Transfer payments from the central government to the local governments and the local governments' efforts on taxation: taking China as an example

The influence of the transfer payments from the central government to the local governments on the local governments＇ efforts on taxation must be taken into consideration by every country for the design of the transfer payments. Based on the theoretical analysis on the influence of the transfer payments from the central government to the local governments＇ on the local governments＇ payments＇, this paper indicates that the local governments＇ efforts on taxation depends on the demand elasticity of the district for public goods, It increases with the increase of the elasticity. Judge the degree of the local govet：nment＇s efforts on taxation by measure 2. After an empirical analysis on the transJer payments from the central government to the local governments＇from 2000 to 2004, this paper gets the con- clusion that the local governments＇ effbrts on taxation ctbates with the increase of supporting payments or with the increase of the ratio of transfer payments to local wiliing public paymentS. Under speCific Circumstances, the higher the ratio of transfer payments to the local fiscal expenditure is. the smaller the local governments＇ efforts＇ on taxation is＂ under the central payments, whereas＇ the higher the local income is, the higher the efforts is under the central pav- ments. Based on this＇, this paper gives the meaning of its eOrresponding pofiCieS. ＂

On Financial Transfer Payment System from the Public Service Equalization Perspective

equalization of public services is not only conducive to the promotion of social justice; it maintains social stability and national unity, but also helps to promote the coordinated development of economy and society. States should give full play to the role of taxation mechanisms to actively promote the use of transfer payments to the equalization of basic public services. In this paper, we focus on China＇ s current system of transfer payments problems and we should deepen mode of transfer payment system＇ s equalization of basic public services under the trend of design.

China's Transfer Payment Mechanism: A Case Study

In this paper, a two-region endogenous growth model is adapted to analyse Western China's development,and regional divergence and convergence processes. Dynamic optimization is utilized to calculate the growth rate of the Chinese economy on the optimal growth path, and backward integration is utilized to simulate the evolvement of some key indicators, including relative GDP per capita of Western China to Eastern China, regional capital growth rate and regional GDP growth rate. The calibrations of this model after 1992 are conducted. The calibration results provide evidence about the speed of Western China's relative development, and also shed some light on the future regional convergence process under the Western Development Programme launched in 2000.

Escaping from poverty trap:a choice between government transfer payments and public services

Background:Anti-poverty has always been an important issue to be settled.What policies should be selected to help individuals escaping from the poverty trap:by directly offering transfer payments or indirectly providing public services?This paper is among the first to explore the effects of public anti-poverty programs system in China.Methods:We Using unbalanced panel data of China Health and Nutrition Survey(CHNS)from 1989 to 2009,we demonstrate how the individual poverty status is determined through a four-staged simultaneous model.We choose the 3SLS(Three Staged Linear Squared)methodology to do the estimation.Results:GTPs(Government Transfer Payments)don’t have positive effects on poverty reductions.The results demonstrate that GTPs increasing by 10%makes private transfer payments decrease by 3.9%.Meanwhile,GTPs increasing by 10%makes the household income decreased by 27.1%.However,public services(such as medical insurance,health services,hygiene protection etc.)have significantly positive impacts on poverty reduction.Public services share a part of living cost of the poor,and are conducive for people to gain higher household income.Conclusions:GTPs given by governments are not effective in reducing the poverty,as a result of“crowd-out effect”and“inductive effect”.However,public services are suggested to be adopted by governments to help the poor out of the poverty trap.

Transfer payment structure and local government fiscal efficiency:The quantile regression by panel data

After revenue-sharing system reform,the proportion of tax refund in fiscal transfer payments continued to decline,and the proportion of categorical grant and condition grant increased.The calculation results used SE-DEA method show that,the financial expenditure efficiency declined continuously from 1995.The paper studies how transfer payment structure effect fiscal efficiency from the perspective of local financial revenue structure.The theoretical and empirical studies indicate that,the tax refund is the most effective policy and the categorical grant is more efficient than condition grant.Because the categorical grant is the fairest policy,we suggest the central government should decrease the condition grant,and increase the tax refund or categorical grant in transfer payment.

