Quantification of In Vivo Epidermal Keratinocyte Architecture Associated with the Signs of Skin Aging and the Skin Benefit Evaluation by Application of Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate (Pitera)-Containing Skin Care Product

Background: Aged skin exhibits visual alterations such as wrinkles, rough texture, pore dilation, and dull skin tone, as well as physiological aging, namely, decreased hydration and increased transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Recent advances in coherence tomography have also revealed that skin aging affects in vivo epidermal keratinocyte architecture. However, the interconnectivity between spatial architectural aging and visual/physiological aging parameters remains largely unknown. Purpose: To elucidate whether the tomographic keratinocyte architectural aging is correlated with visual and physiological skin aging parameters and to quantitatively evaluate the improvements of the architectural, visual, and physiological aging parameters by the daily treatment of the skin care formula containing Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate (GFF, 8X PiteraTM). Method: We measured the in vivo keratinocyte cellular architecture with two-photon stereoscopic tomography obtaining by-layer epidermal section images in 78 Asian females of various ages. Visual aging parameters were analyzed using a portable image capture system. Hydration and TEWL were also assessed. The anti-aging effects of GFF-containing skin moisturizer (SK-II LXP CreamTM) were also examined in two studies after twice-daily application for 2 (N = 35) and 4 (N = 32) weeks. Results: As for the keratinocyte cellular architecture, skin aging was significantly associated with decreased cell density and increased cell uniformity. These architectural aging parameters were significantly correlated with visual and physiological aging parameters, namely, rough texture, wrinkles, pore dilation, dull skin tone, dehydration, and increased TEWL. The strong interconnectivity allowed us to develop formulae to estimate the keratinocyte architecture from visual aging parameters. Moreover, twice-daily application of SK-II significantly improved the keratinocyte architecture associated with multiple skin aging visual and physiological parameters. Conclusion: Skin aging is a process involving mutual interconnections among epidermal keratinocyte cellular architecture, visual, and physiological parameters. The GFF-containing moisturizer SK-II effectively improves spatial architecture of keratinocytes in epidermis and these evaluated skin aging parameters in a new trajectory over the course of treatment. .

Effects of healthy aging on human primary visual cortex

Aging often results in reduced visual acuity from changes in both the eye and neural circuits [1-4]. In normally aging subjects, primary visual cortex has been shown to have reduced responses to visual stimulation [5]. It is not known, however, to what extent aging affects visual field repre-sentations and population receptive sizes in human primary visual cortex. Here we use func-tional MRI (fMRI) and population receptive field (pRF) modeling [6] to measure angular and ec-centric retinotopic representations and population receptive fields in primary visual cortex in healthy aging subjects ages 57 - 70 and in healthy young volunteers ages 24 - 36 (n = 9). Retinotopic stimuli consisted of black and white, drifting checkerboards comprising moving bars 11 deg in radius. Primary visual cortex (V1) was clearly identifiable along the calcarine sulcus in all hemispheres. There was a significant decrease in the surface area of V1 from 0 to 3 deg eccentricity in the aging subjects with respect to the young subjects (p = 0.039). The coherence of the fMRI% BOLD modulation was significantly decreased in the aging subjects compared to the young subjects in the more peripheral eccentricity band from 7 to 10 deg (p = 0.029). Finally, pRF sizes were significantly increased within the 0 to 3 deg foveal representation of V1 in the aging subjects compared to the young subjects (p = 0.019). Understanding the extent of changes that occur in primary visual cortex during normal aging is essential both for understanding the normal aging process and for comparisons of healthy, aging subjects with aging patients suffering from age-related visual and cortical disorders.

Six Amino Acids among Natural Moisturizing Factors Responsible for Skin Hydration: Improvement and Anti-Aging of Skin by Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate-PiteraTM Containing Skin Moisturizer

