Paederia foetida- a promising ethno-medicinal tribal plant of northeastern India

The northeastern region of India constitutes one of the biodi- versity hotspots of the world. The ethnic groups inhabiting this region practice their distinctive traditional knowledge systems using biodiver- sity for food, shelter and healthcare. Among the less-studied plants, Paederia foetida has been used by various ethnic tribes as food and medicine. Many of its therapeutic properties relate to the gastrointestinal system and suggest its potential utility for gastrointestinal ailments. This is a review of the ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry and therapeutic properties of P. foetida compiled from various reports. P. foetida is promising as a remedy for life-style related conditions, especially treat- ment of ulcers. Its utility highlights the need for proper evaluation of tribal plants as medicines and the species could be considered for devel- opment of new drugs.

Indistinguishable cellular changes in gastric mucosa between Helicobacter pylori infected asymptomatic tribal and duodenal ulcer patients

AIM： To investigate the changing pattern of different histological parameters occurring in the stomach tissue of Helicobacter pylori （H pylori） infected tribal populations and duodenal ulcer patients among ethnic Bengalis and correlation of the genotypes of H pylori with different histological parameters. METHODS： One hundred and twelve adult individuals were enrolled into this study between 2002 and 2004. Among them, 72 had clinical features of duodenal ulcer （DU） from ethnic Bengali population and 40 were asymptomatic ethnic tribals. Endoscopic gastric biopsy samples were processed for histology, genotyping and rapid urease test. Histologically, haematoxylin and eosin staining was applied to assess the pathomorphological changes and a modified Giemsa staining was used for better detection of Hpylori. For intestinal metaplasia, special stainings, i.e. Alcian blue periodic acid-Schiff and high iron diamine-Alcian blue staining, were performed. PCR was performed on bacterial DNA to characterize the presence or absence of virulence-associated genes, like cagA, and distribution of different alleles of vacA and iceA. RESULTS： Intraglandular neutrophil infiltration, a hallmark of activity of gastritis, was present in 34 （94%） of tribals （TRs） and 42 （84%） of DU individuals infected with H pylori. Lymphoid follicles and aggregates, which are important landmarks in H pylori infection, were positive amongst 15 （41%） of TRs and 20 （40%） of DU subjects. Atrophic changes were observed in 60% and 27.7%, respectively, among DU cases and tribals （P 〉 0.003）. Metaplastic changes were detected in low numbers in both groups. Moderate to severe density distribution of Hpylori in the gastric mucosa was 63% among TRs, whereas it was 62% in DU subjects. There were no significant differences in the distribution of virulence-associated genes like cagA, vacA and iceA of H pylori strains carried by these two populations. CONCLUSION： Our study showed almost similar distribution of inflammatory cells among asymptomatic tribals and DU Bengali patients. Interestingly, the tribal population are free from any clinical symptoms despite evidence of active histologic gastritis and infection with Hpylori strains carrying similar virulence markers as of strains isolated from patients with DU. There was an increased cellular response, especially in terms of neutrophil infiltration, but much lower risk of developing atrophy and metaplastic changes among the tribal population.

Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) Tribal Action Plan Fund Utilisation: How Does Chhattisgarh State in India Fare?

Background: In India, tuberculosis remains as a major public health problem amongst the tribal population. Poor physical access to diagnosis and treatment under the Revised National TB control programme (RNTCP) still remains the problem for the population. RNTCP implements Tribal Action Plan (TAP) for tribal patients. We conducted the study to determine the trends of financial utilisation for the special provisions available under tribal action plan like patient honorarium, incentive for sputum collection and transport, incentive for programme staff and incentive for vehicle maintenance. Methods: A cross-sectional study based on mixed method study approach was conducted in Chhattisgarh, India during Nov. 16 to Jun. 17. District TB Officers implementing TAP were interviewed telephonically using a semi-structured questionnaire to ascertain and analyse the reasons for low fund utilization in their districts. Retrospective financial data for five financial years from 13 TAP districts for 2012-2013 to 2016-2017 was collected, compiled and analysed. Results: Overall, the trends on states expenditure on tribal action plan in terms of absolute numbers has increased over the past five years;however, in terms of fund utilization against received ranges from 37% - 86% with the utilization rate less than 44% in the recent years (2014-2017). Conclusion: The trends of utilisation of TAP is less than 44% over the recent years. There is an urgent need for the administrators to intervene and improve the efficiency of fund utilisation at State and district levels.