Vertical Fiscal Imbalance,Transfer Payment and Local Government Governance

Accelerating the construction of modern fiscal and tax system helps not only free local governments from the shackle of the“competition for growth”development model,but also improve the governance capacity of local governments and realize the good governance of the country in the long term.Firstly,based on the typical fact of Chinese-style fiscal decentralization,this paper theoretically interprets the multiple channels and influencing mechanisms among vertical fiscal imbalance,transfer payment and local government governance.Secondly,it constructs a comprehensive index system to measure the governance capacity of local governments.The result shows that local government governance is relatively low in capacity and slow in improvement,and displays obvious regional heterogeneity.Then,the paper chooses structure and scale of transfer payment as mediator to construct the panel simultaneous equation model,and uses the three-stage least squares estimation(3SLS)for empirical investigation.The study finds that first,both the scale and structure of transfer payment may significantly affect local government governance,but the direction of the effects is opposite;second,the intensified vertical fiscal imbalance and the increase of transfer payment in scale can significantly inhibit local government governance,but the optimization of transfer payment in structure can significantly improve the governance;third,vertical fiscal imbalance not only directly inhibits the improvement of local government governance,but indirectly impedes it through the scale and structure of transfer payment.

The impact of transfer payments on urban-rural income gap--Based on fuzzy RD analysis of China’s midwestern counties data

In this paper,using 1054 counties data of 15 provinces in Midwestern China from 2000 to 2007,we analyze the impact of transfer payments on urban-rural income gap.By choosing Develop-the-west Strategy that is a quasi-natural experiment and using regression of discontinuity of location,the result shows that local government in western China pays more transfer payments than in the central region,however,the income gap between urban-rural residents in the western region increases by 20%.The widening effects are robust in different bandwidth situation such as distance or latitude and longitude.Meanwhile,the mechanism analyses find that urban residents benefit more than rural residents from transfer payments.Therefore,we believe that transfer payments should be more targeted to invest in rural areas,at the same time,the central government should rationalize the structure of transfer payments as soon as possible,and correct the urban bias and structure bias of local fiscal expenditure.

财政转移支付制度、财政提质增效与经济增长——基于转移支付不确定性的研究

地方政府财政收入的不确定性对其财税行为会造成影响,进而可能影响到财政支出的经济增长效应。使用1998-2007年中国县级层面的财政数据,以2001年民族地区转移支付制度的确立作为工具变量,估算中国地区层面的财政支出乘数,并研究转移支付不确定性对地区层面财政支出乘数的影响,实证结果表明,县级地区转移支付不确定性每增加1个标准差会导致县级地区财政支出乘数减少0.57,专项转移支付不确定性是导致地方政府财政支出乘数下降的主要因素,而一般性转移支付不确定性对地方政府财政支出乘数没有显著影响。机制研究表明,转移支付不确定性通过影响地方政府的财政收支行为,使得地方政府提高当地企业的实际税率,减少了当地企业的产出,进而影响到地区层面产出。

财税政策促进共同富裕:内在逻辑、现实问题与实现路径

财政是国家治理的基础和重要支柱,在扎实推进共同富裕进程中,财政既要促进做大经济发展的“蛋糕”,更要注重“分好蛋糕”,用好财税政策工具,着力缩小区域差距、城乡差距和收入差距,推动基本公共服务均等化。从聚焦构建全国统一大市场、推进城市群和都市圈协同发展、完善转移支付制度、推进城乡协调发展等方面,阐释财税政策发挥作用的内在逻辑和实现路径,分析存在的制约因素,并提出相关政策建议。

“挤入”抑或“挤出”:财政转移支付对消费的影响——基于家庭债务异质性视角

深刻理解家庭债务异质性背景下财政转移支付对家庭消费的影响及其作用机理,这对政府制定财政转移支付政策具有重要价值。使用中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)2014、2016和2018年三轮面板数据,以及2006—2021年省级面板数据,实证考察了家庭债务异质性视角下财政转移支付的消费效应。实证结果表明:财政转移支付的增加挤入了家庭消费,随着家庭债务水平的提高,财政转移支付对家庭消费的挤入效应减弱,且家庭债务异质性导致的家庭消费水平和消费结构对财政转移支付冲击的反应存在差异;家庭债务异质性视角下财政转移支付对消费的影响可通过流动性约束和预防性储蓄两个渠道发挥作用;不同区域的家庭债务水平对财政转移支付的消费效应具有不同的影响。因此,政府应该考虑区域债务水平的差异来制定财政转移支付政策,并合理控制家庭部门杠杆水平,降低家庭经济风险,提振消费。