Background: Natural moisturizing factors (NMFs) are filaggrin-derived components in the cornified layer that are critical for maintaining healthy skin moisturization and barrier function. However, studies have reported conflicting findings on the relationship between NMF levels and aging, while few studies have investigated this relationship clinically. To fill this research gap, we determined the levels of major NMF components such as free amino acids, pyrrolidone carboxylic acid, and urocanic acids, and individually verified their relationships with skin hydration, barrier function, age, and skin aging. Purpose: The objective of this study was to clinically investigate the relationship between NMF components levels and skin aging in facial skin. The main NMF components were obtained from facial skin and quantified. We then selected NMF components showing strong relationships to skin hydration, and analyzed the relationships of the levels of these selected NMF components with signs of skin aging, namely, texture, pores, wrinkles, and dullness (L-value). We also examined the efficacy of treatment with a skin care formula (SK-II Facial Treatment Essence, called SK-II FTE hereafter) including Galactomyces ferment filtrate (GFF, PiteraTM) on the selected NMF component levels associated with skin hydration and barrier function, and the signs of skin aging of texture, pores, wrinkles, and dullness (L-value). Method: We conducted two clinical trials in this research. In Study 1, we measured 23 NMF components using tape-stripped cornified layer to quantify them via an HPLC method in 196 Asian females aged 20 to 59 (mean S.D., 38.6 9.4). Facial visual aging parameters [texture, pores, wrinkles, and dullness (L-value)], as well as elasticity (R7), skin hydration, and TEWL, were quantified using facial skin imaging and skin physical property measurement devices. Study 2 was performed to evaluate whether the facial application of SK-II FTE affects the NMF levels and skin aging parameters in 63 Asian female volunteers aged 20 to 55 (38.4 9.03). During the course of Study 2, 0.6 mL of SK-II FTE was applied to the face twice daily in the morning and afternoon. Skin measurements were performed at the start of the day (baseline) and at week 8. Results: In Study 1, we examined the stratum corneum levels of 23 NMF components comparing to the skin hydration status in 196 female subjects. The subjects were divided into two groups using the median of each measured NMF component. Skin hydration values were compared between the two groups defined for each NMF component. The results showed that subjects with higher levels of six amino acids, alanine, arginine, asparagine, glutamine, glycine, and histidine, exhibited significantly higher skin hydration than those with lower amino acid levels. No significant differences in skin hydration values were found for the other 17 NMF components. We then analyzed whether the sum of these six amino acid NMF components (called 6-AA-NMFs, hereafter) is affected by aging. The 6-AA-NMF level peaked in the subjects aged 25-29, and then gradually and significantly decreased with age. Interestingly, the 6-AA-NMF level was significantly correlated with the skin hydration value, but not with TEWL. In addition, the 6-AA-NMF level demonstrated significant correlations with the signs of skin aging of texture, pores, wrinkles, and dullness (L-value). Then, in Study 2, we examined whether the daily application of SK-II FTE affects the 6-AA-NMF level and visual aging parameters in 63 females. SK-II FTE demonstrated significant increases of the levels of 6-AA-NMFs and each of its components associated with hydration and barrier function, and improvements of skin texture, pores, wrinkles, and dullness (L-value) during the 8 weeks of treatment of facial skin. Conclusion: These clinical studies with large numbers of subjects across a wide age range revealed that six amino acids as NMF components were highly correlated with facial skin hydration in the stratum corneum. The levels of these six NMF components were also found to decrease at ages after the 30 s and were significantly correlated with major signs of skin aging. Notably, these six NMF components (6-AA-NMFs) were increased by SK-II FTE treatment associated with improvements of skin hydration and signs of skin aging, namely, texture, pores, wrinkles, and dullness (L-value). These studies were limited by the lack of investigation of why some NMF components were not associated with skin hydration. More clinical trials examining various NMF components and their relationship with aging are anticipated.

Age-related Changes of Glu/GABA Expression in the Primary Visual Cortex of Cat

Recent studies show that a reduced effect of inhibitory transmitter system in the visual cortex may underlie aged visual function degradation. Whether excitatory transmitter system changes with age and hence affects intracortical excitation-inhibition balance is not clear. To explore this issue, we used Nissl staining and immunohistochemical methods as well as Image-Pro Express software to examine the density of Nissl-stained neurons, Glutamie acid-immunoreactive （Glu-IR） neurons and T-Aminobutyric acid-immunoreactive （GABA-IR） neurons in the primary visual cortex of young adult and aged cats. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the density of Nissl-stained neurons between young and old cats （2〉0.05）. However, the density of Glu-IR neurons and GABA-IR neurons in the primary visual cortex of aged cats was significantly lower than that of young ones （P〈0.01）. The ratio between Glu-IR neurons and GABA-IR neurons was significantly increased in old cats compared to that in young adult ones （P〈0.01）. These results indicated that the effect of excitatory transmitter system in the old visual cortex was increased relative to the inhibitory transmitter system, which might cause an imbalance between cortical excitation and inhibition and might be an important factor mediating the visual function decline during aging.

