Background: Spinal dysraphism represents a wide spectrum of congenital abnormalities of the spine. Myelomeningocele is considered the most common malformation and the most common we saw in our community, with its morb...Background: Spinal dysraphism represents a wide spectrum of congenital abnormalities of the spine. Myelomeningocele is considered the most common malformation and the most common we saw in our community, with its morbidity problems seen commonly in the postoperative period. ASQ-3<sup>TM</sup> Scores are the ages and stages questionnaire, third edition, and represent a tool to assess the development progress, especially in toddlers. Objectives: Evaluation of neurodevelopmental outcome among Sudanese toddlers with spinal dysraphism after surgical closure with or without a VP shunt using ASQ-3<sup>TM</sup> Scores. Methodology: This is a retrospective hospital-based study of 84 patients who underwent myelomeningocele repair at the National Center for Neurological Sciences (NCNS) during the period from 2017 up to 2019. Data were collected through a constructed questionnaire, including ASQ-3<sup>TM</sup> Scores. Data were processed and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) computer program. Version 25. Results: 84 patients were included in this study;all patients were diagnosed with spinal dysraphism. Out of them, 51 (60.7%) were 2 years old, 33 (39.3%) were 3 years old, 45 (53.6%) were male, 45 (53.6%) of patients mothers attended ANC irregularly, and 54 (64.3%) their mothers didn’t receive folate supplements. 44 (52.3%) of patients underwent MMC repair only, while 40 (47.7%) underwent MMC repair and VP shunt. The commonest postoperative complication was infection, reported in 12 (14.3%) of patients, followed by VP shunt revision in 9 (10.7%) of patients. Neurological assessment showed that the majority of patients need further assessment with a professional, 57 (67.9%) of children don’t walk, run, or climb like other toddlers as their parent’s state;also, half of patients (42, 50%) had medical problems, and 27 (32.1%) of their parent’s state that they do not talk like other toddlers their age. There was a statistically significant association between post-operative complications and communication development, problem-solving development, and personal social development (P value = 0.05), and a statistically significant association was found between age at repair and neurological development (P value = 0.05). Conclusion: The majority of patients had motor deficiency (particularly gross motor) and poor personal and social skills. Age at repair and postoperative complications significantly influenced the neurological development.展开更多
Objective:This study analyzes the relationship between sociodemographic factors and low birth weight(LBW)in toddlers.Methods:The research design uses a correlational method.The population is 303 mothers with toddlers ...Objective:This study analyzes the relationship between sociodemographic factors and low birth weight(LBW)in toddlers.Methods:The research design uses a correlational method.The population is 303 mothers with toddlers aged 12-60 months in Lojejer Wuluhan Jember Village,East Java,Indonesia.The cluster sampling took 172 samples in total.The sociodemographic variables measured included the father’s and the mother’s age,the father’s and mother’s education,family income,the father’s occupation,the mother’s occupation,and the child’s gender.Data collection techniques used questionnaires and document studies in the Maternal Child Health(MCH)handbook.Data were analyzed using logistic regression.Results:The results showed that the variable age of the father and mother≥20 years was a protective factor for the incidence of LBW.Family income<IDR 3,000,000 per month,fathers with farm workers and fishermen as occupation,male sex,and low father’s education were predictor factors for LBW.Conclusions:This study concluded that the variable sociodemographic factors related to LBW in toddlers in Lojejer Wuluhan Village,Jember district,East Java Province,Indonesia.Therefore,the government needs to establish stricter policies in terms of maturing the age of marriage to reduce the incidence of LBW.展开更多
AIM: To assess the functional gastrointestinal disorders(FGID) prevalence in infants and toddlers. METHODS: Pub Med, EMBASE, and Scopus were searched for original articles from inception to February 2016. The literatu...AIM: To assess the functional gastrointestinal disorders(FGID) prevalence in infants and toddlers. METHODS: Pub Med, EMBASE, and Scopus were searched for original articles from inception to February 2016. The literature search was made in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses(PRISMA). For inclusion, each study had to report epidemiological data of FGID on children up to 4 years old and contain standardized outcome Rome Ⅱ or Ⅲ criteria. The overall quality of included epidemiological studies was evaluated in accordance to Loney's proposal for prevalence studies of health literature. Two reviewers assessed each study for inclusion and extracted data. Discrepancies were reconciled through discussion.RESULTS: It was identified a total of 101 articles through the databases and two through the manual search. A total of 28 articles fulfilled the eligibility criteria. After reading the full articles, 13 of them were included in the present review. Twelve studies were written in English and one in Chinese, and published between 2004 and 2015. Eight articles(61.5%) were performed in Europe, three(23.1%) in America and two(15.4%) in Asia. Sample size varied between 45 and 9660 subjects. Cross-sectional frequency was reported in majority of studies(k = 9) and four studies prospectively followed the subjects. 