Reshaping Tribal Road Network Using Public Information

The area with the fastest growing Native American population in North Dakota is the Fort Berthold Reservation. State and federal road information available to the public is not identical in terms of the number of physical road segments or in the attribute information provided for the road network. In this study we develop: 1) a navigable road network achieved by improving connectivity among road segments, updating road information, and making a comprehensive network;and 2) a standard process for integrating the state and federal local road information. The standard process broadly consists of three Parts: 1) combining road segments from each source;2) providing legitimacy to snapping distance;and 3) performing a snapping based on the result of Part 2 to connect those road segments, which remained unconnected from Part 1. The findings show that data on local roads on the Fort Berthold Reservation from the two different sources are joined through the standard process, and the process saves considerable time and resources required for fixing the road network. The standard process that has been developed here can be applied to a variety of other Indian road information integration projects to join not only physical road segments, but also plural attribute information. The process will also be useful for a variety of other projects integrating road information, which is available to the public, in order to overcome financial and time limitations.

Al-Maliki Tribal Policy and the Emergence of the New Shaykhs in Iraq

The state collapse in Iraq after the US invasion in 2003 resulted in a vacuum of state institution.This helped the emergence and increase of sectarian violence between Shia and Sunni,which led to civil war in 2006-2007.In order to end the violence and to alienate Al-Qaeda,the US authorities and Iraqi government began supporting tribal leaders during the civil war.In 2008,the Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri Al-Maliki created tribal council called(Majālis al-Asnād)to utilize the tribal groups mainly belong to Shia sect.This article tries to explain the emergence of new social strata called New Shaykhs in Iraqi society,as a result of Maliki’s tribal policy.It is due to the failed state situation in Iraq since 2003 which helped non-state actors to be more and more active,such as new tribal leaders.This paper focus on the political manipulation of tribal societies which is different after 2003,compared to traditional policy in Iraq which have used and mobilized the tribal societies.

On the Tarmac of Nationhood： Dismantling Caste and Tribal Loyalty in Aravind Adiga＇s The White Tiger and Shadrach Ambanasom＇s Son of the Native Soil

The White Tiger is Aravind Adiga＇s first novel just like Son of the Native Soil which is Shadrach Ambanasom＇s first oeuvre. The two novels address two major social concerns （the caste system and tribal loyalty） that impair national cohesion in India and Cameroon respectively. Briefly speaking, the caste refers to the classification of peoples in India （and other South Asian countries） into in-marrying hereditary social classes of the privileged and the underprivileged while tribal loyalty refers to selfish attachment to a tribe or clan to the detriment of community or national feeling. The two concepts are related in the sense that the word ＂caste＂ derives from the Spanish or Portuguese ＂casta＂ meaning race, lineage, breed or clan. In both cases therefore, the issues of sectionalism, division, discrimination, selfishness, marginalization, and hegemony （amongst others） are at play--issues that impede the notion of nationhood. Read principally from the Marxist perspective of power dynamics and class struggle, the paper argues that Adiga and Ambanasom through skillful manipulation of symbols, time, characters and events, try to imagine the deconstruction of caste and ethnic loyalty in India and Cameroon respectively, which to the two authors, are only historically and socially erected edifices rather than natural order. For the two authors, although global forces may seem to play in favor of a more equitable human society, a necessarily violent revolution might be required to dismantle a blighted body politico-modus operandi that has operated in the people＇s psyche for a long time, as characters and events in the two novels reveal.

Democratic Constitution and Ethnic Organizations in Malawi： Preserving Good Culture or Promoting, Regionalism, Nepotism and Tribalism