De-aging技术相关专利分析

随着电视、电影特效等技术的快速发展,De-aging(即数字减龄、逆龄、去老化)技术得到了广泛的应用。对De-aging技术相关专利申请进行分析,从全球专利申请趋势、申请地域分布、申请人地域分布、主要申请人、申请人成分构成等方面进行详细阐述,并基于技术分支和重要申请人对重点专利进行梳理,为后续De-aging专利的研发、专利申请或专利分析等提供依据。

新型Nd:YAG激光治疗中老年玻璃体混浊患者的视觉质量评价研究

目的通过新型Nd:YAG激光治疗中老年玻璃体混浊患者的视觉质量评价研究,评估新型Nd:YAG激光治疗玻璃体混浊的疗效及应用价值。方法本研究为前瞻性观察性队列研究,本研究共筛选入组47例患者54只眼,其中男性20例,女性27例,年龄30~81岁,平均年龄(58.32±10.38)岁。所有患者术前进行最佳矫正视力(BCVA)、眼压、眼B超、超广角扫描激光眼底照相、裂隙灯散瞳眼底检查、光相干断层扫描(OCT),评估患者玻璃体混浊的位置及玻璃体后脱离情况。术后2周、4周随访,记录BCVA、眼压、眼底情况。采用配对t检验方法比较治疗前后BCVA、眼压的变化,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义的标准。结果Nd:YAG激光术前患者BCVA为0~1.0,平均为(0.18±0.27),眼压为10~20mmHg,平均为(14.84±2.22)mmHg。术后4周患者BCVA为0~1.0,平均为(0.17±0.25),眼压为9~19mmHg,平均为(14.30±2.39)mmHg。统计学分析发现,术前术后视力变化无显著性差异(P=0.129),但术后眼压轻度下降,差异有统计学意义(P=0.015)。术后4周患者视觉质量满意度评价平均分为5~10分,平均为(8.10±1.18)分。82%的患者术后3天内黑点增多,98%的患者术后2周眼前遮挡黑影消失,96%的患者术后4周视觉质量明显改善。结论经新型Nd:YAG激光治疗后的中老年玻璃体混浊患者,飞蚊症症状改善明显,患者视觉质量满意度高,尤其是伴有明显weiss环患者,患者的视觉质量改善显著。

Visual problems: a review of prevalence studies on visual impairment in school-age children

Childhood visual impairment(VI) have a significant impact on the educational achievement, career choices and social life of affected individual, and in children, is mainly due to either preventable or treatable causes. Reliable data on the prevalence and causes of VI in children will guide the development of a systematic vision screening program for its early detection and successful treatment of possible causes. The purpose of this literature review is to summarize the available data on prevalence and causes of VI in school-age children from various regions globally. A discussion on the major findings highlighting the definition criteria, classifications and limitations for further studies is also presented.

Epidemiological Study of the Development of Visual Acuity in Preschoolers Aged 3 to 6 in the Shenzhen Area

Purpose: To investigate the visual acuity of preschoolers aged 3 to 6 years in Shenzhen of China. Methods:Visual acuity was measured in preschoolers from eight kindergartens in Shenzhen. Results:A total of 1147 children completed the visual acuity test.There were 77 boys and 62 girls aged 3 years,259 and 216 aged 4,193 and 160 aged 5 and 94 and 86 aged 6. The mean visual acuities of children aged 3,4,5,and 6 years were 0.51±0.10, 0.54±0.13, 0.65±0.14, and 0.71±0.17, respectively. The visual acuity was significantly improved with increasing age (P=0.000). Conclusion:For preschoolers aged 3 to 6, the visual acuity continuously develops and improves. Therefore, age should be considered when diagnosing amblyopia in children.