27.1% to 38% of participants have met any of Rome's criteria for gastrointestinal syndromes, of those 20.8% presented two or more FGID. Infant regurgitation and functional constipation were the most common FGID, ranging from less than 1% to 25.9% and less than 1% to 31%, respectively. Most included studies were of moderate to poor data quality with respect to absence of confidential interval for prevalence rate and inadequate sampling methods.CONCLUSION: The scarcity and heterogeneity of FGID data call for the necessity of well-designed epidemiological research in different levels of pediatric practice and refinement of diagnostic.展开更多
To evaluate if valproic acid(VPA)therapy is associated with vitamin D deficiency among infants and toddlers with epilepsy,a cross-sectional clinical study was conducted in 25 children with epilepsy taking VPA.Blood le...To evaluate if valproic acid(VPA)therapy is associated with vitamin D deficiency among infants and toddlers with epilepsy,a cross-sectional clinical study was conducted in 25 children with epilepsy taking VPA.Blood levels of calcium,phosphorus,alkaline phosphatase,and 25-hydroxy vitamin D[25(OH)D]and plasma VPA level were measured at 1-to 3-month intervals.At the initial and final measurements,vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency was recognized in 8(32%)and 12(42%),respectively.In girls,a decreasing trend in serum25(OH)D levels(P<0.05)was observed.Polytherapy had a significant negative effect on the longitudinal change of 25(OH)D(P<0.05)in girls.In conclusion,our study indicates that a high proportion of girls after VPA therapy had hypovitaminosis D.展开更多
While the incidence of toddlers’ diabetes is soaring,their mainstay insulins were withdrawn,namely the weak 10% or 20% insulin mixtures (WIM),which were injected only once or twice daily.Consequently,toddlers are coe...While the incidence of toddlers’ diabetes is soaring,their mainstay insulins were withdrawn,namely the weak 10% or 20% insulin mixtures (WIM),which were injected only once or twice daily.Consequently,toddlers are coerced to use an insulin pump,multi-dose insulin regime (MuDIR),mix or dilute insulins.This paper highlights the difficulties and proposes a simple solution.While an insulin pump is the best available option,it is not readily available for everyone.Mixing insulins is not sufficiently precise in small doses.Although diluting insulin would allow precise dosing and reduce the dose variability secondary to dribbling after injections,it,like insulin mixing,deprives children from using the pen and related child-friendly accessories.In MuDIR,we inject 4-5 small doses of insulin instead of 1-2 daily larger doses of WIM.Thus,on using a half unit (unit) insulin pen,a dose of 0.5,1,1.5 and 2 units are adjusted in steps of 100%,50%,33% or 25%;unlike the advisable 5%-20%.This does not easily match the tiny erratic meals of grazing toddlers.Maternal anxiety peaks on watching yo-yoing glycemia.Carers have to accept either persistently high sugar or wild fluctuation.The risks of such poor glycemic pattern are increasingly recognized.Using insulin U20 in a unit disposable pen allows deci-unit dosing,with 5%-20% dose-tuning,greater accuracy on delivering small doses and reduction of dose variability from dribbling.Deci-unit dosing may help avoid wide glycemic swings and provide the affordable alternative to insulin pumps for toddlers.Deci-unit pen materializes the Human Rights of Children,a safer and effective treatment.展开更多
Toddler period is the period that nutritional habits are learnt. This research is a semi-analytical field research that was performed in doctors’ offices 1, 6 and 7 in the provincial center of Konya with the purpose ...Toddler period is the period that nutritional habits are learnt. This research is a semi-analytical field research that was performed in doctors’ offices 1, 6 and 7 in the provincial center of Konya with the purpose of determining the socio-demographic characteristics of obese pre-school children and their families who volunteered to participate in the research. The cosmos of the research consists of 22 village clinics in Konya provincial center. Obese Cosmos consists of obese children between 1 - 3 years of age and their families who applied to outpatient clinics of the Doctors’ Offices numbered 1, 6 and 7, which were selected with cluster sampling method, for vaccination and who accepted to participate in the research. Data were collected between 01 January 2005 and 31 March 