中央财政资金直达机制:财政职能优化与治理效能提升

2020年,财政部创新性地建立了中央财政资金直达机制,将部分转移支付资金直达基层财政,此后,直达机制常态化实施并不断扩容。这是建立现代财税制度的重大改革,更是落实党的二十大“应完善转移支付体系,落实好积极的财政政策更加积极有为”的具体体现。本文研究认为,中央财政资金直达机制适配于中国式现代化建设要求,破解了传统转移支付制度中多层委托代理模式存在的弊端,优化了财政的配置职能、分配职能和稳定职能,在不改变政府管理层级体系的前提下,保证了中央财政资金下达时滞最短,支出效率最高,全过程得到监管,使财政政策正效应最大化,体现了稳中求进工作总基调,将有利于促进省以下财政体制改革。

财政转移支付对新疆经济高质量发展的影响研究

文章从理论层面分析了财政转移支付对新疆经济高质量发展的影响,并运用2013—2022年新疆14个地州市的数据进行实证检验。研究结果表明:转移支付能够直接提高新疆经济高质量发展水平;转移支付通过调整财政支出规模和财政支出结构对新疆经济高质量发展产生间接负向影响,但间接效应有限。异质性分析结果表明:一般性转移支付对新疆经济高质量发展具有积极影响,专项转移支付具有负向影响;转移支付对南疆地区和北疆地区经济高质量发展均呈现显著的正向效应;转移支付对新疆经济高质量发展不同维度的影响效应存在差异。基于此,新疆应尽快出台自治区对下财政转移支付办法,强化对转移支付资金的预算绩效评价,加快构建多元化地方政府考核评价体系,立足新疆资源禀赋,充分发挥转移支付对新疆经济高质量发展的促进作用。

财政压力、转移支付与经济高质量发展

在从理论层面系统诠释财政压力、转移支付与地方经济高质量发展三者之间存在的多重作用机制的基础上,通过构造动态面板联立方程模型和采取三阶段最小二乘法实证考察财政压力与转移支付对地方经济增长质量的影响。结果发现:虽然财政压力对地方经济增长质量的影响效应显著为负,但转移支付结构与地方经济增长质量之间呈现显著正相关关系,其中,转移支付中的一般性转移支付占比提升能够通过直接和间接两种途径促进地方经济增长质量的显著提升。

政府补贴如何抑制家庭的财务脆弱性?

在全面推进乡村振兴的背景下,本文利用2015、2017和2019年中国家庭金融调查(CHFS)数据,实证探究了政府补贴对家庭财务脆弱性的影响及作用机制。研究结果表明,政府补贴对家庭财务脆弱性存在显著的抑制作用,且该结论在进行稳健性检验之后仍然成立。机制检验结果表明,政府补贴通过提高家庭未来的信心程度以及使用互联网的意愿来作用于家庭的财务脆弱性。异质性分析结果显示,在乡村地区以及未创业的家庭中,政府补贴对家庭财务脆弱性的抑制作用更加显著。本文的研究结论为更好地理解政府补贴与家庭财务脆弱性关系提供了更加充分的经验证据,对防止家庭陷入财务困境和完善政府补贴政策具有重要的参考价值。

基于转移支付理论的渔业保险中央财政补贴适度规模估测

渔业保险财政补贴是有效促进政策性渔业保险发展的重要形式,但现行补贴规模较小,保费补贴比例平均,中央财政在补贴分配的差异化对待上有所不足,结果产生了补贴的区域不公平问题。采用因素法构建了渔业保险中央财政补贴适度规模估测指标体系,结合因子分析法、熵值法对各个指标进行客观赋权,测算出中央对试点省份转移支付的分配权重,继而估测出在现行专项资金标准(1000万元)下中央财政对各地区渔业保险进行补贴的适度规模。针对渔业保险发展及财政补贴责任合理划分等提出可行的对策建议。

国家重点生态功能区转移支付与基本公共服务供给——来自中国县域的证据

国家重点生态功能区转移支付对提高基本公共服务供给至关重要。文章基于2000—2021年中国县域面板数据,采用双重差分法评估国家重点生态功能区转移支付对基本公共服务供给的影响及作用机制。结果表明:国家重点生态功能区转移支付能有效提升县域基本公共服务供给水平,且政策实施时间越久,促进效应越强;机制分析发现,产业结构升级和技术创新能显著提升县域基本公共服务供给水平,而财政自给率和经济集聚水平起负向调节作用;异质性分析表明,国家重点生态功能区转移支付对县域基本公共服务供给的影响在中国西部和高人口规模的样本中更为显著,且该政策具有促进邻近县域基本公共服务供给的空间溢出效应。