Due to the advent of the 1994 democratic constitution particularly sections 32 and 33 which provide for every person＇s right to freedom of conscience, religion, belief and thought, and also to academic freedom Malawi has significantly witnessed mushroom development of tribal organizations, aiming at preserving and protecting local religious beliefs and cultural practices. The Chewa Heritage Foundation （CHEFO） and the Muhlako wa Alhomwe （MWA） are among the well-known numerous ethnic organizations through which the traditional beliefs, cultural and religious practices enjoy significant respect from Chewa and Lhomwe people. Although the new Constitution has cleared a road for the establishment of these ethnic organizations, it seems activities of all ethnic associations are significantly promoting tribalism and nepotism, in addition to being used as campaign tools by political parties. This article intends to critically assess and evaluate the role and the impact of the Chewa Heritage Foundation and Muhlako wa Alhomwe on rule of law, govemance and culture in Malawi. The following question will guide the discussion： Why are the Chewa Heritage Foundation and Mulhako wa Alhomwe cultural associations while exercising their constitutional rights promoting tribalism, regionalism and nepotism and used as campaign machinery by both opposition and ruling political parties？ Its hypothesis is, in spite of preserving protecting cultural practices as guaranteed in constitution, tribal organizations need to be watchful so that they should not promote tribalism, nepotism and being used as campaign tools by crooked and opportunist politicians.

Analysis on the Industrial Development Plan of the Tribal Hot Spring Demonstration Area in Taiwan’s Indigenous Areas

Under the impact of modern life, the traditional culture of Taiwan’s indigenous tribes is not only affected, because the traditional life is not easy and employment is difficult, which also causes the outflow of tribal population. Therefore, after the establishment of the Taiwan Council of indigenous people (TCIP), tourism development has been listed as an important policy, and it wants to use tourism development to improve the lives of indigenous people and enhance the ability of tribal economic development. The purpose of this study is to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of TCIP in developing tribal hot spring demonstration areas in indigenous areas. This study adopts the method of case study to investigate by means of document analysis, field interview and observation. The results of SWOT analysis show that: 1) Advantages: the indigenous tribes are rich in natural resources and have unique cultural characteristics. 2) Weakness: when indigenous people invest in hot spring industry, they will face difficulties in obtaining development funds, lack of land use and hot spring management talents. 3) Opportunities: Because of the prevailing leisure culture in Taiwan, coupled with the relevant laws and policies and plans of the indigenous people, it is guaranteed that the indigenous people can participate in the development plan of the hot spring demonstration area. 4) Threats: The development of the existing hot springs in the indigenous villages and towns is mostly invested by the Han people, so it is difficult for the indigenous people to compete with them. Moreover, they lack the management ability and guidance to enter the competitive market of hot spring development.

Tribal Councils as a Decision-Making Mechanism for Post-disaster Reconstructions： A Case Study of Ulaljuc

Since the 1990s, indigenous people in Taiwan have engaged in tribal councils for the purpose of integrating the tribal authority and the modern administrative system. The establishment of tribal councils provides a communicative forum for tribal leaders, village, and the association of community development to make decisions of common tribal affairs. When disasters happen, the internal tribal response strategies and external assistance mechanisms might cooperate through either traditional or modern administrative systems. The research focused on how these organizations, while in interim housing, influenced the reconstruction and rehabilitation after disasters. The research＇s findings suggested that tribal councils, a pre-existing mechanism, seemed to be an appropriate forum for negotiation and decision-making for tribal affairs.

Wild Edible Plants Used by the Tribes of Panvel and Uran Tahsils in Alibaugh District,India:Ethnobotanical Application and Tribal Recipes

The“Indus-Vedic”cultural heritage of India is well-known.Wild edible plants,sometimes known as weeds,are widely consumed in India’s varied areas.Wild edible plants and weeds are essential for tribes’survival,both as a source of food and as a source of money,such as timber.This study aims to identify wild vegetables collected for ethnomedical purposes and their recipes by the local people,as well as determine the local uses and names of these plants,with the goal of closing the gap in traditional knowledge regarding the utility of wild plant species and tapping the hidden potential resources for proper utilization,exploitation,and nutritive evaluation.A field research study was conducted two years 2020-2021.34 wild vegetable plant specimens were collected during this time.The names of the plants found in the area,as well as the parts that were used and how they were prepared,were examined and recorded.This type of extensive survey technique could assist aspiring scientists in learning about the health advantages of wild food plants and weeds,which can subsequently be combined to generate successful crop plants.Such a system will benefit in the mitigation of food shortages,the regeneration of infertile lands,and the enhancement of rural economies.