2005 by using a questionnaire and a form of anthropometric measures to enter the measures of height, weight, thickness of skin folds, and waist and hip size. The difference between the increase of weight of the mother during pregnancy and the non-categorized RW outputs of the child in birth was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05). Variation analysis was performed in order to check whether or not there was a difference between the period of breastfeeding and Standart Deviation Score (SDS) and Relative Weight (RW) values and it was found to be significant (p < 0.05). No statically significant relationship was found between the time child spends watching TV daily and SDS and RW values of the child (p > 0.05). Although there was found no statically significant relationship between the daily play hours of the child and SDS (p > 0.05), there was a significant relationship between RW (p should spend more time playing with their children and increasing the play time. Informing booklets have been prepared and given to parents with the purpose of training.展开更多
Feeding infants and toddlers is a natural action that can at times be challenging.A chronic illness or a neurodevelopmental problem maybe the source of the initial difficulty.When feeding is also difficult for the par...Feeding infants and toddlers is a natural action that can at times be challenging.A chronic illness or a neurodevelopmental problem maybe the source of the initial difficulty.When feeding is also difficult for the parent,an additional component is present which may exacerbate the situation and require therapeutic intervention,including diagnosis and parental counseling.Integrative therapy is essential in the processes of diagnosis and treatment of infants and toddlers and parents with eating and feeding challenges.This is presented in the paper in four cases from the Feeding and Eating Clinic for infants and toddlers.展开更多
Age determination is one of the most important factors for identification. Unfortunately, births are not recorded regularly in Sudan, especially in rural areas. However, identification of age is very important for a v...Age determination is one of the most important factors for identification. Unfortunately, births are not recorded regularly in Sudan, especially in rural areas. However, identification of age is very important for a variety of reasons, including identifying legal and criminal responsibility, and for many other social events such as beginning a job, marriage, retirement and joining the army. The study aimed to find the reliability of using international methods to estimate bone age of people through hand bone radiograph in Sudanese people by studying the reliability of using hand bone age “the digital atlas of hand age” which depended on Greulich and Pyle (GP) and Tanner and Whitehouse (TW2/3) methods in Sudanese people in exact group of age, and to compare the hand and wrist bone development between Caucasian and Sudanese people. The study was conducted on 48 samples (26 males and 22 females) from the center of Sudan. The study was made by conventional X-Ray taken from Sudanese newborn babies to 2 and 3 years old for males and females respectively. Those images were taken mostly from the emergency and orthopedic outpatient departments. The ages were grouped in the same ways and periods used in the atlas. So the criteria were tested, and the outcomes were compared with international standards in the atlas of hand bone age. There is evidence that skeletal maturation may vary between difference ethnic and socioeconomic groups of children or among children living in various geographical locations. It is found that there is reliability and applicability of using the atlas in Sudanese people with considering that there might be mild variations between Sudanese and Caucasian people’s hand and wrist bone development in which Caucasian people bone growth was earlier than the Sudanese people bones about 1 - 2 months.展开更多
In this article,the author reports on her clients'case study using a play and music therapy intervention to improve family sleep and resolve chronic toddler sleep issues.The author/composer developed a systemised ...In this article,the author reports on her clients'case study using a play and music therapy intervention to improve family sleep and resolve chronic toddler sleep issues.The author/composer developed a systemised approach,which has been highly successful since the initial trial in 2010 on her toddler,which had infant sleep issues.Using a three steps approach consisting of routine and'filial therapy',re-connection and lullaby lyrics,and ending with relaxation the instrument component of the music therapy intervention,children and parents enjoy improved bonding,less anxiety,improved sleep outcomes and better health.展开更多
