Paleogene transgression process and environmental evolution in the deepwater area of the Baiyun Depression in the northern South China Sea

Multiple borehole samples are collected from the Baiyun Depression in deep-water area of the northern South China Sea(SCS)in an effort to reconstruct transgression processes during the Paleogene based on palynalgal analysis.This study indicates that the Baiyun Depression generated a large group of palynopore assemblages and fluvial/lacustrine-related algae during the early and middle Eocene when the Wenchang Formation was deposited.The entire depression was dominated by fluvial and lacustrine facies before transgression.Its eastern and southeastern sags transitioned to shallow marine environment by generating a large abundance of marine dinoflagellates during the Enping deposition of the late Eocene.Meanwhile,the southern uplift zone simply yielded fluvial/lacustrine-related palynopores and algae,and was dominated by the fluvial and lacustrine environment during the early stage of the Enping Formation,prior to shifting into transitional setting in the later period.Northwestern sags remained extensive fluvial and delta facies without existence of marine dinoflagellates.It was until the depositional stage of the Zhuhai Formation(Oligocene)that the overall depression was strongly impacted from transgression process.Both eastern and southeastern sags were mainly under deep marine setting on a continental slope while northwestern and southern areas developed transitional facies.Although distribution and accumulation patterns varied greatly among sub-sags,the overall Baiyun Depression was characterized by widespread development of marine dinoflagellates.It should be noted that the northwestern sag also partly generated large-scale river delta deposits.Due to the eustatic rise and change of SCS spreading axis,the overall Baiyun Depression was mostly influenced by the deep marine environment on a continental slope during the early Miocene.Both northwestern sag and southern uplift zone were found plentiful marine dinoflagellates.In summary,transgression initiated from the eastern and southeastern Baiyun Depression before subsequently progressing into the farther west.Evolution of transgression process is also greatly consistent with the gradual westward expansion of the SCS.

The Mamfe Basin in the southern Benue trough extension between Cameroon and Nigeria:Gem origin and problem of lithostratigraphic nomenclature and marine transgression

The Mamfe Basin has been the subject of many studies,but some debates persist,especially concerning the stratigraphic nomenclature,corundum origin,and marine transgression.The aims of this work are(1)to propose a new lithostratigraphic nomenclature of the Mamfe Basin formation based on new field observations,(2)to determine the source rock distribution and the origin of gem deposits and(3)to correlate the Cameroon section of the Mamfe Basin with the Nigerian deposits.The main results show that the name Manyu River Group is more appropriate as the Manyu River crosses all the facies in the Mamfe sedimentary Basin belonging to the Manyu Division.According to the facies analysis,the age of deposition,the mineralogic and geochemical data such as the V vs.Al2O3andΣREE vs.Al_(2)O_(3),TiO_(2)MgO,Na_(2)O,P_(2)O_(5),and CaO diagrams,this Group is composed of at least five Formations,including four Cretaceous Formations,from bottom to top:the Etoko Formation(alluvial and fluvial channel to fluvio-lacustrine deposits),the Nfaitok Formation(lagoonal deposits),the Bachuo Ntai Formation(fluvial braided channels or fluvio-deltaic environment)and the Eyumojock/NsanaragatiFormation(fluvio-lacustrine deposits)and the new Cenozoic Formation named Bakebe Formation(fluvio-lacustrine deposits).The gem minerals such as corundum,rutile,or tourmaline in the Cretaceous deposits of the Mamfe Basin are mainly detrital as indicated by the presence of worn shapes and fragments of these minerals.The presence of sapphire in the AlboCenomanian deposits indicates a Precambrian age of the felsic source rock,likely the plutonic rocks such as granite or pegmatite as indicated by the abundance of tourmaline and high LREE/HREE ratios(14.81–34.29)and slightly negative and positive Eu anomalies(0.85–1.15).This marine incursion in the Mamfe Basin was probably from West Nigeria,according to the geographic location of the Mamfe Basin and the general palaeogeographic evolution of the Benue Trough.