财政事权与支出责任相适应的地方收入体系优化方略

地方收入体系,即地方政府财政收入体系,是我国省、市、县、乡镇各级地方政府为履行政府职能而筹集的一切资金总和及其配套的制度和征管体系。自从党的十八届三中全会提出“财政事权与支出责任相适应”的全新概念后,优化地方收入体系就成为未来国家治理工作的关键要务。在回顾相关文献的基础上,分析当前中国地方收入体系存在事权划分出现“收权放责”且地方政府民生事权偏重现象,税种划分不够合理、地方政府资源经营性收入占比过大、高度依赖非税收入以及地方政府收支缺口较大等主要问题,提出基于财政事权与支出责任相适应的地方收入体系优化方略,即在坚持中央统一框架、以人民为中心等基本原则的基础上,明确政府财政事权、确定支出责任与标准、改进税收分成体制、用转移支付填补地方财力缺口。由此确定新时代地方收入体系由转移支付、地方专享税收入、适量的非税收入和合规的地方债等政府性债务收入等四部分组成的大体设想。希冀通过探讨,进一步弥补地方财政事权和支出责任不适应问题研究的不足,更好地在“财政事权和支出责任相适应”的方针下优化地方收入体系,为持续的财政体制改革提供良好的理论支持。

私人转移支付如何影响农村留守家庭成员消费?

基于中国土地经济调查微观数据,构建“私人转移支付、农地转出与留守家庭成员消费”理论框架分析私人转移支付对农村留守家庭成员消费的影响,并从农地转出视角揭示其内在逻辑。研究发现:私人转移支付会显著降低农村留守家庭成员消费支出,尤其是生存型与享受型消费支出,并扩大消费不平等,且这种负向效应在中低消费水平的农村留守家庭成员中更为显著。路径分析表明:私人转移支付促使农村留守家庭转出农地,降低了留守家庭成员的经济地位感知与收益时间偏好,扩大家庭收入差距,导致消费减少与消费不平等程度提高。

国家重点生态功能区转移支付对生态产品价值转化效率的驱动机制研究

研究目的:构建生态产品价值转化效率评估模型,探究生态转移支付提升生态产品价值转化效率的驱动机制,为促进国家重点生态功能区的生态产品价值实现提供决策参考。研究方法:以2009年颁布的国家重点生态功能区转移支付办法作为一项准自然实验,评估该生态补偿政策对生态产品价值转化效率的影响。研究结果:(1)生态转移支付的实施使得国家重点生态功能区的生态产品价值转化效率提升了0.021,并显示出持续性影响。(2)通过促进生态环境修复、环境污染治理、生态农业发展和生态旅游业开发,生态转移支付产生了环境效应和收入效应,从而提升了生态产品价值转化效率。(3)在水土保持和生物多样性维护型生态功能区,生态产品价值实现效果显著,而在水源涵养和防风固沙型生态功能区实现效果不甚明显。此外,生态转移支付在财政能力较强、环境质量较低的生态功能区产生了更显著的效果。研究结论:应进一步建立健全适应不同类型、不同区域、不同特征的多元化生态产品价值转化机制,完善转移支付核算标准,以体现长效激励原则。

遏制地方政府隐性债务增量的路径优化研究

遏制地方政府隐性债务增量,是防范化解地方政府债务风险,统筹发展与安全的重要方面。文章选取2002—2019年有发债记录的511个县区,其中包括被划为重点生态功能区的53个县区、接受生态补偿的113个县区,选择全部未接受生态补偿的样本设立生态功能区研究组、选择全部未划为国家重点生态功能区的样本设立生态补偿研究组,分别以国家重点生态功能区制度(减负)和生态补偿制度(补偿)作为两种不同的政策冲击,通过PSM方法进行一对一近邻匹配和多期DID回归,实证研究减负与补偿这两种不同路径对遏制地方政府债务增长的影响。研究发现,国家重点生态功能区制度显著降低了地方政府的举债规模,而生态补偿制度的效果则恰恰相反。经过平行趋势检验、重新构造研究组、更换被解释变量的度量方式、改变样本范围、安慰剂检验等多种稳健性检验结论保持不变。机制分析表明,两种路径的效果差异与对基础设施投资的激励效应有关。异质性分析发现,重点生态功能区制度对地方政府举债规模的影响在工业发达的县和县级市更为明显;而生态补偿制度对地方政府举债规模的影响在普通县更为明显,与工业发展水平没有显著关系。文章的研究对建立防范化解地方债务风险长效机制,推进人与自然和谐共生的现代化等具有较强的政策启示。