Monitoring shear deformation of sliding zone via fiber Bragg grating and particle image velocimetry

Monitoring shear deformation of sliding zones is of great significance for understanding the landslide evolution mechanism,in which fiber optic strain sensing has shown great potential.However,the cor-relation between strain measurements of quasi-distributed fiber Bragg grating(FBG)sensing arrays and shear displacements of surrounding soil remains elusive.In this study,a direct shear model test was conducted to simulate the shear deformation of sliding zones,in which the soil internal deformation was captured using FBG strain sensors and the soil surface deformation was measured by particle image velocimetry(PIV).The test results show that there were two main slip surfaces and two secondary ones,developing a spindle-shaped shear band in the soil.The formation of the shear band was successfully captured by FBG sensors.A sinusoidal model was proposed to describe the fiber optic cable deformation behavior.On this basis,the shear displacements and shear band widths were calculated by using strain measurements.This work provides important insight into the deduction of soil shear deformation using soil-embedded FBG strain sensors.

PDV方法测量电爆炸驱动小飞片速度

为优化爆炸箔起爆器性能,采用光子多普勒速度测量技术(PDV)获得了电爆炸驱动小飞片的速度历程。设计了一种电爆炸驱动小飞片测试装置,可以产生Φ0.35 mm×25μm尺寸的小飞片,试验中未对飞片进行任何处理。对两发电爆炸驱动小飞片进行了PDV测速试验,获得了小飞片的速度历程,测得的有效时长约为160 ns。两发飞片的最大速度分别为4520 m·s-1和4330 m·s-1,速度差约为4%,一致性较好。飞片速度剖面有明显拐点。在拐点之前速度上升较快,在60 ns(0.1 mm位移)内达到了最终速度的75%。在拐点之后,速度上升相对变缓,在100 ns内完成了剩余25%速度的增加。

改良RNA提取法及樱桃PDV和PNRSV的RT-PCR检测(英文)

介绍了一种从木本植物组织中获得高质量RNA的快速、简单和高效的核酸提取方法。该方法是基于核酸的二氧化硅捕获,避免了使用苯酚、氯仿等有机溶剂。利用该方法从樱桃组织中提取的总RNA用RT-PCR技术检测PDV,PNRSV均获得成功。从感病植株的一年生枝的叶片、韧皮部及芽组织中扩增出了预期的目的片段,即172和449bp,而健康组织中无此扩增带。该法提取的总RNA用于RT-PCR技术检测,其敏感性至少与商业出售的QiagenRNeasy提取试剂盒相当,但简单经济。

PDV分光光度法检测饮料中过氧化氢含量

建立可见分光光度法检测饮料中过氧化氢含量的方法;过氧化氢的含量在2.0~200.0 mg·L^(-1)范围内线性良好,相关系数在0.999以上,采用420 nm波长、0.5 m L PDV显色剂、显色时间10 min,平均回收率在97.24%~103.4%,检出限为2.0 mg·L^(-1);该方法精密度高、准确度好,适用于各种饮料中过氧化氢的定量分析。