The Effect of Perceived Anonymity on Online Transgressions:The Moderating Role of Moral Excuses

With the development of science and technology,the use of the Internet is becoming more and more widespread.However,with the popularity of the Internet,some problems have gradually surfaced.The anonymity of Internet use has become a breeding ground for many acts that are contrary to public decency,and this study is conducted against this background.This study explored the impact of perceived anonymity on online transgressions and investigated the moderating effect of moral excuses.A total of 414 subjects,210 males and 204 females,participated in this experimental survey.The SPSS data analysis concluded that perceived anonymity played a significant positive predictive role on online deviance(p<0.01),and the moderating role of moral excuses was not significant.This study will be conducive to the better implementation of the action of clearing cyberspace and to the regulation of public behaviour in cyberspace.

Sedimentary Evolution and Transgressions of the Western Subei Basin in Eastern China since the Late Pliocene

Sedimentary sequences in the Subei Basin are complex and have been affected by interactions between the ocean and rivers since the Late Pliocene, including the Yellow River, Huaihe River, and the Yangtze River. This sedimentary evolution, in particular the timing of Pleistocene transgressions, has long been a matter of controversy owing to the lack of precise chronological evidence. The aim of this study is to explore the evolution of the sedimentary environment throughout the past 3.00 Ma in this region on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of particle size and foraminifera and ostracods collected in the TZK9 core from the Subei Basin combined with geochronological studies of magnetostratigraphy, AMS^(14)C and optically stimulated luminescence(OSL). The results show that fluvial facies in the sedimentary environment from 3.00 to 1.01 Ma. There were fluvial facies and reflects six sea-level high stands from 1.01 to 0.25 Ma. The study area was affected by four large-scale transgressions since 0.25 Ma. The four marine sedimentary layers known as DU7(buried at 48–52 m), DU5(buried at 35–41 m), DU3(buried at 16–23 m), and DU1(buried at 2–4 m) are recorded in the MIS7(210–250 ka), MIS5, MIS3, and Holocene, respectively. The magnitude of the DU5 transgression was identical to that of the DU3 transgression, both were larger than the DU7 transgression, and the DU1 transgression was the weakest. The variation of transgression strength reflects the influence of global changes in sea level, tectonic subsidence, shell ridges, and sand dams. In the TZK9 core, we found evidence of seven sea-level high stands from the Early–Middle Pleistocene, and the first one caused by regional rapid subsidence and could be traced back to 0.83-0.84 Ma. The sea-level high stands and the age of the first one recorded above was different from other cores in eastern China, this was caused by the lack of absolute age control and the differences in paleotopography during this period. This study reconstructs sedimentary evolution, determines the transgression and its age, establishes the chronology since the Late Pliocene, and provides a scientific framework for further paleoenvironmental and tectonic studies. The results of this study highlight the important role that local tectonics and global sea level play in the sedimentary evolution and transgressions that have occurred in the western Subei Basin.

The Age of the Old Transgression Sequence in the Pearl River Delta, China

The Pearl River Delta （PRD） is located in the north coast area of the South China Sea （SCS）. As one of the largest delta in China, only the two latest events among the several tens of eustatic fluctuations occurring in the Quaternary were recorded in almost whole area of the PRD.

Change in Sediment Provenance Near the Current Estuary of Yellow River Since the Holocene Transgression

