The Application of Thermomechanical Dynamics (TMD) to Thermoelectric Energy Generation by Employing a Low Temperature Stirling Engine

A thermoelectric generation Stirling engine (TEG-Stirling engine) is discussed by employing a low temperature Stirling engine and the dissipative equation of motion derived from the method of thermomechanical dynamics (TMD). The results and mechanism of axial flux electromagnetic induction (AF-EMI) are applied to a low temperature Stirling engine, resulting in a TEG-Stirling engine. The method of TMD produced thermodynamically consistent and time-dependent physical quantities for the first time, such as internal energy ℰ(t), thermodynamic work Wth(t), the total entropy (heat dissipation) Qd(t)and measure or temperature of a nonequilibrium state T˜(t). The TMD analysis produced a lightweight mechanical system of TEG-Stirling engine which derives electric power from waste heat of temperature (40˚CT100˚C) by a thermoelectric conversion method. An optimal low rotational speed about 30θ′(t)/(2π)60(rpm) is found, applicable to devices for sustainable, clean energy technologies. The stability of a thermal state and angular rotations of TEG-Stirling engine are specifically shown by employing properties of nonequilibrium temperature T˜(t), which is also applied to study optimal fuel-injection and combustion timings of heat engines.

Thermoelectric Stirling Engine (TEG-Stirling Engine) Based on the Analysis of Thermomechanical Dynamics (TMD)

The thermoelectric energy conversion technique by employing the Disk-Magnet Electromagnetic Induction (DM-EMI) is examined in detail, and possible applications to heat engines as one of the energy-harvesting technologies are discussed. The idea is induced by the analysis of thermomechanical dynamics (TMD) for a nonequilibrium irreversible thermodynamic system of heat engines, such as a drinking bird and a low temperature Stirling engine, resulting in thermoelectric energy generation different from conventional heat engines. The current thermoelectric energy conversion with DM-EMI can be applied to wide ranges of machines and temperature differences. The mechanism of DM-EMI energy converter is categorized as the axial flux generator (AFG), which is the reason why the technology is applicable to sensitive thermoelectric conversions. On the other hand, almost all the conventional turbines use the radius flux generator to extract huge electric power, which uses the radial flux generator (RFG). The axial flux generator is helpful for a low mechanoelectric energy conversion and activations of waste heat from macroscopic energy generators such as wind, geothermal, thermal, nuclear power plants and heat-dissipation lines. The technique of DM-EMI will contribute to solving environmental problems to maintain clean and sustainable energy as one of the energy harvesting technologies.

Thermomechanical Dynamics (TMD) and Bifurcation-Integration Solutions in Nonlinear Differential Equations with Time-Dependent Coefficients

The new independent solutions of the nonlinear differential equation with time-dependent coefficients (NDE-TC) are discussed, for the first time, by employing experimental device called a drinking bird whose simple back-and-forth motion develops into water drinking motion. The solution to a drinking bird equation of motion manifests itself the transition from thermodynamic equilibrium to nonequilibrium irreversible states. The independent solution signifying a nonequilibrium thermal state seems to be constructed as if two independent bifurcation solutions are synthesized, and so, the solution is tentatively termed as the bifurcation-integration solution. The bifurcation-integration solution expresses the transition from mechanical and thermodynamic equilibrium to a nonequilibrium irreversible state, which is explicitly shown by the nonlinear differential equation with time-dependent coefficients (NDE-TC). The analysis established a new theoretical approach to nonequilibrium irreversible states, thermomechanical dynamics (TMD). The TMD method enables one to obtain thermodynamically consistent and time-dependent progresses of thermodynamic quantities, by employing the bifurcation-integration solutions of NDE-TC. We hope that the basic properties of bifurcation-integration solutions will be studied and investigated further in mathematics, physics, chemistry and nonlinear sciences in general.