3种甜樱桃病毒PNRSV、PDV及LChV-2的多重RT-PCR检测方法的建立与应用

【目的】建立可同时检测李属坏死环斑病毒(Prunus necrotic ringspot virus,PNRSV)、李矮缩病毒(Prune dwarf virus,PDV)、樱桃小果病毒2(Little cherry virus-2,LChV-2)的多重RT-PCR检测方法。【方法】以复合感染3种病毒的甜樱桃病株叶片为材料,采用CTAB法提取样本总RNA,选用随机六聚体引物对植物样本总RNA进行反转录,所得cDNA作为多重RT-PCR的扩增模板。根据GenBank中PNRSV、PDV、LChV-2基因组序列共设计6对特异引物,分别通过单一RT-PCR和多重RT-PCR筛选出可用于同时检测3种甜樱桃病毒的引物组合。对多重RT-PCR的退火温度及循环数进行优化,以筛选出各引物组合的最适扩增条件。分别以单一感染PNRSV、PDV、LChV-2、复合感染3种病毒、单一感染樱桃病毒A(Cherry virus A,CVA)及甜樱桃无毒苗为样本,对多重RT-PCR引物的特异性进行分析。选取复合感染3种病毒的甜樱桃总RNA的反转录产物为初始模板,按照梯度稀释法依次将模板稀释为2、22、23、24、25倍,在相同PCR反应体系及反应条件下分别对各引物组合的灵敏度进行分析。多重RT-PCR的扩增条带经凝胶回收试剂盒回收纯化后连接至pMD18-T vector,克隆测序,以验证多重RT-PCR检测的准确性。并应用该方法对山东泰安地区甜樱桃生产园中间隔栽培的中国樱桃进行检测。【结果】筛选到2个可以应用的引物组合,组合1"PNRSV-S1/A1、PDV-S2/A2、LChV2-S1/A1"可分别特异性地扩增733、467、337 bp的片段。组合2"PNRSV-S1/A1、PDV-S3/A3、LChV2-S1/A1"可分别扩增得到733、265、337 bp的片段。扩增产物大小与预期相符。多重RT-PCR反应条件优化结果显示,在退火温度52℃、35个循环条件下,2个引物组合的检测效果均较为理想。特异性分析结果显示,2个引物组合均能特异性检测其各自的靶病毒。灵敏度分析结果显示,2个引物组合在cDNA的23×稀释液中仍能特异性扩增,但扩增条带的强度稍有差异,其对植物总RNA的反转录产物的最低检测浓度为107.9 ng·μL-1。克隆测序及序列分析表明,2个引物组合对各自靶病毒的检测结果可靠。应用该方法对9个中国樱桃样本进行检测,结果显示,测试样品均至少感染了2种病毒,其中5个样品复合感染了3种病毒,2个样品同时感染PDV和LChV-2,2个样品同时感染PNRSV和LChV-2。【结论】应用建立的多重RT-PCR检测方法可稳定、准确、灵敏的同时检测单一或复合侵染的3种甜樱桃病毒。

基于双光源干涉的PDV数据补偿方法

针对结构动态响应测试中的大量程负向速度测量问题,设计了基于双光源干涉的光纤速度干涉仪(PDV)测试系统,与单光源PDV系统相比,大幅拓宽了负向测速范围。但在爆炸实验中发现,由于光源波长波动产生了位移基线漂移和振荡问题。为此,引入一路参考反射镜,产生双光源干涉本底信号,用于补偿位移基线,并研究了数据补偿算法。经实验验证,补偿后的位移基线漂移量为微米级,双光源模式及补偿方法可行且有效。

PDV法测量内部爆炸作用下沙墙外层速度

为研究爆炸波与沙墙相互作用机理,采用光子多普勒速度测量技术(PDV)获得内部爆炸作用下沙墙外层速度。设计一维点对称模型的实验构型,制备系列透明的塑料壳体;先将球形装药放置于球壳中心,再将细沙装入壳体形成封闭的球壳沙墙。对4发不同比距离的沙墙进行PDV测速实验,均获得沙墙外层的速度历程。在爆炸当量最大的一发实验中,其沙墙外层的速度值在首峰约520m/s后先略有下降再继续上升,在有效时长末端达到最大约690 m/s。实验证明:在爆炸波与沙墙相互作用机理的研究中,光子多普勒速度测量技术可以发挥一定的作用。

基于PDV技术的惯性滑块式振动位移传感器设计

为了研究在爆炸冲击作用下,防护结构体防护作用的效果,需要测量其内部位移。基于光子多普勒测速(PDV)技术,设计了一种惯性滑块式水平位移传感器,PDV系统采用了长景深的测量探头,保证了较大的位移测量范围,传感器结构采用了一种极低摩擦系数的滑动套衬与光轴滑块,减小了位移测量误差。冲击实验的测量结果证明,该传感器测量范围达±2 cm,实现了较长时间的振动测量。

Study of Diesel Spray Particle Velocity Field Using a Particle Image Velocimetry Setup

Aim To investigate the spray particle velocity and its distribution characteristics. Methods\ A set of PIV (particle image velocimetry) system was developed and used to observe and analyze the spray particle velocity field. Results and Conclusion\ Double exposure image of the spray particle within the region of 10-50 mm from the nozzle tip was recorded and analyzed by the IBAS2000 analysis system. Some characteristics of the spray particle velocity and its distribution were obtained.