Background:To describe the sleep patterns of children below 36 months in Hong Kong,and evaluate the associations between parental behaviors and childhood sleep/wake patterns.Methods:Parents of 1049 infants and toddler...Background:To describe the sleep patterns of children below 36 months in Hong Kong,and evaluate the associations between parental behaviors and childhood sleep/wake patterns.Methods:Parents of 1049 infants and toddlers completed an internet-based expanded version of the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire.Results:Total sleep duration (P<0.001),frequency (P<0.001) and duration (P<0.001) of nocturnal awakenings decreased with age,whereas the longest sleep duration (P<0.001) and nocturnal sleep duration (P<0.001) increased with age.Children who room-or bed-shared with parents had later bedtimes (P<0.001),but similar sleep duration compared with those who had a separate sleep location.Falling asleep independently was associated with longer nocturnal sleep duration (P<0.001) and less sleep awakenings (P<0.001).Full-time employment of parents was associated with shorter total sleep duration of children (P<0.001).Although breastfeeding was associated with more nocturnal awakenings (P<0.001),no association was detected between breastfeeding and shorter sleep duration in children.Conclusions:As infants and toddlers develop,their sleep consolidates.Falling asleep independently was associated with longer nocturnal sleep duration and fewer sleep awakenings,whereas sleep location was not.This is an important finding,especially for families with limited living space where parent/ child room-or bed-sharing cannot be avoided.展开更多
文摘Background: Spinal dysraphism represents a wide spectrum of congenital abnormalities of the spine. Myelomeningocele is considered the most common malformation and the most common we saw in our community, with its morbidity problems seen commonly in the postoperative period. ASQ-3<sup>TM</sup> Scores are the ages and stages questionnaire, third edition, and represent a tool to assess the development progress, especially in toddlers. Objectives: Evaluation of neurodevelopmental outcome among Sudanese toddlers with spinal dysraphism after surgical closure with or without a VP shunt using ASQ-3<sup>TM</sup> Scores. Methodology: This is a retrospective hospital-based study of 84 patients who underwent myelomeningocele repair at the National Center for Neurological Sciences (NCNS) during the period from 2017 up to 2019. Data were collected through a constructed questionnaire, including ASQ-3<sup>TM</sup> Scores. Data were processed and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) computer program. Version 25. Results: 84 patients were included in this study;all patients were diagnosed with spinal dysraphism. Out of them, 51 (60.7%) were 2 years old, 33 (39.3%) were 3 years old, 45 (53.6%) were male, 45 (53.6%) of patients mothers attended ANC irregularly, and 54 (64.3%) their mothers didn’t receive folate supplements. 44 (52.3%) of patients underwent MMC repair only, while 40 (47.7%) underwent MMC repair and VP shunt. The commonest postoperative complication was infection, reported in 12 (14.3%) of patients, followed by VP shunt revision in 9 (10.7%) of patients. Neurological assessment showed that the majority of patients need further assessment with a professional, 57 (67.9%) of children don’t walk, run, or climb like other toddlers as their parent’s state;also, half of patients (42, 50%) had medical problems, and 27 (32.1%) of their parent’s state that they do not talk like other toddlers their age. There was a statistically significant association between post-operative complications and communication development, problem-solving development, and personal social development (P value = 0.05), and a statistically significant association was found between age at repair and neurological development (P value = 0.05). Conclusion: The majority of patients had motor deficiency (particularly gross motor) and poor personal and social skills. Age at repair and postoperative complications significantly influenced the neurological development.
文摘Objective:This study analyzes the relationship between sociodemographic factors and low birth weight(LBW)in toddlers.Methods:The research design uses a correlational method.The population is 303 mothers with toddlers aged 12-60 months in Lojejer Wuluhan Jember Village,East Java,Indonesia.The cluster sampling took 172 samples in total.The sociodemographic variables measured included the father’s and the mother’s age,the father’s and mother’s education,family income,the father’s occupation,the mother’s occupation,and the child’s gender.Data collection techniques used questionnaires and document studies in the Maternal Child Health(MCH)handbook.Data were analyzed using logistic regression.Results:The results showed that the variable age of the father and mother≥20 years was a protective factor for the incidence of LBW.Family income<IDR 3,000,000 per month,fathers with farm workers and fishermen as occupation,male sex,and low father’s education were predictor factors for LBW.Conclusions:This study concluded that the variable sociodemographic factors related to LBW in toddlers in Lojejer Wuluhan Village,Jember district,East Java Province,Indonesia.Therefore,the government needs to establish stricter policies in terms of maturing the age of marriage to reduce the incidence of LBW.