Bibliometrics of stem cell effects on aging in the last decade based on the Web of Science database

Objective:To summarize the recent 10 years of related literature on stem cell effect on aging and explore the research results and hot topics.Methods:Based on the core databaseof Web of Science,all relevant literature from January 1,2012,to December 31,2021,was screened,and CiteSpace 6.1.R2 software was used to show the intrinsic value of literature.The number of publications,research institutions,research countries,co-cited literature,and keywords was analyzed and visualized.Results:In the past 10 years,the total number of articles published showed an upward trend.The number of articles published by relevant countries was 3,911,and the United States had the most significant number of articles published and the highest centrality.The research institutions were mainly universities,supplemented by research centers,and the quality of articles published by famous foreign universities in this field was high.The most co-cited literature is“Naturally occurring p16(Ink4a)-positive cells shorten healthy lifespan”by Darren J Baker,which clarifies the feasibility of cell therapy for aging.The high-frequency keywords are stem cell,senescence,expression,etc.,and the most central ones are cancer cell,migration and DNA repair,etc.In addition,emergent words and clustering show that research hotspots are mainly in the aging mechanism.There are many research entry points,and the pathogenesis and development of senescence,therapeutic targets of ion channels in senescent cells,and their effects on exosomes are the main focus of current research.Conclusion:Literature through the analysis of 10 years of research literature summary suggests that stem cell function in aging still needs further study;the United States is in the leading position in this regard,and the research results also show that research institutions dominate in the developed countries,North America and Europe in the increasing number of papers at the same time,and China should pay attention to the quality of the post,in order to make more progress.The literature of some high-quality scholars can be used as a reference to expand our thinking.The aging mechanism still needs to be many follow-upstudies to clarify the pathway and target in the treatment of more refined Alzheimer’s disease and other age-related diseases need to delve into.Subsequent scholars should study the specific role of stem cells in treating aging;in recent years,hot words,such as exosomes,oxidative stress,etc.,can be used as the thinking of the follow-up study and contribute to the development of the field.

A Study on the Characteristics of Aging-Friendly Neighborhood Environment from the Visual Cognition Perspective

The comprehensive development of aging-friendly communities has become a significant strategy for addressing the problems brought about by the accelerated aging of population,for which the design of the neighborhood environment is a pivotal aspect.Visual cognition,as the primary means by which humans perceive the external environment,has profound impacts on the environmental preferences and outdoor behaviors of older adults.This paper adopts a visual cognition perspective to explore the key elements and main characteristics of an aging-friendly neighborhood environment.Based on empirical studies conducted in five urban neighborhoods in different Chinese cities using a multi-methodological approach that encompasses auditing,questionnaire,interview,statistical analysis,and textual analysis,the paper examines the principal environmental elements contributing to the visual cognitive preferences of older adults at both individual and neighborhood levels.It proposes suggestions for designing aging-friendly neighborhood environment from the visual cognition perspective,which may provide a reference for the development of agingfriendly neighborhoods.

Multisensory mechanisms of gait and balance in Parkinson’s disease:an integrative review

Understanding the neural underpinning of human gait and balance is one of the most pertinent challenges for 21st-century translational neuroscience due to the profound impact that falls and mobility disturbances have on our aging population.Posture and gait control does not happen automatically,as previously believed,but rather requires continuous involvement of central nervous mechanisms.To effectively exert control over the body,the brain must integrate multiple streams of sensory information,including visual,vestibular,and somatosensory signals.The mechanisms which underpin the integration of these multisensory signals are the principal topic of the present work.Existing multisensory integration theories focus on how failure of cognitive processes thought to be involved in multisensory integration leads to falls in older adults.Insufficient emphasis,however,has been placed on specific contributions of individual sensory modalities to multisensory integration processes and cross-modal interactions that occur between the sensory modalities in relation to gait and balance.In the present work,we review the contributions of somatosensory,visual,and vestibular modalities,along with their multisensory intersections to gait and balance in older adults and patients with Parkinson’s disease.We also review evidence of vestibular contributions to multisensory temporal binding windows,previously shown to be highly pertinent to fall risk in older adults.Lastly,we relate multisensory vestibular mechanisms to potential neural substrates,both at the level of neurobiology(concerning positron emission tomography imaging)and at the level of electrophysiology(concerning electroencephalography).We hope that this integrative review,drawing influence across multiple subdisciplines of neuroscience,paves the way for novel research directions and therapeutic neuromodulatory approaches,to improve the lives of older adults and patients with neurodegenerative diseases.

