Cardio- and hepato-protective potential of methanolic extract of Syzygium cumini(L.) Skeels seeds:A diabetic rat model study

Objective: To evaluate the effect of methanolic extract of Syzygium cumini(L.) Skeels(S. cumini) seeds on the major organs in an animal model of diabetes through biochemical and histopathological studies.Methods: The methanolic extracts of S. cumini seeds(100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) were administered to alloxan-induced diabetic rats daily, with fasting blood glucose levels being measured by glucometry at one-day interval for a duration of two weeks. Biochemical assays to evaluate changes in the functions of the heart, liver,pancreas and kidney were carried out. Histopathological changes in the diabetic rat organs(pancreas, liver, heart, kidney and spleen) were also observed after the 14 days of treatment with the extracts.Results: Oral administration of methanolic extracts of S. cumini seeds(100 and 200 mg/kg body weight), with gliclazide as a positive control(25 mg/kg), showed beneficial effects including lowering blood glucose levels(P < 0.001), improved heart and liver functions, and hyperlipidemia due to diabetes. At 200 mg/kg, the extracts reversed cardiac and liver damage caused by alloxan.Conclusions: In addition to the anti-hyperglycemic activity of methanolic extracts of S. cumini seeds, the extracts demonstrates potential to minimize cardiac and hepatic complications.

Morphological characterization, antioxidant capacity and diversity of Syzygium cumini trees from Sri Lanka

Syzygium cumini(L.)Skeels(Madan)is widely distributed in South Asian countries,including Sri Lanka,where it was naturally found.There were only few studies reported on S.cumini for its values and other benefits in Sri Lanka.This study focuses on morphological characterization and the diversity of S.cumini trees in seven locations of Sri Lanka.Data were collected on different morphological traits.Leaf,flower and fruit morphology showed significant differences among locations.Further,trees from Batticaloa region showed different morphology,which would potentially open a different avenue for further study to trace different cultivars across the country.Results of the diversity index and multivariate analyses indicated high diversity in morphology and antioxidant capacity of trees.The variables such as leaf area,inter-nodal length,petiole length,anther length,filament length,fruit size and pericarp thickness could be suitable candidates to investigate the morphological variation of S.cumini any further.Antioxidant capacity studies also showed significant differences among locations and trees.Fruit hue angle was positively correlated to antioxidant capacities.Finding of this study concluded that the wide distribution of S.cumini trees throughout Sri Lanka in different geographical locations showed high diversity in leaf,flower and fruit morphology together with antioxidant capacity.

Acaricidal activity of different extracts from Syzygium cumini L.Skeels(Pomposia) against Tetranychus urticae Koch

Objective:To investigate the acaricidal activity of different extracts from Syzygium cumini(S.cumini)(Pomposia)againsst Tetranyckus urticae Koch(71 urticae)and the biochemical changes in antioxidants enzymes.Methods:Six extracts of S.cumini(Pomposia)at concentrations of 75,150 and 300μg/mL were used to control T.urticae(Koch).Results:The ethanol extract showed the most efficient acaricidal activity agent against T.urticae(98.5%)followed by hexane extract(94.0%),ether and ethyl acetate extract(90.0%).The LC_(50)values of the promising extract-were 85.0,101.0,102.0 and 98.0μ/mL,respectively.The activities of enzymes including ascorbate peroxidase(APX),peroxidase(POD),superoxide dismutase(SOD)and catalase(CAT)in susceptible mites were increased.The activities of all antioxidant enzymes reach the maximum value in mites at LC_(50)with ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts,respectively.Conclusions:The extract of S.cumini has acaricidal acivity against T.urticae,and the ethanol extract is the most efficient.