The Application of Thermomechanical Dynamics (TMD) to the Analysis of Nonequilibrium Irreversible Motion and a Low-Temperature Stirling Engine

We applied the method of Thermomechanical Dynamics (TMD) to a low-temperature Stirling engine, and the dissipative equation of motion and time-evolving physical quantities are self-consistently calculated for the first time in this field. The thermomechanical states of the heat engine are in Nonequilibrium Irreversible States (NISs), and time-dependent thermodynamic work W(t), internal energy E(t), energy dissipation or entropy Qd(t), and temperature T(t), are precisely studied and computed in TMD. We also introduced the new formalism, Q(t)-picture of thermodynamic heat-energy flows, for consistent analyses of NISs. Thermal flows in a long-time uniform heat flow and in a short-time heat flow are numerically studied as examples. In addition to the analysis of time-dependent physical quantities, the TMD analysis suggests that the concept of force and acceleration in Newtonian mechanics should be modified. The acceleration is defined as a continuously differentiable function of Class C2 in Newtonian mechanics, but the thermomechanical dynamics demands piecewise continuity for acceleration and thermal force, required from physical reasons caused by frictional variations and thermal fluctuations. The acceleration has no direct physical meaning associated with force in TMD. The physical implications are fundamental for the concept of the macroscopic phenomena in NISs composed of systems in thermal and mechanical motion.

Thermodynamic Consistency and Thermomechanical Dynamics (TMD) for Nonequilibrium Irreversible Mechanism of Heat Engines

The irreversible mechanism of heat engines is studied in terms of thermodynamic consistency and thermomechanical dynamics (TMD) which is proposed for a method to study nonequilibrium irreversible thermodynamic systems. As an example, a water drinking bird (DB) known as one of the heat engines is specifically examined. The DB system suffices a rigorous experimental device for the theory of nonequilibrium irreversible thermodynamics. The DB nonlinear equation of motion proves explicitly that nonlinear differential equations with time-dependent coefficients must be classified as independent equations different from those of constant coefficients. The solutions of nonlinear differential equations with time-dependent coefficients can express emergent phenomena: nonequilibrium irreversible states. The couplings among mechanics, thermodynamics and time-evolution to nonequilibrium irreversible state are defined when the internal energy, thermodynamic work, temperature and entropy are integrated as a spontaneous thermodynamic process in the DB system. The physical meanings of the time-dependent entropy, T(t)dS(t), , internal energy, dƐ(t), and thermodynamic work, dW(t), are defined by the progress of time-dependent Gibbs relation to thermodynamic equilibrium. The thermomechanical dynamics (TMD) approach constitutes a method for the nonequilibrium irreversible thermodynamics and transport processes.

移动荷载作用下悬浮隧道管体TMD减振分析及优化布置

为减小悬浮隧道管体在移动荷载作用下的动力响应,采用TMD作为振动控制措施并对减振效果进行了分析。将悬浮隧道管体简化为弹性地基梁,采用移动简谐力模拟汽车荷载,通过Morison方程计算管体振动过程中的流体附加惯性效应和阻尼效应,推导建立了移动荷载作用下管体-TMD系统振动控制方程组。采用Newmark-β法进行数值求解,分析了TMD对悬浮隧道管体的减振效果。针对悬浮隧道管体振动特征,提出采用分布式TMD的布置形式,并对移动速度、TMD阻尼比的影响进行了讨论。结论表明:TMD对移动简谐荷载作用下的悬浮隧道管体具有显著减振效果,最大位移减振率在50%以上。由于多阶模态参与振动,单一TMD的有效减振范围有限。在保持总质量不变的情况下,采用分布式TMD可以获得较好的整体减振效果。提高TMD质量比和降低移动荷载速度有助于提高TMD的减振效果。增大阻尼比会减弱TMD的效果,应综合考虑减振效果和工作空间的要求确定。