含分层损伤AGS起裂和扩展过程数值模拟

建立了在压缩荷载下先进复合材料格栅加筋结构(AGS)后屈曲阶段的分层起裂和扩展过程的数值模拟方法.首先,基于一阶剪切变形理论和Von Karman几何非线性关系,提出了AGS结构后屈曲有限元分析模型;其次,采用总能量释放率准则,并利用虚裂纹闭合法(VCCT)及自适应网格的生成和移动技术分析了分层损伤的扩展过程,在分析过程中考虑了分层前缘的接触效应;最后,应用OpenGL实现了分层损伤的扩展动态可视化过程.通过典型算例,讨论了肋骨与分层中心的相对位置,以及蒙皮的铺层方式对AGS结构的分层起裂和扩展过程的影响.所提方法和所得结论对AGS结构的承载能力预测将具有参考价值.

Six-year outcomes in neovascular age-related macular degeneration with ranibizumab

AIM： To evaluate the outcomes of （6y ranibizumab therapy in neovascular age-related macular degeneration （AMD）.METHODS： HELIX was a retrospective, observational effectiveness study using medical records of patients treated in three clinics in Belgium. Patients had neovascular AMD and were initially treated with intravitreal ranibizumab （0.5 mg） between November 1, 2007 and October 31, 2008, had （6y of data available, and were treated on an ongoing, as-needed basis. Outcomes included best-corrected visual acuity （BCVA） and central retinal thickness （CRT）.RESULTS： The sample consisted of 88 eyes from 69 patients. Mean age was 76.4±6.5y, most patients were female （62.3%）. Most eyes （62.5%） were treatment-naive, 33 previously treated eyes had received predominantly other anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents and verteporfin. Mean baseline BCVA was 57.4±12.7 ETDRS letters and CRT was 291.5±86.1 （m. On average, patients received 20.6±11.9 ranibizumab injections over the （6y. Intervals between injections were on average 12.7±16.1wk. Mean change in BCVA from baseline to last observation for the sample was less than one letter （-0.9±17.3 letters）, with an average loss of -3.2±15.6 letters in previously treated eyes versus a gain of 0.6±18.4 letters in treatment-na？ve eyes. When considering a loss of 〈15 letters over 6y as stabilization of disease, 75.9% of all eyes showed a positive （improvement or stabilization） outcome. Mean change in CRT from baseline to last observation for the sample was -26.9±148.4 （m with the greatest reduction observed in treatment-naive eyes.CONCLUSION： This retrospective study of 69 neovascular AMD patients treated for （6y with ranibizumab demonstrates long-term visual stabilization. In light of the natural evolution of the disease, these data confirm that ranibizumab is effective long-term under real-world conditions of heterogeneity of patients, clinicians, and centers.

基于目标介导纳米金凝集的Ag^+目视检测方法

该文利用目标介导裸纳米金凝集比色机理,发展了一种银离子(Ag+)目视纳米传感检测新方法。由柠檬酸钠还原氯金酸所制得的裸纳米金颗粒(粒径～20 nm)因表面吸附负电荷性柠檬酸根离子相互排斥,颗粒间距显著大于平均颗粒直径使得溶液呈现红色。当样品中含有分析物银离子时,Ag+可特异性氧化TMB(3, 3, 5, 5-四甲基联苯胺)产生正电荷性产物(TMBox)。该产物经静电吸附作用拉近纳米金颗粒之间的距离使颗粒凝集,导致反应溶液发生由红至蓝的颜色变化。结果表明,在优化的实验条件下,新方法的Ag+目视检测下限约为1μmol/L,借助紫外-可见吸收光谱可将检测下限进一步降低至115 nmol/L。

Efficacy and safety of ranibizumab for wet age-related macular degeneration in Chinese patients

