relativities.展开更多
Modelization equations of six approaches for tracking the sun are recalled and used to evaluate the constraints and performances to which they lead to.The geographical study case is taken for the specific latitude of ...Modelization equations of six approaches for tracking the sun are recalled and used to evaluate the constraints and performances to which they lead to.The geographical study case is taken for the specific latitude of 12 North that is a good matching with the location of the country of Burkina Faso.Three decisive periods were locally established in order to consider the different travels of the sun on sky during one year.This work presents some technical data which facilitates the choice of sun tracking approaches with concern of a concentrator limits such as its angle of acceptance,its motion control card interpolation model,or its minimum irradiation level for energy conversion effectiveness.展开更多
文摘The automatic detection and analysis of sunspots play a crucial role in understanding solar dynamics and predicting space weather events.This paper proposes a novel method for sunspot group detection and classification called the dual stream Convolutional Neural Network with Attention Mechanism(DSCNN-AM).The network consists of two parallel streams each processing different input data allowing for joint processing of spatial and temporal information while classifying sunspots.It takes in the white light images as well as the corresponding magnetic images that reveal both the optical and magnetic features of sunspots.The extracted features are then fused and processed by fully connected layers to perform detection and classification.The attention mechanism is further integrated to address the“edge dimming”problem which improves the model’s ability to handle sunspots near the edge of the solar disk.The network is trained and tested on the SOLAR-STORM1 data set.The results demonstrate that the DSCNN-AM achieves superior performance compared to existing methods,with a total accuracy exceeding 90%.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant Nos.12393854,12022502 and 12263007by the High-level Talent Support program of Yunnan Province。
文摘With great advance of ground-based extensive air shower arrays,such as LHAASO and HAWC,many very high energy(VHE)gamma-ray sources have been discovered and are being monitored regardless of the day and the night.Hence,the Sun and Moon would have some impacts on the observation of gamma-ray sources,which have not been taken into account in previous analysis.In this paper,the influence of the Sun and Moon on the observation of very high energy gamma-ray sources when they are near the line of sight of the Sun or Moon is estimated.The tracks of all the known VHE sources are scanned and several VHE sources are found to be very close to the line of sight of the Sun or Moon during some period.The absorption of very high energy gamma rays by sunlight is estimated with detailed method and some useful conclusions are achieved.The main influence is the block of the Sun and Moon on gamma rays and the shadow on the cosmic ray background.The influence is investigated considering the detector angular resolution and some strategies on data analysis are proposed to avoid the underestimation of the gamma-ray emission.
基金partially supported by the Institute of Eminence(Io E)Program(Scheme No:6031)of BHU,Varanasi。
文摘In this present study,we have analyzed different types of X-ray solar flares(C,M,and X classes)coming out from different classes of sunspot groups(SSGs).The data which we have taken under this study cover the duration of 24 yr from 1996 to 2019.During this,we observed a total of 15015 flares(8417 in SC-23 and 6598 in SC-24)emitted from a total of 33780 active regions(21746 in SC-23 and 12034 in SC-24)with sunspot only.We defined the flaring potential or flare-production potential as the ratio of the total number of flares produced from a particular type of SSG to the total number of the same-class SSGs observed on the solar surface.Here we studied yearly changes in the flaring potential of different McIntosh class groups of sunspots in different phases of SC-23 and 24.In addition,we investigated yearly variations in the potential of producing flares by different SSGs(A,B,C,D,E,F,and H)during different phases(ascending,maximum,descending,and minimum)of SC-23 and 24.These are our findings:(1)D,E,and F SSGs have the potential of producing flares≥8 times greater than A,B,C and H SSGs;(2)The larger and more complex D,E,and F SSGs produced nearly 80%of flares in SC-23 and 24;(3)The A,B,C and H SSGs,which are smaller and simpler,produced only 20%of flares in SC-23 and 24;(4)The biggest and most complex SSGs of F-class have flaring potential 1.996 and 3.443 per SSG in SC-23 and 24,respectively.(5)The potential for producing flares in each SSG is higher in SC-24 than in SC-23,although SC-24 is a weaker cycle than SC-23.(6)The alterations in the number of flares(C+M+X)show different time profiles than the alterations in sunspot numbers during SC-23 and 24,with several peaks.(7)The SSGs of C,D,E,and H-class have the highest flaring potential in the descending phase of both SC-23 and 24.(8)F-class SSGs have the highest flaring potential in the descending phase of SC-23 but also in the maximum phase of SC-24.
文摘Olbers’s paradox, known as the dark night paradox, is an argument in astrophysics that the darkness of the night sky conflicts with the assumption of an infinite and eternal static universe. Big-Bang theory was used to partially explain this paradox, while introducing new problems. Hereby, we propose a better theory, named Sun Matters Theory, to explain this paradox. Moreover, this unique theory supports and extended the Einstein’s static universe model proposed by Albert Einstein in 1917. Further, we proposed our new universe model, “Sun Model of Universe”. Based on the new model and novel theory, we generated innovative field equation by upgrading Einstein’s Field Equation through adding back the cosmological constant, introducing a new variable and modifying the gravitationally-related concepts. According to the Sun Model of Universe, the dark matter and dark energy comprise the so-called “Sun Matters”. The observed phenomenon like the red shift is explained as due to the interaction of ordinary light with Sun Matters leading to its energy and frequency decrease. In Sun Model, our big universe consists of many universes with ordinary matter at the core mixed and surrounded with the Sun Matters. In those universes, the laws of physics may be completely or partially different from that of our ordinary universe with parallel civilizations. The darkness of night can be easily explained as resulting from the interaction of light with the Sun Matters leading to the sharp decrease in the light intensity. Sun Matters also scatter the light from a star, which makes it shining as observed by Hubble. Further, there is a kind of Sun Matters named “Sun Waters”, surrounding every starts. When lights pass by the sun, the Sun Waters deflect the lights to bend the light path. According to the Sun Model, it is the light bent not the space bent that was proposed in the theory of relativities.
文摘Modelization equations of six approaches for tracking the sun are recalled and used to evaluate the constraints and performances to which they lead to.The geographical study case is taken for the specific latitude of 12 North that is a good matching with the location of the country of Burkina Faso.Three decisive periods were locally established in order to consider the different travels of the sun on sky during one year.This work presents some technical data which facilitates the choice of sun tracking approaches with concern of a concentrator limits such as its angle of acceptance,its motion control card interpolation model,or its minimum irradiation level for energy conversion effectiveness.