大跨铝合金天桥人致振动舒适度评价及TMD减振控制

为了减轻大跨铝合金天桥在人群荷载作用下的振动舒适度问题,针对大跨铝合金天桥安装调谐质量阻尼器(TMD)前后的振动特性进行研究。根据某两跨连续铝合金天桥进行有限元建模,分析结构自振特性,选择德国EN03人行桥设计指南,基于该规范下的人群荷载模式,选取5种交通级别,对比不同交通级别下天桥振动峰值加速度,获得天桥人致振动舒适度结果。并在天桥第一跨跨中和第二跨跨中分别安装一个TMD进行减振控制,对比设置TMD减振器前后天桥人致振动模型峰值加速度结果差异。结果表明:TMD可有效降低天桥结构竖向振动响应,根据选取的天桥振动位移加速度观察点结果可知,竖向减振率达到89.3%,对于不满足舒适度要求的大跨铝合金天桥,可布置适当数量的TMD阻尼器,且分布于合理位置有利于减轻天桥的振动,进而提高人行天桥的舒适性。

土与结构相互作用对海上风机TMD减振效果的影响研究

通过建立考虑土与结构相互作用的海上风机支撑结构三维有限元分析模型,结合泥面处固定连接和不同的地基土性质,研究了风浪荷载联合作用下海上风机TMD的减振效果,分析了土与结构相互作用对TMD减振效果的影响。结果表明,若将泥面处简化为固定连接,会严重低估风机结构的动力响应;土与结构相互作用会放大风机结构的动力响应,且降低TMD的减振效果,与泥面处固定连接相比控制率降低约4%;在其他条件都相同的前提下,风机结构的动力响应随地基土弹性模量的增大而减小,且土体工程性质越好,TMD的减振效果越好。

带限位TMD的抗风动力可靠度研究

针对实际高层高耸结构在设置TMD控制装置时,存在空间位置有限、TMD行程受限的问题,进行了带限位TMD的抗风动力可靠度研究。首先,采用虚拟激励法计算复杂高耸结构-TMD体系在脉动风荷载下的随机风振响应;然后,基于随机振动的首次超越破坏准则,研究TMD装置在容许行程范围内不同重现期风荷载下的动力可靠度。并以国内在建的第一高塔——广州新电视塔为工程算例,验证了该研究在实际设计中所具有的重大工程意义。

大跨度人行桥TMD减振设计

合肥金大地1912项目跨怀宁路人行桥为(10.8+50.8+9.0)m钢结构桥梁,建立空间有限元模型,对该桥动力特性及共振响应进行分析,结果显示在人正常行走步频下该桥容易产生共振,需设计安装TMD提高人行桥阻尼。对TMD主要设计参数进行优化设计,得到弹簧刚度、阻尼系数等设计参数。参考Matsumoto公式、高密度人群公式设置多种激振工况,对安装TMD后的人行桥进行动力测试,根据实测数据对TMD的弹簧刚度进行调节。TMD安装前、后人行桥的动力响应对比结果表明,设计的TMD参数合理,在发生共振的情况下人行桥的减振率达61.33%,减振效果良好。

自立式高耸结构悬吊式TMD减振动力试验与分析

围绕自立式高耸结构悬吊式调谐质量阻尼器(Tuned Mass Damper,TMD)减振试验展开研究。首先,以某真实高耸结构为原型,基于欠人工质量模型理论设计了试验模型,并通过数值分析和实测结果验证模型合理性。针对该模型开展了原结构的静、动力试验,进而基于模式搜索算法对数值分析模型进行了修正。最后,进行了自立式高耸结构TMD减振试验,并结合数值模拟对试验结果进行了分析。研究表明,基于模式搜索算法的高耸结构模型修正方法,仅需迭代50次即能收敛,是一种高效的数值模型修正方法;附加TMD后,试验模型阻尼比增加了0.02,可见在自立式高耸结构中采用悬吊式TMD能够有效抑制其振动。

正常交通状态下基于移动TMD响应的桥梁快速损伤识别方法

将调质阻尼器(TMD)安装在可移动装置上,利用无线感应器记录TMD通过桥梁的加速度时程,通过分析TMD加速度响应对正常交通状态下桥梁的损伤识别进行可行性研究.以一个30m跨径的简支梁桥为例,对桥梁和移动TMD的动力耦合系统建立模型.验证该方法在无车辆干扰情况下进行桥梁损伤识别的可行性,分析在有其他过桥车辆干扰下的损伤识别能力,结果与预期目标吻合.本方法对桥梁在不干扰正常交通状态下利用移动TMD进行快速损伤检测提供了理论依据.