Syzygium cumini(L.)Skeels:A review of its phytochemical constituents and traditional uses

Syzygium cumini(S.cumini)(L.) Skeels(jambolan) is one of the widely used medicinal plants in the treatment of various diseases in particular diabetes.The present review has been primed to describe the existing data on the information on botany,phytochemical constituents,traditional uses and pharmacological actions of 5.cumini(L.) Skeels(jambolan).Electronic database search was conducted with the search terms of Eugenia jambolana,S.cumini,jambolan,common plum and java plum.The plant has been viewed as an antidiabetic plant since it became commercially available several decades ago.During last four decades,numerous folk medicine and scientific reports on the antidiabetic effects of this plant have been cited in the literature.The plant is rich in compounds containing anthocyanins,glucoside,ellagic acid,isoquercetin,kaemferol and myrecetin.The seeds are claimed to contain alkaloid,jambosine,and glycoside jambolin or antimellin,which halts the diastalic conversion of starch into sugar.The vast number of literatures found in the database revealed that the extracts of different parts of jambolan showed significant pharmacological actions.We suggest that there is a need for further investigation to isolate active principles which confer the pharmacological action.Hence identification of such active compounds is useful for producing safer drugs in the treatment of various ailments including diabetes.

Jamun (<i>Syzygium cumini </i>(L.)): A Review of Its Food and Medicinal Uses

Eugenia jambolana Lam., commonly known as black plum or “jamun” is an important medicinal plant in various traditional systems of medicine. It is effective in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, inflammation, ulcers and diarrhea and preclinical studies have also shown it to possess chemopreventive, radioprotective and antineoplastic properties. The plant is rich in compounds containing anthocyanins, glucoside, ellagic acid, isoquercetin, kaemferol and myrecetin. The seeds are claimed to contain alkaloid, jambosine, and glycoside jambolin or antimellin, which halts the diastatic conversion of starch into sugar. The present review has been primed to describe the existing data on the information on traditional and medicinal use.

Mathematical modeling on drying of Syzygium Cumini(L.)

In this study,drying characteristics of Syzygium cumini was experimentally investigated under the temperatures of 50°C,60°C and 70°C and the mathematical models were used to fit the drying of Syzygium cumini.Moisture transfered from Syzygium cumini was described by applying the Fick’s diffusion model and the effective moisture diffusivity was calculated.The temperature dependence of the effective moisture diffusivity for the drying of Syzygium cumini samples was described by an Arrhenius-type relationship with activation energy.Drying data were fitted to seven drying models,namely Lewis,Henderson and Pabis,Logarithmic,Twoterm,Page,Wang and Singh and modified Henderson and Pabis.The Logarithmic model was found as the best fitted model in describing the drying behavior of Syzygium cumini.

Ultrasound-assisted intensified aqueous extraction of phenolics from waste Syzygium cumini leaves:Kinetic studies and evaluation of antioxidant,antidiabetic and anticancer potential

This is the first report illustrating the extraction of total phenolic compounds(TPC)using the ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction(USAE)technique from waste Syzygium cumini leaves(WSCL).A kinetic study indicated that Peleg’s model was appropriately fitted to the experimental data when the effect of different parameters was checked on extraction with respect to time.Extraction yields of total phenolic contents(TPC)and total flavonoid contents(TFC)were 78.38 mg GAE/g,and 10.15 mg CE/g,respectively,at optimized parameters of 1:25 WSCL:water,35℃ temperature,134 W power,50%duty cycle and in 9 min of sonication time.Cumulative yields of TPC and TFC obtained by 5 sequential stirred batch extraction were 79.36 mg GAE/g and 10 mg CE/g,respectively.The cost and energy requirement of the USAE process was around 3000 times less than that of the Soxhlet technique.SEM images showed the changes in the morphology of the WSCL surface area before and after ultrasonic extraction.FTIR analysis showed the presence of O-H,N-H,C-H,C=C,and halogenated functional groups.The obtained WSCL extract showed antioxidant potential with an IC_(50) value of 15.64μg/mL.IC_(50) values of extract forα-amylase andα-glucosidase inhibitions were 8.3 and 6.64μg/mL.Antiproliferation activity against breast,cervical,and lung cancer showed the potential with GI50 values 252.8,112.5,and 97.8μg/mL,respectively.Aqueous extract of Syzygium cumini leaves can be used to treat oxidative stress,diabetes,and cancer.