文摘AIM: To assess the functional gastrointestinal disorders(FGID) prevalence in infants and toddlers. METHODS: Pub Med, EMBASE, and Scopus were searched for original articles from inception to February 2016. The literature search was made in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses(PRISMA). For inclusion, each study had to report epidemiological data of FGID on children up to 4 years old and contain standardized outcome Rome Ⅱ or Ⅲ criteria. The overall quality of included epidemiological studies was evaluated in accordance to Loney's proposal for prevalence studies of health literature. Two reviewers assessed each study for inclusion and extracted data. Discrepancies were reconciled through discussion.RESULTS: It was identified a total of 101 articles through the databases and two through the manual search. A total of 28 articles fulfilled the eligibility criteria. After reading the full articles, 13 of them were included in the present review. Twelve studies were written in English and one in Chinese, and published between 2004 and 2015. Eight articles(61.5%) were performed in Europe, three(23.1%) in America and two(15.4%) in Asia. Sample size varied between 45 and 9660 subjects. Cross-sectional frequency was reported in majority of studies(k = 9) and four studies prospectively followed the subjects. 27.1% to 38% of participants have met any of Rome's criteria for gastrointestinal syndromes, of those 20.8% presented two or more FGID. Infant regurgitation and functional constipation were the most common FGID, ranging from less than 1% to 25.9% and less than 1% to 31%, respectively. Most included studies were of moderate to poor data quality with respect to absence of confidential interval for prevalence rate and inadequate sampling methods.CONCLUSION: The scarcity and heterogeneity of FGID data call for the necessity of well-designed epidemiological research in different levels of pediatric practice and refinement of diagnostic.
基金supported by the Specially Appointed Medical Expert Project of Jiangsu Commission of Health(2019),Wu Jieping Medical Foundation(No.320.6750.2020-04-38)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81800530)+2 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20170149)Hospital Pharmacy Foundation of Nanjing Pharmaceutical Association(No.2019 YX003)Scientific Research Foundation for Young Scholars at the Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University。
文摘To evaluate if valproic acid(VPA)therapy is associated with vitamin D deficiency among infants and toddlers with epilepsy,a cross-sectional clinical study was conducted in 25 children with epilepsy taking VPA.Blood levels of calcium,phosphorus,alkaline phosphatase,and 25-hydroxy vitamin D[25(OH)D]and plasma VPA level were measured at 1-to 3-month intervals.At the initial and final measurements,vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency was recognized in 8(32%)and 12(42%),respectively.In girls,a decreasing trend in serum25(OH)D levels(P<0.05)was observed.Polytherapy had a significant negative effect on the longitudinal change of 25(OH)D(P<0.05)in girls.In conclusion,our study indicates that a high proportion of girls after VPA therapy had hypovitaminosis D.
文摘While the incidence of toddlers’ diabetes is soaring,their mainstay insulins were withdrawn,namely the weak 10% or 20% insulin mixtures (WIM),which were injected only once or twice daily.Consequently,toddlers are coerced to use an insulin pump,multi-dose insulin regime (MuDIR),mix or dilute insulins.This paper highlights the difficulties and proposes a simple solution.While an insulin pump is the best available option,it is not readily available for everyone.Mixing insulins is not sufficiently precise in small doses.Although diluting insulin would allow precise dosing and reduce the dose variability secondary to dribbling after injections,it,like insulin mixing,deprives children from using the pen and related child-friendly accessories.In MuDIR,we inject 4-5 small doses of insulin instead of 1-2 daily larger doses of WIM.Thus,on using a half unit (unit) insulin pen,a dose of 0.5,1,1.5 and 2 units are adjusted in steps of 100%,50%,33% or 25%;unlike the advisable 5%-20%.This does not easily match the tiny erratic meals of grazing toddlers.Maternal anxiety peaks on watching yo-yoing glycemia.Carers have to accept either persistently high sugar or wild fluctuation.The risks of such poor glycemic pattern are increasingly recognized.Using insulin U20 in a unit disposable pen allows deci-unit dosing,with 5%-20% dose-tuning,greater accuracy on delivering small doses and reduction of dose variability from dribbling.Deci-unit dosing may help avoid wide glycemic swings and provide the affordable alternative to insulin pumps for toddlers.Deci-unit pen materializes the Human Rights of Children,a safer and effective treatment.