带TMD高层结构抗风优化设计

对于带TMD控制装置的高层结构风振响应问题,由于风荷载和结构响应具有随机性,运用基于动力可靠性约束的优化方法对TMD装置的系统参数进行优化设计是十分必要的和合理的。在运用复模态法和扩阶法得到结构和控制装置随机风振响应的基础上,以TMD装置响应的动力可靠性作为约束条件,以主体结构广义位移的最大响应均值最小为目标函数,运用罚函数法对TMD装置的系统参数进行优化取值,建立了带TMD高层结构基于动力可靠性约束的抗风优化设计的方法。

TMD结构基于双过滤白噪声随机地震激励的系列响应的简明解

针对既有方法在分析TMD结构基于双过滤白噪声激励下结构响应的解表达式复杂而导致计算效率低的问题,提出了一种简明封闭解法。首先,利用双过滤白噪声谱的滤波方程与TMD结构的地震动方程联立,可将TMD结构基于复杂的双过滤白噪声激励准确的表示为易于求解的运动方程;其次,基于复模态法获得TMD耗能结构位移、层间位移的系列响应的复特征值及复模态参与系数;然后基于随机振动理论获得了TMD结构随机地震动系列响应(相对于地面绝对位移和结构层间位移)的功率谱统一形式的二次正交解,进而获得了TMD结构系列随机响应的0-2阶谱矩和方差的简明封闭解。最后研究了基于首超破坏准、Markov过程假设及串联失效模式的TMD结构的体系动力可靠度。通过一算例分析,表明了本文方法的正确性和高效性。因此,本文方法可用于各类线性结构基于复杂的随机地震动响应的分析及其动力可靠度计算。

调谐质量型防屈曲支撑TMD构造及动力性能试验研究

借鉴正交试验理论,设计,制作并测试了5个足尺调谐质量型防屈曲支撑试件。影响因素包括工作周期、接触工艺和弹簧布置。其中工作周期3水平,其它因素2水平。重点考察弹簧、接触面摩擦、受力形式等对试件动力性能的影响,以及相关构造条件下BRB的性能表现。试验包括自由振动,常见地震烈度条件下共振试验和静力拉压试验。研究分析了试件频谱特性,动力系数和阻尼比变化规律,拉压滞回性能。试验结果表明,对称弹簧布置的轮式构造试件调谐精度高,TMD特性明显,BRB相关性能指标能够满足行业规定,实现复合减震功能在构造上的"兼顾"。

TMD型防屈曲支撑构造及减振与抗震性能研究(Ⅱ)

为使防屈曲支撑功能实现复合化,设计并制作了一种具有调谐质量减振功能的防屈曲支撑(tuning mass dampered-buckling restrained brace,TMD-BRB).通过对6个动力试件的拟斜动试验和2个静力试件的滞回性能试验,考察了试件的复合减震功能,以及接触面做法、弹簧布置和套筒加长等几个关键技术对试件减震性能的影响,得出最优构造.试验结果表明:轮式-套筒加长型TMD-BRB,其TMD调谐精度高,动力系数大,周期特性明显;BRB性能方面,支撑在1/85支撑长度加载范围内滞回曲线稳定饱满,压拉比均值1.07,刚度退化和骨架曲线规律正常,30圈疲劳试验耗能下降10%,各项指标均满足国内外有关规定,且伴随钢芯变形能够实现TMD和BRB两种减震功能之间的自动切换.