Sedimentary sequence and sediment provenance are important factors when it comes to the studies on marine sedimentation. This paper studies grain size distribution, lithological characteristics, major and rare earth elemental compositions, micropaleontological features and ^(14)C ages in order to examine sedimentary sequence and sediment provenance of the core BH6 drilled at the mouth of the Yellow River in Bohai Sea. According to the grain size and the micropaleontological compositions, 4 sedimentary units have been identified. Unit 1(0–8.08 mbsf) is of the delta sedimentary facies, Unit 2(8.08–12.08 mbsf) is of the neritic shelf facies, Unit 3(12.08–23.85 mbsf) is of near-estuary beach-tidal facies, and Unit 4(23.85 mbsf–) is of the continental lake facies. The deposits from Unit 1 to Unit 3 have been found to be marine strata formed after the Holocene transgression at about 10 ka BP, while Unit 4 is continental lacustrine deposit formed before 10 ka BP. The provenances of core BH6 sediments show properties of the continental crust and vary in different sedimentary periods. For Unit 4 sediments, the source regions are dispersed while the main provenance is not clear, although the parent rock characteristics of a few samples are similar to the Luanhe River sediments. For Unit 3, sediments at 21.1–23.85 mbsf have been mainly transported from the Liaohe River, while sediments above 21.1 mbsf are mainly from the Yellow River and partially from the Liaohe River. For Unit 2, the sediments have been mainly transported from the Yellow River, with a small amount from other rivers. For Unit 1, the provenance is mainly the Yellow River catchment. These results help in better understanding the evolution of the Yellow River Delta.

Dynamic simulations of the late MIS 3 transgressions in the East China Sea and southern Yellow Sea,China

Abundant evidences of higher sea levels from Jiangsu and Fujian coasts have proved a marine transgression event during 30–40 ka BP, suggesting that there was a stage with high sea level and a warm climate when ice sheets shrank in the Northern Hemisphere. The duration of 30–40 ka BP spanned a period in the late Marine Isotope Stage 3（MIS 3） and was in nature an interstadial epoch during the Last Glacial period of the Quaternary. Different from the glacial period with a cold climate, this marine transgression considered as a penultimate higher sea level during the Quaternary remains a puzzle that why the evidence is contrary to the Quaternary glacial theory. It is important to understand sea level rise for these areas sensitively responding to the global changes in the future. To recognize the key issues on sea level changes, the eustatic sea level（H_S） was defined as the glaciation-climateforced sea levels, and the relative sea level change（H_R） was defined as that a sea level record was preserved in sediment that experienced multiple secondary actions of land and sea effects. On the basis as defined above, we constructed multi-level models of climate-driven glacio-eustatic changes and land-sea systems. By integrating data sets from eight borehole cores and prescribing the boundary conditions, we simulated the changes of HS and HR in the East China Sea and southern Yellow Sea areas in the late MIS 3. The marine transgression strata from the borehole core data was identified at ca. 30 m below present sea level as a result of the collective influence of ice melting water, neotectonic subsidence, sediment compaction and terrestrial sediment filling since ca. 35 ka ago,whereas the simulated relative sea-levels turned out to be –26.3––29.9 m a.s.l. The small error involved in the simulation results of ±（2.5–4.5） m demonstrated the credibility of the results. Our results indicated that sea level change in the late MIS 3 was dominated by glacial effects, in which the eustatic sea-level was between –19.2––22.1m a.s.l. The study sheds light on the nature of sea-level changes along the east coast of China in the late MIS 3 and contributes to understanding the characteristics of marine transgression under the effects of multiple complex land-sea interactions.

Evidence for marine transgression between 7500–5400BC at the Luotuodun Site in Yixing,Jiangsu Province

Based on archaeological excavations, 217 samples were collected from the Luotuodun Site. Of them 63 samples from the section plane of the site layer were used for identification analysis of foraminifera, plant debris and seed fossils, and four samples were used for 14C dating and relevant analysis. Through many kinds of experiments, we have drawn some conclusions. Firstly, benthic foraminifera, such as Ammonia compressiuscula and Ammonia cff. sobrina, are found in the lOth layer, indicating that between 7500 and 5400 BC, i.e. before the emergence of the Majiabang Culture, Luotuodun Site and its nearby regions had ever experienced a marine transgression event. Secondly, we have found 450 plant fossils in this site, such as Polygonum sp., Scripus sp., Najas sp., Physalis sp., which indicated lacustrine or swamp environment.