AIM： To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of ranibizumab for wet age-related macular degeneration （wAMD） in Chinese patients and to determine the mean number of injections administered over one year of follow-up. METHODS： This single centre, retrospective observational case series study included data from 121 patients with wAMD （121 eyes） who were diagnosed by indirect ophthalmoscopy, fluorescence fundus angiography （FFA）, indocyanine green angiography, and optical coherence tomography. Ranibizumab was injected into the vitreous cavities once per month for 3mo and as needed afterwards. Changes in visual acuity and central foveal thickness （CFT） during the follow-up period were compared, and the mean number of injections over the year was calculated. Patients with one or more adverse events related to the drugs and injections were recorded for further adverse events analysis.RESULTS： The study population included 70 males and 51 females aged between 50 and 87y （mean： 71.32±9.41y）. The mean number of injections over the first year was 5±1 （range： 3-9）. The mean best-corrected visual acuity by Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study increased from 43.2±19.3 （95%CI： 39.8-46.7） at baseline to 51.7±20.1 （95%CI： 48.1-55.3）, and central foveal thickness （CFT） decreased from 526.5±277.0 μm （95%CI： 476.6-576.4） to 258.2±161.6 μm （95%CI： 229.2-287.3） at 12mo. The differences were statistically significant （P〈0.001）. Visual acuity significantly improved in 34.1% of the patients （38 eyes）, stabilized in 66.1% of the patients （80 eyes）, and significantly decreased in 2.5% of the patients （3 eyes）. CFT at baseline was an independent risk factor of decreased CFT and increased visual acuity. None of the patients had severe adverse events during the follow-up period.CONCLUSION： Ranibizumab can effectively control disease progression and improve visual acuity in patients with wAMD. The disease conditions of most patients stabilized after a one-year treatment with an average of 5 injections.

Spontaneous or secondary to intravitreal injections of anti-angiogenic agents retinal pigment epithelial tears in age-related macular degeneration

·AIM:Toevaluatethevisualfunctionevolutionofretinal pigment epithelial(RPE) tears in patients with age-related macular degeneration(AMD) according to type of occurrence [spontaneous or secondary to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(anti-VEGF) injection] and the topographic location of the tear after a two-year followup period.·METHODS: A total of 15 eyes of 14 patients with RPE tears in exudative AMD were analyzed retrospectively at the University Eye Clinic of Trieste. Inclusion criteria were: patient age of 50 or older with AMD and RPE tears both spontaneous occurring or post anti-VEGF treatment. Screening included: careful medical history,complete ophthalmological examination, fluorescein angiography(FA), indocyanine green angiography(ICG),autofluorescence and infrared imaging and optical coherence tomography(OCT). Patients were evaluated every month for visual acuity(VA), fundus examination and OCT. Other data reported were: presence of PED,number of injections before the tear, location of the lesion.·RESULTS:Meanfollow-up was24wk(SD±4wk). Atotal of 15 eyes were studied for RPE tear. In 6 cases(40%),the RPE tears occurred within two years of anti-VEGF injections the others occurred spontaneously. In 13cases(86.6%), the RPE tear was associated with pigment epithelial detachment(PED). In 7 cases(46.6%), the RPE tear occurred in the central area of the retina and involved the fovea. Two lesions were found in the parafoveal region, six in the extra-macular area. In all cases visual acuity decreased at the end of the follow-up period(P <0.01) independently of the type or the topographical location of the lesion.·CONCLUSION: RPE tear occurs in exudative AMD as a spontaneous complication or in relation to anti-VEGF injections. Visual acuity decreased significantly and gradually in the follow-up period in all cases. No correlation was found between visual loss and the type of onset or the topographic location of the tears.

AB011.Reliance on central vs.peripheral vision for visual search in younger and older adults

Background:It has been suggested that older adults show a reduced attentional field compared to younger adults.This may be attributed to a poorer utilization of peripheral vision(i.e.,peripheral attentional allocation)and a higher reliance on central vision compared to younger adults.To test this,we examined the importance of central,peri-foveal and near periphery information in younger and older adults by comparing their visual search performance while their central vision was blocked,in the presence of different sized artificial central scotomas.We tested participants in two versions of visual search,pop-out and serial search,because they require a different use of central and peripheral attention.Pop-out search relies on processing of the entire visual scene(i.e.,global processing)whereas serial search requires processing of each feature serially(i.e.,local processing).Methods:Thirteen healthy younger(M=21.8,SD=1.5)and 15 older adults(M=69.1 years,SD=7.3)performed a pop-out and a serial version of a visual search task in the presence of different sized gaze-contingent artificial central scotomas(no scotoma,3°diameter,5°and 7°).Participants were asked to indicate as quickly as possible whether a target was present or not among distractors whose number varied(16,32 or 64 objects).Results:We found evidence for a greater decline in peripheral processing in older adults compared to younger in pop-out but not in serial search.For the pop-out condition with no scotoma,we found that the further the target in the periphery,the longer the search time,and that this increase was proportionally greater for older adults compared to younger adults.Further,increases in scotoma size were associated with a greater increase in reaction times for older adults compared to younger participants.For the serial condition,both groups showed similar increases in reaction times with target distance from center and scotoma size.We surmise that this may be due to task difficulty in serial search;central vision is necessary for both groups.Conclusions:In conclusion,these findings suggest that,in global processing,older adults distribute more resources towards central vision compared to younger adults.