钝感炸药冲击起爆反应过程的 PDV 技术

为研究A型钝感炸药冲击起爆反应演化过程,进行了火炮驱动蓝宝石飞片的一维平面冲击实验。实验中采用光子多普勒测速仪(Photonic Doppler velocimetry,PDV)技术测量冲击起爆后台阶型炸药的粒子速度。在炸药不同厚度台阶的后界面固定镀铝膜的楔形氟化锂(LiF)窗口,利用阻抗匹配将PDV测量的LiF窗口波后粒子速度转化为炸药样品波后粒子速度。比较组合式电磁粒子速度计和PDV两种测速技术,结果表明,相较于组合式电磁粒子速度计,PDV测量的粒子精度更高。简要分析了PDV测速探头角度、探头孔径、窗口折射率等影响,得到PDV测速的相对不确定度小于1%。

基于PDV技术的微型雷管爆炸驱动飞片速度测试研究

针对微型装药爆炸驱动飞片速度问题,搭建微型雷管爆炸驱动钛金属飞片速度测试装置,利用光子多普勒测速技术(photonic Doppler velocimetry,简称PDV),对直径0.7 mm的微型雷管爆炸驱动飞片的速度进行测试,获得小飞片的速度历程,可清晰观察到飞片速度成长、保持、降低的过程。研究了防护PDV光探头有机玻璃厚度对飞片速度的影响,结果显示:当增大有机玻璃厚度时,测试的飞片平均速度会减小,测试相对误差增大;研究了光探头端面与飞片表面不同距离对测试结果的影响,对速度曲线进行位移积分,结果显示:距离较小时,测试结果的一致性较好,速度、位移增长拐点出现时机较为一致。针对整个测试系统,分析了高斯光束条纹间距、防护玻璃、金属表面反射率、试验装置振动因素对测试精度的影响。

一种基于PDV的近场冲击波高压测量技术

对于空中爆炸而言,其爆炸近区呈现高温、高压、多干扰源特征且多存在破片、射流、爆轰产物气体、次生飞片等毁伤源,常用的电测原理传感器在爆炸冲击波各参数的精确测量方面具有很大难度。通过研究爆炸流场中飞片周围压力场,分析诱导冲击波等因素影响,利用飞片速度与所受冲击波压力的数学关系,得到一初步的飞片前方压力计算公式。在理论分析基础上,利用光子多普勒速度测量技术(PDV),设计出可获得空中爆炸近场压力时程的飞片式PDV压力传感器,主要包括飞片、飞片支撑机构、定位圆筒和PDV探头4部分,并对所获结果数据从数据处理、有效时间和实际意义等方面进行分析。这一光测技术是弹药爆炸高压威力场测量的一种积极尝试。

Particle Image Velocimetry Measurement of the Flow Field in the Play of the Drilling Pump Valve

The failure of a drilling pump is always due to the break of the drilling pump valve, which is one of the most important but also the weakest parts of the drilling pump. Over the decades, the degradation of drilling pump valves has been investigated extensively and various failure mechanisms have been proposed. However, no experimental test on the fluid has been successfully performed to support some of these mechanisms. In this paper, tests of the flow within the valve play are carried out to investigate the factors resulting in the failure of the valve. In the tests, particle image velocimetry（PIV） technology is employed to measure the flow field distribution of the valve play in the model. From these tests, the distributions of velocity and vorticity of fluid in ＇various valves with different valve angles and different valve lifts are obtained, from which the features of flow fields are derived and generalized. Subsequently, a general rule of the influence of valve angles and valve lifts on the flow velocity is concluded according to chart analyses of maximal velocities and mean velocities. Finally, an analysis is made on the possibility of valve failure caused by erosion and abrasion in a working valve, with the application of the failure mechanisms of drilling pump valves. PIV measurement improves the study on the failure of the drilling pump valve, and the results show good agreement with previous computational fluid dynamics（CFD） simulations.