Comparative evaluation of the medicinal activities of methanolic extract of seeds,fruit pulps and fresh juice of Syzygium cumini in vitro

Objective:To establish the health benefits of Syzgium cumin to discover functional components present in the seeds,fruit pulps and fresh juice of this fruit grown in Bangladesh.Methods:Thin layer chromatography and ultra-violet spectroscopy were used to detect the presence of various types of compound in seeds and juice.Antioxidant effects were measured by DPPH scavenging assay and total reducing assay.Receptor binding activities was performed by hemagglutination inhibition assay.Anti-inflammatory assay and hydrogen peroxide induced hemolysis assay was also investigated.Disc diffusion assay was performed to show the antibacterial effect using Gram positive,Gram negative strains of bacteria and fungi.Results:Methanolic extract of the seeds showed stronger antioxidant,hydrogen peroxide induced hemolysis activities,hemagglutination inhibition activities and membrane stabilization activities than those of fresh juice.However,fresh juice showed stronger antibacterial and antifungal activities than those of methanolic seed extract.The seed contains higher amount of polyphenols and flavanoids than those of fruit juice.Conclusions:Therefore,fruit juice,fruit pulp and seed of Syzygium cumini contain medicinal active components in different ratios.

水淹-盐胁迫对两耐淹树种生理生态及Na^(+)、K^(+)和Cl^(-)离子积累的影响

滨海河口河岸带植物易受到水淹和盐复合胁迫的影响。前期研究表明水翁(Syzygium nervosum A.Cunn.ex DC.)和乌墨(Syzygium cumini(L.)Skeels)具有较强的耐水淹能力,然而两种植物对水淹-盐复合胁迫的耐受性尚不清楚。本研究设置水淹、盐(350 mmol/L)及水淹-盐(175 mmol/L)复合胁迫3种胁迫处理,比较两物种对不同胁迫的生长、生理生化和盐胁迫相关离子积累的响应。结果显示,经过24 d处理,3种胁迫处理均低了两物种的生物量,提高了还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的活性。水淹胁迫下两物种的超氧阴离子(O_(2)^(·-))和过氧化氢(H_(2)O_(2))含量下降,根系K^(+)含量上升,K^(+)/Na^(+)下降;盐胁迫下乌墨幼苗O_(2)^(·-)含量下降,水翁幼苗O_(2)^(·-)含量上升,两物种幼苗的脯氨酸含量、H_(2)O_(2)含量、Na^(+)、Cl^(-)含量上升,K^(+)/Na^(+)下降;水淹-盐复合胁迫下两物种的O_(2)^(·-)、Na^(+)、Cl^(-)含量上升,K^(+)/Na^(+)下降。此外,与水淹相比,水淹-盐复合胁迫降低了两物种的生物量,提升了两物种的O_(2)^(·-)、Na^(+)、Cl^(-)含量。与水翁相比,乌墨幼苗在盐、水淹-盐复合胁迫下有较高的生物量、脯氨酸含量、GR活性和K^(+)/Na^(+),以及较低的H_(2)O_(2)、Na^(+)和Cl^(-)含量,具有更强的盐、水淹-盐复合胁迫耐受能力。

水翁和乌墨幼苗对水淹-盐胁迫的生理生态差异响应

河口河岸带及海岸带植物易受到水淹和盐复合胁迫的影响。本研究设置水淹、盐(350 mmol/L)、水淹-盐复合胁迫(175 mmol/L)3种胁迫处理,比较水翁(Cleistocalyx operculatus(Roxb.)Merr.et Perry)和乌墨(Syzygium cumini(L.)Skeels)两种耐水淹能力较强的植物幼苗对不同胁迫的生理生态响应差异。结果显示,3种胁迫方式处理24 d后,均降低了两物种的株高增长量、叶面积、总生物量、根系活力、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)等指标,而相对电导率、过氧化物酶(POD)活性上升。水淹胁迫下,两物种胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)随时间的延长持续下降。盐、水淹-盐复合胁迫下,两物种Ci随时间的延长先降后升。此外,与水淹相比,水淹-盐复合胁迫显著降低了两物种的叶面积、总生物量、Pn、Tr、Gs,而根冠比、相对电导率、POD活性显著上升。与乌墨相比,水翁幼苗在水淹胁迫下能够形成不定根,具有较高的根系活力、光合作用效率、POD活性以及更小的膜损伤,耐水淹能力较强;而乌墨幼苗在盐、水淹-盐复合胁迫下相比水翁具有较高的叶面积、生物量、根系活力、Pn、Tr、Gs、超氧化物歧化酶、POD活性以及更低的丙二醛含量,耐盐能力较强。