Particulate Matter Exposure of Rural Interior Communities as Observed by the First Tribal Air Quality Network in the Yukon Flat

A tribal-owned network of aerosol monitors and meteorological stations was installed at Ts’aahudaaneekk’onh Denh (Beaver), Gwichyaa Zheh (Fort Yukon), Jalgiitsik (Chalkyitsik), and Danzhit Khànlaii (Circle) in the Yukon Flats, Alaska. Surface inversions occurred under calm wind conditions due to radiative cooling. In May, local emissions governed air quality with worst conditions related to road and river dust. As the warm season progressed, worst air quality was due to transport of pollutants from upwind wildfires. During situations without smoke or when smoke existed at layers above the surface inversion, concentrations of particulate matter of less than 2.5 micrometer in diameter or less (PM2.5) were explainable by the local emissions;24-h means remained below 25 μg·m-3. Absorption of solar radiation in the smoke layer and upward scattering enhanced stability and fostered the persistence of the surface inversions. During smoke episodes without the presence of a surface inversion, daily mean concentrations exceeded 35 μg·m-3 often for several consecutive days, at all sites. Then concentrations temporally reached levels considered unhealthy.

坚固的云:网络知识社区与“部落化问题”

网络知识社区是流动部落化的,但它也是数字交往何以能凝聚共同体的最好说明,其核心特性是一种气态化但密切聚集的云端共同体。“部落化问题”是考察其生产与消费方式、社群文化特质与社会属性的恰当理论框架。网络知识社区通过垂类化和议程化的知识生产,建立了数字交往的生态体系,这使得知识部落成为一种既分散又聚集的“云集”;网络知识社区基于不同知识市场形成了多种生产模式,实现了知识的日常、普惠和再生产,产生了影响整个知识社会的传播效应;而平台通过制度化、正当化等规范措施,推动了知识经济,塑造了知识人的观念,也彰显了技术权力,这一过程展现了虚拟的知识共同体作为社区实体的治理逻辑。

秦唐间盗罪的变迁:游牧法因素介入下的连续性

中原农耕区的盗罪具有多维性,在“狭义”盗罪外,还有特殊物之盗、特殊主体之盗、特殊手段之盗等。对狭义盗罪,要计赃定罪,实行“实刑主义”,不处死刑。相反,财产性是游牧族群法主要甚至唯一的维度,重财轻人,盗罪至死是草原盗罪的一大特征。在一般情况下,游牧群族法实行“赔偿主义”。盗罪的维度主要由文明类型所决定。秦唐间盗罪的连续性,是在游牧族群法因素介入下的“连续性”。《唐律》规定的倍备制度是游牧法传统在汉地“文明化”的结果。包括盗罪在内的中华法治文明的连续性,乃是游牧文化因素介入下的连续性。农、牧互动以及在这种互动过程中从多元凝聚为一体,是这种连续性背后的秘密。

试论中国古代国家的产生

中国古代国家是以一种礼制性的古代文明形态不断发展和完善的。新石器时代后期各地出现的最初国家,主要是神权与王权的结合,王权利用神权来行使领导权,使松散的原始氏族发展为有紧密联系的氏族部落联盟实体,由此逐渐形成了氏族部落联盟性质的“神权国家”。夏商周三代在原部落联盟性质的“神权国家”基础上,利用祭祀中出现的神权和祖权的权威性制定了礼仪制度,来维护社会秩序,整个国家便形成了以血缘关系为纽带、以宗法关系为准则、以礼仪制度为保障的强势宗族性质的“礼制国家”。从中国古代早期国家产生和发展的轨迹看,礼制文明是其连续不断的纽带,在此后的历代王朝中始终是意识形态领域的精神支柱,持续稳定地维护着全国大一统的政治格局,这也正是中国古代国家区别于世界其他国家的一个重要特征。

“叶护葛逻禄”译名辨误

jafʁu(yabğū,yabqu,jabghu)和jabaqu(yabāğū,yabaqu)常见于古代波斯语文献和突厥语文献,是完全不同的两个词语。jafʁu即汉文史籍中的“叶护”;jabaqu为操用印欧语的炽俟(ʧigil)集团中的部落名,亦即狭义的葛逻禄,为葛逻禄集团的核心部落,汉文史籍中音译作“药勿葛”“婆蔔”“婆匐”。jabaqu qarluq实指狭义的葛逻禄,应译作“药勿葛葛逻禄”“婆蔔葛逻禄”或“婆匐葛逻禄”。将二者混同,译作“叶护民族”“叶护族”或“叶护葛逻禄”,并非仅是翻译之误,而是直接关涉到对葛逻禄历史和中亚古代史的认知问题。