Deposition of coal-bearing measures and coal accumulation under marine transgression 'events' in North China epicontinental sea basin

In recent years, studies show that coal formed during marine transigression process is also important in coal accumulation basin. Still, the characteristics of coal formation is more clearly demonstrated by the coal formation in TST in the sequence stratigraphic framework. Based on the study of the characteristics of coal formation in epicontinental coal accumulation basin, the viewpoint that coal was formed under marine transgression was put forward by the authors and the mechenism thereof was also analyized. Marine transgression resulted in the forming of swamp and then the peat swamp. And the transgression later on put the peat formed in advance in deep water environment to form coal in the end. The important stratigraphic horrizons, such as coal seams, marine facies layers, formed with marine transgression are of the property of isochronism.

Carboniferous–Permian marine transgressions in the Jiyang Depression

In recent years, great attention has been paid to oil and gas exploration in the Carboniferous-Permian strata of the Bohaiwan basin, especially the Carboniferous-Permian marine transgression, using data from drilling, outcrops and carbonate acid-insoluble residue experiments together with the tectonic evo- lutionary history of the peripheral orogenic zones of the North China plate and the Tan-Lu fault zones. The .＇;tudy concludes that marine transgressions took place on six occasions during Carboniferous-Perm- ian time in the Jiyang Depression. The marine transgressions were concentrated in the Late Carbonifer- ous： two marine transgressions occurred in the early Late Carboniferous, and the scale of the first was smaller and the time was shorter than those of the second. The other four marine transgressions hap- pened in the late Late Carboniferous, the first and the fourth of which were larger in scale and longer in time than the second and the third. The seawater came from the Jiaobei area, the eastward part of the Qinling-Dabie residual sea basin, and invaded progressively as a planar flow from south to north and from east to west. These findings have great significance for thorough analysis of the sedimentary characteristics and evolution of the Carboniferous-Permian strata in the livang Denression.

Late Cretaceous Paleoenvironment and Paleoclimate Change During Large Lake Transgression in the Songliao Basin,NE China

Late Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Songliao Basin provide a unique material to study the paleo-environment and paleoclimate of nomarine Cretaceous.Two large transgressions occurred during the Qingshankou and Nenjiang deposition times,the later of which was larger.Based on sedimentation,ostracode,TOC,HI,δ13Corg and C/N from upper Yaojia Formation to Lower Nenjiang Formation in the eastern Songliao Basin。

Transgressions and the sea-level changes of the western Taiwan Strait since the Late Pleistocene

The sedimentary sequences since the Late Pleistocene can be divided into Layers E, D, C, B, A from old to young according to systematic analysis of grain-size, pollen and spore, diatom, foraminifera, radiocarbon dating and paleogeomagnetism of 16 sedimentary cores from the sea area of the western Taiwan Strait. The results proved the existences of the Langqi transgression (upper section of Layer D) formed in middle and late stages of early Wurm glacial period, Fuzhou transgression (Layer C) formed in Wurm sub-interglacial period and Changle transgression (Layer A) formed in postglacial period. It was also the first time to discover the Jinmen transgression (Layer E) formed in Riss -Wurm interglacial period. In this paper it is proposed that most part of the Taiwan Strait emerged as land in the early stage of early Wurm glacial period, and was still under sublittoral environment in late Wurm glacial period, as well as the existence of Dongshan Continental Bridge was in 8×103 a BP.

Tragic Experience and Critical Consciousness: Madness as the Presence of Transgression

The role of madness has been an unexcavated part in studies of Foucault on transgression,especially with literary studies.This paper considers madness as the presence of transgression,and gives an account of madness from two different perspectives:tragic experience and critical consciousness.Madness as a tragic experience provides Foucault a way of transgressing death which is a limit that cannot be transcended;madness as a critical consciousness helps Foucault conceptualize the relation between reason and madness.The image of madmen in literary works can be recognized as the most typical embodiment of the connection between madness and transgression.Rather than aiming at a detailed explanation of Foucault’s understanding of madness,it attaches vital importance that how madness as a tragic experience and a critical consciousness becomes the presence of transgression.