海南蒲桃叶黄酮的提取及抗氧化性研究

采用正交试验法研究了海南蒲桃叶黄酮提取条件对黄酮得率的影响,确定了最佳提取条件为:乙醇体积分数70%,料液比1∶20(g∶mL),提取温度80℃提取3h,此条件下黄酮得率为6.06%。利用体外试验检测不同浓度海南蒲桃叶黄酮对二苯基苦基苯肼DPPH.的清除作用。结果表明海南蒲桃叶黄酮是一种有效的自由基清除剂,对DPPH.有显著的清除作用。黄酮溶液质量浓度在31.25～250mg/L范围内,清除率随质量浓度增大而增大,最高可达93.04%。

两种木本植物光合作用对油页岩废渣污染的响应

比较油页岩污染点(茂名石化公司废渣场)和相对清洁点(茂名市林科所)生长的灌木翅荚决明(CassiaalataL.)和乔木乌墨(Syzygiumcumini(Linn.)Skeels)的光合生理指标的变化。在两个试验点,翅荚决明的净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率的绝对值在一天的多数时段均高于乌墨,但与对照点相比,在污染点翅荚决明的净光合速率和水分利用效率的下降幅度却大于乌墨,气孔导度则相反,可能与土壤含水量有关。结果表明乌墨的抗油页岩废渣污染能力强于翅荚决明。

巨尾桉与几种阔叶树和针叶树碳储量的比较研究

【目的】研究广西北海市巨尾桉（Eucalyptus grandis×E．urophylla）、红锥（Castanopsis hystrix）、海南蒲桃（Szygium cumini）、香梓楠（Michelia hedyosperma）、闽楠（Michelia macclurei）、杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolata）、马尾松（Pinus massoniana）的冠幅、生物量和碳储量情况，为该地区建立人工林优势树种选择提供科学依据。【方法】对两年生的巨尾桉、红锥、海南蒲桃、香梓楠、闽楠、杉木、马尾松进行常规的群落调查，采用收获法收集各树种的根、茎、叶、枝，通过实验手段测定其生物量、含碳率、碳储量。【结果】巨尾桉冠幅为其他树种的1．7～8．6倍，高度为3．1～6倍，基径为1．6～3．6倍；巨尾桉生物量高达17．2t·hm^2，其次海南蒲桃为3．6t·hm^2，其余树种生物量较低；巨尾桉含碳率在所有树种中居于中间水平，碳储量为其他树种的6～30倍。【结论】在同龄树种中，巨尾桉的固碳能力较强，可作为人工林生态固碳的优选树种。

海南蒲桃果色素提取工艺的研究

探讨了提取剂、提取温度、提取时间、原料与提取剂配比等因素对海南蒲桃果色素提取的影响。结果表明最佳提取条件:以体积分数为0.3%盐酸-90%乙醇溶液作为提取剂,原料与提取剂配比为1∶4(g/mL),温度为60℃,时间为4h。

海南蒲桃+阴香林带的降温增湿效应

在暑期高温时对广州白云山国家级风景名胜区海南蒲桃(Syzygium cum ini)+阴香(C innamomumburmannii)林带的降温增湿效应进行了观测,结果表明:距离林带2 m处与距离林带16 m处相比,昼间平均光照强度低21 247 lx,昼间平均气温低1.8℃,昼间平均空气相对湿度大4.5%。随着与林带水平距离的增大,气温和空气相对湿度的起伏变化增大,海南蒲桃+阴香林带不仅能有效减小太阳光照强度,而且表现出明显的降温增湿效应。

藏药萨折抗单胺氧化酶活性成分研究

目的分离鉴定藏药萨折中的单胺氧化酶抑制剂。方法运用硅胶、聚酰胺、凝胶柱色谱和HPLC分离纯化萨折的化学成分,并根据其理化性质和波谱数据鉴定化合物结构。采用Holt法进行抗单胺氧化酶活性测定。结果从萨折的乙醇提取物中分离得到3个化合物,分别鉴定为没食子酸（1）,没食子酸甲酯（2）,3,4,8,9,10-pentahydroxydibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-one（3）3个化合物。其对单胺氧化酶的半数抑制浓度（IC50）分别为10.0、35.9、35.2μmol/L。结论化合物3为首次从萨折中分离得到,化合物1-3均具有较强单胺氧化酶抑制活性,其中化合物1活性最好,其IC50为10.0μmol/L。