去疆域化,还是部落化?——英语人文学界的理论旅行

欧美思想界形成的左翼“后学”理论,源于20世纪60年代的欧美激进社会政治运动,70年代末退隐入学院象牙塔。历经从20世纪80年代至今的孵化蜕变,理论从英语人文学术界越界,走过了从学术话语去疆域化到深度卷入英美社会的意识形态两极化和部落化的理论旅行。后殖民主义理论麾下的种族和族裔研究、性别研究机构,通过大众媒体、互联网、中小学教材等渠道,使学术话语广泛、迅速地通俗化,与反种族主义、女权主义和LGBTQ群体的社会运动紧密结合。认同政治和政治正确的话语与民族主义—民粹主义思潮相互推波助澜,形成了今天世界的混乱局面。马克思的《路易·波拿巴的雾月十八日》提供了有力的批判与反思的武器,来解析理论的旅行和英美社会的乱象。

Socio-cultural features and help-seeking preferences for leprosy and tuberculosis: a cultural epidemiological study in a tribal district of Maharashtra, India

Background:India is a major contributor to the global burden of leprosy and tuberculosis(TB),which adversely affects the poorest tribal communities.Despite prioritisation by disease control programmes,programme performance for leprosy and TB in tribal communities continues to be a challenge.In addition to access to services and infrastructural limitations,socio-cultural concepts of illness causation and related help seeking(HS)rooted in distinct features of tribal culture need to be addressed to improve programme outcomes.Methods:A cultural epidemiological survey of leprosy and TB patients was carried out using a locally adapted,semi-structured explanatory model interviews.A total of 100 leprosy and 50 TB patients registered for treatment at government health facilities were selected randomly from tribal dominant blocks of the Thane district,Maharashtra state.The perceived causes(PCs)of leprosy and TB in patients were compared based on prominence categories.The relationship between PCs as predictors,and disease conditions and HS preferences as outcome variables were assessed using multivariate logistic regression.Results:In the multivariate logistic regression model with disease conditions as outcome variables,TB patients were significantly more likely to report PCs in the categories of ingestion;health,illness and injury;and traditional,cultural and supernatural.Tuberculosis patients more frequently first sought help from private facilities as compared to leprosy patients who preferred government health facilities.In a combined analysis of leprosy and TB patients employing multivariate logistic regression,it was found that patients who reported PCs in the environmental and contact-related categories were more likely to visit traditional rather than non-traditional practitioners.In another multivariate combined model,it was found that patients who reported PCs in the traditional,cultural and supernatural category were significantly more likely to visit private rather than public health facilities.Conclusion:Cultural concepts about illness causation and associated HS behaviours should be considered as priorities for action,which in turn would provide the necessary impetus to ensure that tribal patients seek help in a timely and appropriate manner,and could facilitate improvement in programme performance in general.

论图书工业主义与读者部落化问题

图书工业主义就是在图书出版和经营的各环节全面贯彻工业主义价值观和方法论,它主要表现在三个方面:图书生产的功利化、物质化和资本化。现代读者部落化是图书工业主义发展的必然后果,其常见类型有五种:知识部落、信息部落、利益部落、身份部落、思想部落。新时代读者开发的根本出路是扬弃图书工业主义,基本原则是“两个结合”,即图书生产与社会利益相结合、图书生产与社会生产方式相结合。建设新时代中国特色读者文化,需从宏观和微观两方面重点突破、系统推进,促进出版业振兴和文化大发展大繁荣。

辽代斡鲁朵内的部族组织研究

斡鲁朵内的部族组织由石烈、抹里和瓦里三种基层单位构成,属于“部族”组织,而非“帐族”组织,有相对固定的驻牧地,不追随辽帝捺钵。在辽朝中期以前,辽帝通过建立隶属于斡鲁朵的石烈和抹里组织,削弱契丹部族势力。在辽朝中期以后,受到自然环境恶化和契丹部族势力式微等因素的影响,斡鲁朵内的石烈和抹里组织逐渐被迁离“契丹故地”,转向对奚人的镇戍。瓦里是由契丹贵族罪犯组成的基层组织,是辽帝削弱契丹贵族势力的工具。瓦里的分布地与契丹“分地”的继承制度有关。