TWO-DIMENSIONAL PARTICLE IMAGE VELOCIMETRY(PIV) MEASUREMENTS IN A TRANSPARENT CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

A special transparent centrifugal pump is designed. Detailed opticalmeasurements of the flow inside the rotating passages of a five-bladed shroud centrifugal pumpimpeller have been performed by using two-dimensional particle image velocimetry (PIV). The flow issurveyed at three load conditions q_V/q_(Vd) = 0.4, q_V/q_(Vd) = 1.0, q_V/q_(Vd) = 1.5,respectively. As a result, phase averaged PIV velocity vector maps on three planes between hub andshroud of the impeller are presented. At design load, the mean field of relative velocity ispredominantly vane congruent, showing well-behaved flow without separation. The distributions of therelative velocity on different plane along the pump shaft are very different and there is always alow velocity zone near the pressure-side of the blade at both low and design flow rate, but thelow-velocity-zone at the low flow rate is much larger than that at the design one. The studydemonstrates that the PIV technique is efficient in providing reliable and detailed velocity dataover a full impeller passage.

Particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements of tip vortex wake structure of wind turbine

Large-view flow field measurements using the particle image velocimetry （PIV） technique with high resolution CCD cameras on a rotating 1/8 scale blade model of the NREL UAE phase VI wind turbine are conducted in the engineering-oriented q53.2 m wind tunnel. The motivation is to establish the database of the initiation and development of the tip vortex to study the flow structure and mechanism of the wind turbine. The results show that the tip vortex first moves inward for a very short period and then moves outward with the wake expansion, while its vorticity decreases with time after being trailed from the trailing edge of the blade tip, and then increases continuously with the rapid rolling-up to form a strong tip vortex. The measurements also indicate that the downstream movement of the tip vortex is nearly linear in the very near wake under the test condition.

基于双远心镜头的空间分辨PDV探头研制

为了在材料动力学实验和结构响应研究中实现对平面靶约5 mm范围内多点速度的同时测量,基于光纤密排阵列和双远心镜头研制了一种与光子多普勒测速仪配套使用的具备空间分辨能力的激光发射接收探头。介绍了探头的光学设计和结构设计,并进行了装调和测试。输出光斑特性测试结果表明,探头垂轴放大率与设计值吻合,聚焦位置处最小光斑直径为109μm,最大为202μm。探头对漫反射靶的接收效率测试结果表明,探头中各光纤互不串扰,靠近中心的光纤的接收效率较大,而两侧的偏小。

3D Particle Image Velocimetry Test of Inner Flow in a Double Blade Pump Impeller

The double blade pump is widely used in sewage treatment industry,however,the research on the internal flow characteristics of the double blade pump with particle image velocimetry（PIV） technology is very little at present.To reveal inner flow characteristics in double blade pump impeller under off-design and design conditions,inner flows in a double blade pump impeller,whose specific speed is 111,are measured under the five off-design conditions and design condition by using 3D PIV test technology.In order to ensure the accuracy of the 3D PIV test,the external trigger synchronization system which makes use of fiber optic and equivalent calibration method are applied.The 3D PIV relative velocity synthesis procedure is compiled by using Visual C＋＋ 2005.Then absolute velocity distribution and relative velocity distribution in the double blade pump impeller are obtained.Test results show that vortex exists in each condition,but the location,size and velocity of vortex core are different.Average absolute velocity value of impeller outlet increases at first,then decreases,and then increases again with increase of flow rate.Again average relative velocity values under 0.4,0.8,and 1.2 design condition are higher than that under 1.0 design condition,while under 0.6 and 1.4 design condition it is lower.Under low flow rate conditions,radial vectors of absolute velocities at impeller outlet and blade inlet near the pump shaft decrease with increase of flow rate,while that of relative velocities at the suction side near the pump shaft decreases.Radial vectors of absolute velocities and relative velocities change slightly under the two large flow rate conditions.The research results can be applied to instruct the hydraulic optimization design of double blade pumps.