海南蒲桃果色素的提取及理化性质的研究

从海南蒲桃果中提取天然色素的工艺条件是:以体积分数为0.3%盐酸-90%乙醇溶液作为提取剂,原料与提取剂配比为1∶4(g/mL),温度为60℃,时间为4h。对该色素的理化性质研究结果表明,海南蒲桃果色素有一定的耐热性,但耐光性、耐氧化性和耐还原性差;柠檬酸和果糖使色素增色;Cu2+、Fe3+、Zn2+、K+和Al3+使色素变色,Ca2+、Na+和Mg2+对色素无不良影响。

微波法提取海南蒲桃果色素的研究

利用微波技术从海南蒲桃果中提取色素,通过单因素和正交试验确定最佳提取条件。结果表明:微波法的最佳提取条件是微波功率528 W,提取时间5min,提取剂为0.3%HCl-60%乙醇,料液比为1∶10(g/mL)。

海南蒲桃花芽形态分化过程观测及其生理生化变化特征

为了解海南蒲桃[Syzygium cumini(L.)Skeels.]花芽形态分化及相关生理生化变化特征,为海南蒲桃花果量调控和栽培管理提供依据。该研究采用冷冻切片技术和扫描观察法对海南蒲桃花芽形态分化过程的结构特征进行观测,并采用蒽酮比色法、考马斯亮蓝G-250法和酶联免疫吸附检测法测定花芽相关生理指标。结果表明:(1)海南蒲桃花芽形态分化过程包括7个阶段:花序原基分化期、小花原基分化期、萼片原基分化期、花瓣原基分化期、雄蕊原基分化期、雌蕊原基分化期和雄蕊雌蕊形成期。(2)花芽形态分化过程中,花芽长度呈“快—慢”趋势增加,宽度呈“快—慢—快”趋势增加。(3)花芽可溶性糖和淀粉含量变化趋势为先降后升,蛋白质含量却持续升高。(4)花芽形态分化过程中,花芽GA_(3)含量极低,ABA、IAA和ZT含量升高,ABA/GA_(3)、ZT/GA_(3)比值增大,ABA/IAA比值减小。研究认为,在海南蒲桃花芽形态分化过程中,大量的碳水化合物和蛋白质积累,低水平的GA_(3),高水平的ZT、ABA、IAA及ABA/GA_(3)、ZT/GA_(3)比值,均有利于海南蒲桃完成花芽形态分化。

城市绿地中鸟类对海南蒲桃的取食和传播作用

海南蒲桃(Syzygium cumini)是亚热带地区城市绿地中常见的绿化植物,其果实数量多、果期长,可为鸟类提供大量食物资源。2020年6月—8月借助Safari 10×26变焦双筒望远镜,采用焦点扫描法对访问海南蒲桃果实(种子)的鸟类行为进行观察,详细记录鸟类的种类、取食基质、访问频次、取食时间、取食数量和取食方式等信息,探讨鸟类在海南蒲桃种子传播及种群更新中的生态作用。结果表明:成熟的海南蒲桃能吸引7种食果鸟类对其种子进行取食,其中白头鹎(Pycnonotus sinensis)、红耳鹎(Pycnonotus jocosus)、白喉红臀鹎(Pycnonotus aurigaster)和黄臀鹎(Pycnonotus xanthorrhous)4种鸟类以整吞的方式取食海南蒲桃的种子,属于种子潜在传播者。不同种鸟类对海南蒲桃果实的取食频次间存在显著差异(t=4.310,df=6,P<0.01),平均访问只数、平均取食时间和平均取食量间存在极显著差异(P<0.001)。食果鸟类的形态特征(体长、体重和嘴峰大小)与取食数量间均呈正相关。鸟类主要以呕吐的方式传播海南蒲桃的种子,观察期间在鸟类取食后停歇的树木下方地面上常散落着较多表面洁净、无果肉包裹的裸露种子,且有大量的海南蒲桃幼苗成功更新,说明城市绿地中的植物是可以借助鸟类的取食和传播来实现其种群的更新。