Transition and Transgression of Identity in Chuck Palahniuk＇s Survivor

The post-modernist concerning with identity and subjectivity posits that identity is multi-faceted and constantly gets re-constructed by choice. This results in increasingly fragmented and unstable identities leading to an inevitable breakdown in social relationships and sanity. A limited and dependable set of coherent identities began to fragment into a diverse and unstable series of competing identities. Post-modernism stifled the idea of nation, religion, family, and identity as bedrocks of stability and security. Disillusioned post-modernist world has deconstructed the well-defined boundaries that governed the life, otherwise, transition and transgression through and across these domains became the norm that allowed negotiation in daily lives. Where the subject became a terminal of multiple networks, consciously enacting the repetitions through which identity was getting produced and changed, demonstrating identity＇s ＂performativity＂. Establishing that what we believe to be true is only a construction or an interpretation of reality, shaped by our own socially constructed bias, thereby putting to scrutiny the idea of reality and real itself, which removed any sense of objective reality and with it the notion of an objective self. Identity is constantly changing and transitioning, the idea of the self which is entangled with multiplicity, heterogeneity, difference and ceaselessly becoming caught between the present and future, real and unreal, death and life. This research paper will carry out an analysis on evidential aspects in the selected novel and will further interpret the episodes of transition and transgressions that inform this novel.

Apocalypse and Body Transgression： On Picasso’s Crucifixion （1930）

The article deals with the question of the possibility of a new interpretation of Picasso’s picture entitled Crucifixion, which was created in the context of the art paradigm shift in the 1930s when the master focused his attention to the return to painting as a reference framework of myth and religion. But this return was only a turning point towards a modern understanding of the world and art from other sources. It should be noted that the problem of pictorial turn nowadays has a strong impact on the postmodern theology, which encompasses various cultural traditions, and also quite opposite philosophical attitudes. The article shows, thus, the inner relationship and connection between painting art and the search for transgression in the language that was the idea of Bataille. In the first part of this article, author tries to show the consequences of Bataille’s thinking of transgression; the second part has attempted to articulate the problems of interpretation of Picasso’s canvas Crucifixion; and concluding remarks is an attempt to review the emphasis on relationship with pictorial turn and transformations in the notion of contemporary art concerning the body as a sovereign event of the freedom and sacrifice.

Generic Transgression of Tragicomedy in Anton Chekhov＇s The Seagull and George Bernard Shaw＇s The Apple Cart

This paper delves into Anton Chekhov＇s The Seagull and George Bemard Shaw＇s The Apple Cart to extensively analyze their infusion of certain comical elements in depicting ostensibly tragic concerns. The paper aims at exploring the use of the comic elements that is not without purpose. Instead through this incorporation of farce, linguistic humor, witty repartee and exaggeration, the holistic vision of life is obtained which was earlier compartmentalized by the Greeks and Roman playwrights. Comic elements including slapstick humor, the singing of songs, and certain character portrayal are discussed as techniques employed at the hands of the playwrights to reflect over the real historical milieu of their respective times, yet giving a boost to realism as a theory and a practice. This is a qualitative study based upon hermeneutic theory of textual analysis. The paper establishes the similarities in Bernard Shaw＇s and Anton Chekhov＇s employment of comical elements as well as the difference between their essential purposes in generic transgression. Although the two writers have their roots in different countries, their humorous portrayal of various issues is seen to be similar. From the microanalysis of these plays, the same comic strains can be traced out in modern drama at macro level that will enhance the implication of this research paper. This paper therefore concludes that comic and tragic elements are not antagonistic rather complimentary to each other.