小高层结构屋顶保温层TMD减震分析

提出了利用小高层结构屋顶保温层和铅芯橡胶支座作为TMD装置来达到减震的设想.通过SAP2000有限元软件利用动力时程分析方法对其减震效果进行了分析.结果表明,该屋顶保温层TMD装置可有效降低结构的动力响应,其中控制后结构的楼层位移和楼层加速度的平均值降低了约20％,层间位移平均值降低了30％左右,层间剪力平均值减小了约20％～30％.利用小高层结构屋顶保温层和橡胶支座作为结构的减震控制系统具有一定的可行性和实用性.

基于TMD的漂浮式风力机振动控制

针对漂浮式风力机的振动控制进行研究,探讨将调谐质量阻尼器(TMD)同时安装于风力机的机舱和平台中时对风力机关键部位位移和载荷的影响。首先,建立风力机的多体动力学模型,并对建模准确性进行验证。其次,根据拉格朗日方程搭建四自由度的动力学模型,利用Levenberg-Marquardt(LM)法对其中的未知参数进行估计。然后以塔顶纵向位移标准偏差最小为控制目标,采用人工鱼群算法同时对TMD的质量、阻尼以及刚度参数进行优化。最后,在5种工况下,分别对风力机模型进行仿真分析,仿真结果表明,在风浪同向和不同向情况下,TMD对塔顶前后位移、塔基前后弯矩、平台纵摇角均有明显的抑制效果。

紫胶树脂玻璃化转变温度的测定及其对贮存稳定性的影响

作为聚合物的紫胶树脂应该具有玻璃化转变温度(T g),但始终未能明确,确切的T g将能够解释紫胶树脂的贮存不稳定性问题并指导其贮存温度条件。为验证其玻璃化转变温度,通过聚合物的玻璃化转变研究方法及理论,应用X射线衍射法(X-ray Diffraction,XRD)、差示扫描量热法(Differential Scanning Calorimetry,DSC)和动态热机械分析法(Dynamic Thermomechanical Analysis,DMA)对紫胶树脂的玻璃化转变T g值进行了验证实验。由XRD图及2.93%的结晶度计算结果证实紫胶树脂属非晶态聚合物,其5次DSC二次升温扫描曲线中表现出0.071 J/(g·K)的平均比热容差,结合其DMA曲线中的储能模量在36.0℃处的拐点、耗能模量在19.5℃处、损耗因子在36.9℃处的峰值温度,共同证实了紫胶树脂存在玻璃化转变及T g,其T g值在DSC和DMA测试条件下分别为27.3℃和36.0℃;根据紫胶树脂的玻璃化转变及T g温度,对其贮存不稳定性问题的解释为:当贮存温度低于其T g时,由于物理老化作用会导致其性质变异,但仍可相对较长时间贮存,当温度高于其T g时,由于接有活性端基的链段可以运动使得紫胶树脂更易发生活性端基间反应,致使紫胶树脂的贮存时间缩短,利用此点可指导紫胶及紫胶树脂的贮存温度条件,即应低于其T g温度。

基于TMD的海上浮动风力机结构振动控制研究

将调谐质量阻尼器（TMD）引入海上浮动风力机结构动力学控制领域，建立了浮动风力机的气动．水动一控制．TMD－结构完全耦合动力学模型，对典型5MW驳船型浮动风力机进行了TMD参数优化和振动控制研究；通过对5种典型风浪联合载荷工况、有／无配置TMD的风力机的动态响应仿真，研究了TMD的振动抑制效果。结果表明：优化设计的TMD在100s内使风机塔顶纵向挠度的标准差降低45．7％；TMD使塔根纵向载荷、塔顶纵向挠度标准差降低20％－50％；使叶根纵向载荷、叶尖纵向挠度标准差降低10％－40％。因此，该TMD控制策略可显著减小海上浮动风力机各关键部位的振动响应及载荷。