Real-life experience of ranibizumab therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration from Turkey

AIM： To report the real-life experience and clinical results of intravitreal ranibizumab injections to neovascular agerelated macular degeneration（nAMD） in a single institution in Turkey.METHODS： A total of 101 eyes of 89 patients with nAMD treated with intravitreal ranibizumab injection, followed up for at least 24 mo between 2009 and June 2014, which were evaluated retrospectively. A pro re nata（PRN） treatment protocol was performed after the patients had received three, monthly loading injections. Best corrected visual acuity（BCVA） and central macular thickness measurements were evaluated at baseline and 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 mo. Number of injections and visits were also recorded.RESULTS： Of the 89 patients, 34（38.2%） were male and 55（61.8%） were female and the mean age was 74.0±9.5（52-91）y. The mean follow-up period was 24.82±4.4（24-29）mo. Mean number of visits was 8.4±1.12（7-12） in the first year and 6.6±1.33（4-12） in the second year. The mean number of injections was 5.8±1.6（3-10） and 4.2±2.2（0-9） in the first and second year, respectively. The mean BCVA was 59±15.8 letters at baseline by the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study（ETDRS） chart. The mean BCVA at 3, 12, and 24 mo was 70.3±15.9, 67.9±14.3 and 67.3±16.9 letters, respectively. Improvement in visual acuity for each of the visits from baseline was found to be statistically significant（P〈0.01）. Visual acuity in 9 eyes at month 3, 7 eyes at month 12, and 13 eyes at month 24 did not change. The mean central macular thickness（CMT） was 437.99±164.78 μm at baseline. The mean CMT was 348.05±138.47 μm, 349.27±139.79 μm, and 344.13±146.30 μm at months 3, 12, and 24, respectively. The decrease in CMT for each of the visits from baseline was found to be statistically significant（P〈0.01）.CONCLUSION： Anatomical and functional achievement are obtained in our study, but the mean number of injections and visits are found to be lower than the findings reported in randomized controlled clinical trials in the literature. However, the mean number of injections and visits in our study are compatible with the findings reported in real-life experience studies in the literature.

近10年国内老年血液透析研究热点的可视化分析

目的:分析我国老年血液透析患者的研究现状、热点及趋势。方法:检索中国知网(CNKI)、万方数据库、维普数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库近10年发表的老年血液透析相关文献,应用CiteSpace 6.2.R7对相关研究的作者、研究机构、关键词进行可视化分析。结果:检索出符合要求的文献1545篇,文献发文量保持平稳增长,2018年为发文高峰;发文期刊多为医疗类期刊,发文量最多的作者为罗洋、陈文和郭一丹,各6篇;发文量较多的地区集中在北京、上海、南京和四川。老年血液透析研究热点集中在治疗、用药、预后和并发症的管理。结论:老年血液透析研究内容较广泛、热点不突出;研究领域内作者及机构合作不紧密,未形成稳定的核心作者群;目前的研究水平发展较不均衡,护理研究内容和质量有待加强。

学龄前儿童常用视力表的研究进展

学龄前期(3-6岁)是视觉发育的关键时期,及早发现并治疗学龄前儿童视觉问题至关重要。视力表是筛查儿童视觉问题的重要工具,国内常采用标准对数视力表和儿童图形视力表,而国外则常用Lea、HOTV和ETDRS视力表。已经有很多研究报道了这三种视力表在儿童视力检查中的可测性、可重复性及诊断视觉相关问题的敏感性。然而,在国内这三种视力表的应用较为有限,本文就这三种视力表的设计原理、临床中的应用及各自的特点进行综述,以便更好地了解它们在学龄前儿童中的适用性和局限性,从而为未来视力检查方法的选择和改进提供参考。