The Minor-Narrative of Transgression in The God of Small Things

The debut novel of Arundhati Roy offers bountiful insight into the real India through connecting dots of memory.Opposed to the mas-ter-narrative in British canonical literary works,a minor-narrative is adopted in this novel,casting realistic light on the postcolonial India.This paper probes into the minor-narrative of transgression in three aspects:language,philosophy and ethnicity.The use of in-digenous language such as Malayalam,the striking contrast between Christian God and the God of small things,and the love affair between different castes transgress the social norms,reflecting Arundhati Roy's wish for a more justified and equal society in India.

Evidences of Holocene transgression on Domingos Petrolini Swamp, southern coastal plain, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

The Domingos Petrolini Swamp, located on the Southern Coastal Plain of Rio Grande do Sul, near the town of Rio Grande, constitutes an ample holocene lagoonal deposit. Events related to the holocene transgression and their diverse phases of glacial-eustatic ocillations were found through palynological analysis. Bases on these palynological data, four distinct phases to the paleoenvironmental evolution of the ecosystem were identified. It has also shown a transgressive restricted marine sequence on the base, which suggests the existence of a coastal brackish lagoon or a marisme type of environment. Later, there was a gradation for continentality conditions along with a scarce pollinical record. The third phase is characterized by the presence of marine components and halophyte vegetation, showing another transgressive event in that place. Lastly, the end of direct marine influence over the swamp was recorded and also the vegetation development as it appears these days.

Molecular geochemical characteristics of gas source rocks from the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation indicate transgression events in the Sichuan Basin

The geochemical characteristics of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons from different formations and lithologies provide ob-vious evidence for transgressions that occurred during Upper Triassic Xujiahe stage in Sichuan Basin with a great impact on the source input and depositional environment.A clear dual peak distribution for normal alkanes and obvious abundant com-pounds sourced from bacteria and algae in whole oil gas chromatogram indicates the abundance of lower organisms input.The ratio of Pr/Ph is low,ranging from 0.33 to 0.86 with an average of 0.60,quite different from Pr/Ph >2.0 for coal measures in swamp environment,representing source rocks from saline lake or marine facies.In the gas source rocks extracts,abundant β-carotane,-carotane,and their degradated series were detected in the whole oil chromatogram,indicating a reducing envi-ronment.The concentrations of methyl steranes and dinosteranes are high.The content of polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocy-cles(PASH) is relatively higher in aromatic fraction and the assemblage of fluorene,dibenzofuran,and dibenzothiophene is different from the typical saline lake and the regular swamp facies source rocks,manifesting the transgression effects on gas source rocks.

Quaternary marine transgressions in eastern China

Based on the data from 117 holes (9151 samples) and the research on ecology and palaeoecology of Foraminifera combined with that on Ostracoda, diatoms, pollen and spores, eight marine transgressions have been recognized in the great plain regions through the Quaternary sequences and two marine transgressions have been found since the Late Pleistocene in the coastal plain (bedrock coast) areas. In the North China Plain, these are in ascending order:the Bohai transgression in the Early Pleistocene, the Haixing and Huanghua transgressions in the Middle Pleistocene, the Baiyangdian and Cangzhou transgressions in the Late Pleistocene, and the Tianjin transgression in the Holocene. In the Yangtze River Delta region the Rugao and Zhoupu transgressions occurred in the Early Pleistocene, the Shanghai, Jiading, and Wangdian transgressions in the Middle Pleistocene, the Jiangyin and Ge Hu transgressions in the Late Pleistocene, and the Zhenjiang transgression in the Holocene. In the coastal plain (bedrock coast) areas of North China, the Cangzhou transgression was recorded in the Late Pleistocene and the Tianjin transgression in the Holocene, whereas in South China the Fuzhou transgression took place in the Late Pleistocene and the Changle transgression in the Holocene. The transgressions correspond to warm periods and regressions to cold periods. The younger transgressions were not only of shorter duration, but also of larger magnitude. These findings point to the existence of four flood event strata since the Middle Pleistocene: two in the late Middle Pleistocene and another two in the Late Pleistocene.