Convection and correlation of coherent structure in turbulent boundary layer using tomographic particle image velocimetry

The present experimental work focuses on a new model for space-time correlation and the scale-dependencies of convection velocity and sweep velocity in turbulent boundary layer over a flat wail. A turbulent boundary layer flow at Reo = 2460 is measured by tomographic particle image velocimetry （tomographic PIV）. It is demonstrated that arch, cane, and hairpin vortices are dominant in the logarithmic layer. Hairpins and hairpin packets are responsible for the elongated low-momentum zones observed in the instantaneous flow field. The conditionally-averaged coherent structures systemically illustrate the key roles of hairpin vortice in the turbulence dynamic events, such as ejection and sweep events and energy transport. The space-time correlations of instantaneous streamwise fluctuation velocity are calculated and confirm the new elliptic model for the space-time correlation instead of Taylor hypothesis. The convection velocities derived from the space-time correlation and conditionally-averaged method both suggest the scaling with the local mean velocity in the logarithmic layer. Convection velocity result based on Fourier decomposition （FD） shows stronger scale- dependency in the spanwise direction than in streamwise direction. Compared with FD, the proper orthogonal decomposition （POD） has a distinct distribution of convection velocity for the large- and small-scales which are separated in light of their contributions of turbulent kinetic energy.

Study on local topology model of low/high streak structures in wall-bounded turbulence by tomographic time-resolved particle image velocimetry

The relationship between the in the logarithmic law （log-law） region of bursting event and the low/high-speed streak a turbulent boundary layer is investigated. A tomographic time-resolved particle image velocimetry （TRPIV） system is used to measure the instantaneous three-dimensional-three-component （3D-3C） velocity field. The momentum thickness based Reynolds number is about 2 460. The topological information in the log-law region is obtained experimentally. It is found that the existence of the quadrupole topological structure implies a three-pair hairpin-like vortex packet, which is in connection with the low/high-speed streak. An idealized 3D topological model is then proposed to characterize the observed hairpin vortex packet and low/high-speed streak.

Investigation of Fluid Flow in a Dual Rushton Impeller Stirred Tank Using Particle Image Velocimetry

The flow fields in a dual Rushton impeller stirred tank with diameter of 0.48 m （T） were measured by using Particle Image Velocimetry （PIV）. Three different size impellers were used in the experiments with diameters of D = 0.33T, 0.40T and 0.50T, respectively. The multi-block and 360° ensemble-averaged approaches were used to measure the radial and axial angle-resolved velocity distributions. Three typical flow patterns, named, merging flow, parallel flow and diverging flow, were obtained by changing the clearance of the bottom impeller above the tank base （C1） and the spacing between the two impellers （C2）. The results show that while C1 is equal to D, the parallel flow occurs as C2≥0.40T, C2≥0.38T and C2≥0.32T and the merging flow occurs as C2≤0.38T, C2≤0.36T and C2≤0.27T for the impellers with diameter of D=0.33T, 0.40T and 0.50T, respectively. When C2 is equal to D, the diverging flow occurs in the value of C1≤0.15T for all three impellers. The flow numbers of these impellers were calculated for the parallel flow. Trailing vortices generated by the lower impeller for the diverging flow were shown by the 10° angle-resolved velocity measurements. The peak value of turbulence kinetic energy （ k/V^2tip = 0.12-0.15 or above） appears along the center of the impeller discharging stream.