文摘Toddler period is the period that nutritional habits are learnt. This research is a semi-analytical field research that was performed in doctors’ offices 1, 6 and 7 in the provincial center of Konya with the purpose of determining the socio-demographic characteristics of obese pre-school children and their families who volunteered to participate in the research. The cosmos of the research consists of 22 village clinics in Konya provincial center. Obese Cosmos consists of obese children between 1 - 3 years of age and their families who applied to outpatient clinics of the Doctors’ Offices numbered 1, 6 and 7, which were selected with cluster sampling method, for vaccination and who accepted to participate in the research. Data were collected between 01 January 2005 and 31 March 2005 by using a questionnaire and a form of anthropometric measures to enter the measures of height, weight, thickness of skin folds, and waist and hip size. The difference between the increase of weight of the mother during pregnancy and the non-categorized RW outputs of the child in birth was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05). Variation analysis was performed in order to check whether or not there was a difference between the period of breastfeeding and Standart Deviation Score (SDS) and Relative Weight (RW) values and it was found to be significant (p < 0.05). No statically significant relationship was found between the time child spends watching TV daily and SDS and RW values of the child (p > 0.05). Although there was found no statically significant relationship between the daily play hours of the child and SDS (p > 0.05), there was a significant relationship between RW (p should spend more time playing with their children and increasing the play time. Informing booklets have been prepared and given to parents with the purpose of training.
文摘Feeding infants and toddlers is a natural action that can at times be challenging.A chronic illness or a neurodevelopmental problem maybe the source of the initial difficulty.When feeding is also difficult for the parent,an additional component is present which may exacerbate the situation and require therapeutic intervention,including diagnosis and parental counseling.Integrative therapy is essential in the processes of diagnosis and treatment of infants and toddlers and parents with eating and feeding challenges.This is presented in the paper in four cases from the Feeding and Eating Clinic for infants and toddlers.
文摘Age determination is one of the most important factors for identification. Unfortunately, births are not recorded regularly in Sudan, especially in rural areas. However, identification of age is very important for a variety of reasons, including identifying legal and criminal responsibility, and for many other social events such as beginning a job, marriage, retirement and joining the army. The study aimed to find the reliability of using international methods to estimate bone age of people through hand bone radiograph in Sudanese people by studying the reliability of using hand bone age “the digital atlas of hand age” which depended on Greulich and Pyle (GP) and Tanner and Whitehouse (TW2/3) methods in Sudanese people in exact group of age, and to compare the hand and wrist bone development between Caucasian and Sudanese people. The study was conducted on 48 samples (26 males and 22 females) from the center of Sudan. The study was made by conventional X-Ray taken from Sudanese newborn babies to 2 and 3 years old for males and females respectively. Those images were taken mostly from the emergency and orthopedic outpatient departments. The ages were grouped in the same ways and periods used in the atlas. So the criteria were tested, and the outcomes were compared with international standards in the atlas of hand bone age. There is evidence that skeletal maturation may vary between difference ethnic and socioeconomic groups of children or among children living in various geographical locations. It is found that there is reliability and applicability of using the atlas in Sudanese people with considering that there might be mild variations between Sudanese and Caucasian people’s hand and wrist bone development in which Caucasian people bone growth was earlier than the Sudanese people bones about 1 - 2 months.
文摘In this article,the author reports on her clients'case study using a play and music therapy intervention to improve family sleep and resolve chronic toddler sleep issues.The author/composer developed a systemised approach,which has been highly successful since the initial trial in 2010 on her toddler,which had infant sleep issues.Using a three steps approach consisting of routine and'filial therapy',re-connection and lullaby lyrics,and ending with relaxation the instrument component of the music therapy intervention,children and parents enjoy improved bonding,less anxiety,improved sleep outcomes and better health.
文摘Background:To describe the sleep patterns of children below 36 months in Hong Kong,and evaluate the associations between parental behaviors and childhood sleep/wake patterns.Methods:Parents of 1049 infants and toddlers completed an internet-based expanded version of the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire.Results:Total sleep duration (P<0.001),frequency (P<0.001) and duration (P<0.001) of nocturnal awakenings decreased with age,whereas the longest sleep duration (P<0.001) and nocturnal sleep duration (P<0.001) increased with age.Children who room-or bed-shared with parents had later bedtimes (P<0.001),but similar sleep duration compared with those who had a separate sleep location.Falling asleep independently was associated with longer nocturnal sleep duration (P<0.001) and less sleep awakenings (P<0.001).Full-time employment of parents was associated with shorter total sleep duration of children (P<0.001).Although breastfeeding was associated with more nocturnal awakenings (P<0.001),no association was detected between breastfeeding and shorter sleep duration in children.Conclusions:As infants and toddlers develop,their sleep consolidates.Falling asleep independently was associated with longer nocturnal sleep duration and fewer sleep awakenings,whereas sleep location was not.This is an important finding,especially for families with limited living space where parent/ child room-or bed-sharing cannot be avoided.
