Exploratory study of betavoltaic battery using ZnO as the energy converting material

Third-generation-semiconductor zinc oxide is utilized as an energy converting material in a betavoltaic battery, where 0.06 Ci^(63) Ni and 8 Ci^(147) Pm are used as the beta sources. Based on a Monte Carlo simulation, the full scales of the devices are derived as 17 and 118 lm,respectively, for both sources. The influences of semiconductor doping concentrations on the electrical properties of the devices are analyzed. For a typical doping concentration N_A= 10^(17) cm^(-3), N_D= 10^(16) cm^(-3), the conversion efficiencies are 7.177% and 1.658%, respectively, using63 Ni and147 Pm sources. The calculation results of energy deposition in materials for the two sources show that the doping concentrations drop to 1 × 10^(13)–5×10^(14) cm^(-3) and 1 × 10^(12)–5×10^(13), and accordingly, the energy conversion efficiencies rise to 14.212% and 18.359%, respectively.

Comparison of time-related electrical properties of PN junctions and Schottky diodes for Zn O-based betavoltaic batteries

Schottky diodes and PN junctions were utilized as energy converting structures in ZnO-based betavoltaic batteries,in which 0.101121 Ci 63Ni was selected as the beta source.The time-related electrical properties were obtained using Monte Carlo simulations.For the n-type ZnO,the Pt/ZnO Schottky diode had the highest energy conversion efficiency,and the Ni/ZnO Schottky diode had the largest Isc.The overall electrical performance of PN junctions is better than that of Schottky diodes.The lifetimes of Pt/ZnO and Ni/ZnO are longer than for other Schottky devices,coming close to those of PN junctions.Considering that Schottky diodes are easier to fabricate and independent of p-type semiconductors,Pt/ZnO and Ni/ZnO diodes offer alternatives to PN-junction-based betavoltaic batteries.

Dynamic Monitoring and Optimization of Fault Diagnosis of Photo Voltaic Solar Power System Using ANN and Memetic Algorithm

Most of the photo voltaic (PV) arrays often work in harsh outdoor environment, and undergo various faults, such as local material aging, shading, open circuit, short circuit and so on. The generation of these faults will reduce the power generation efficiency, and when a fault occurs in a PV model, the PV model and the systems connected to it are also damaged. In this paper, an on-line distributed monitoring system based on XBee wireless sensors network is designed to monitor the output current, voltage and irradiation of each PV module, and the temperature and the irradiation of the environment. A simulation PV module model is established, based on which some common faults are simulated and fault training samples are obtained. Finally, a memetic algorithm optimized Back Propagation ANN fault diagnosis model is built and trained by the fault samples data. Experiment result shows that the system can detect the common faults of PV array with high accuracy.

Power Quality Issues Concerning Photovoltaic Generation in Distribution Grids

Unregulated utilization of renewable generation including residential photovoltaic (PV) systems can have a significant impact on load characteristics in distribution networks. For improving PV generation capabilities, power quality aspects have to be coordinated with present load characteristics. This paper discusses the harmonic content of PV generation and the influence to power quality indicators in residential distribution networks. PV generation measurement results including current harmonic amplitude and phase angle values are presented. Results of different modelling scenarios are analysed and a simplified model of harmonics in PVs is offered. The results of the study showed a moderate additional harmonic distortion in residential load current and voltage distortion at the substation’s busbar when PVs were added. Novelty of the paper is that harmonic current values at higher orders are presented and analysed. The results pointed out in this paper could be further used for modelling the actual harmonic loads of the PVs in distribution networks.

Power Quality Issues Concerning Photovoltaic Generation and Electrical Vehicle Loads in Distribution Grids

The high utilization level of renewable generation including residential photovoltaic (PV) systems together with the uncontrolled charging of electric vehicles (EVs) can have a significant impact on load characteristics in distribution networks. Harmonic content of PV generation, EV charging loads, and their influence on power quality indicators in residential distribution networks are discussed in this paper. For investigating likely power quality scenarios, PV generation and EV charging measurement results including current harmonic amplitude and phase angle values are used and compared with present load characteristics. Different modelling scenarios are analysed and a simplified model of harmonics in PVs and EVs is offered. The results of the study show moderate additional harmonic distortion in residential load current and voltage distortion at the substation’s busbar when PV generation and EV loading are added. The scenarios presented in this paper can be further used for modelling the actual harmonic loads of the PVs and EVs in distribution networks.

Reverse-Osmosis Desalination of Water Powered by Photo-Voltaic Modules

The rising of the world’s population leads automatically to the rising of water demand. As a consequence the lack of drinking water increases. Currently, approximately 1.2 billion people globally (one-sixth of the world’s population) do not have access to adequate clean water. Since a large part of the world’s population is concentrated in coastal areas, the desalination of seawater seems to be a promising solution, especially in our Arab world. An innovative stand-alone solar desalination system could be used to produce drinking water from seawater or any brackish water sources. The great advantage of such a system is that it combines efficient desalination technology, reverse osmosis, with a renewable energy source;the main goal is improving the technical feasibility of such systems. There are many advantages of this coupling with RE resources;first of all we separate the drinking water from the electricity grid and its faults, save the burning fossil fuel and its emissions and can provide fresh water to remote communities that do not have sufficient traditional energy sources;but as we see in the thesis we don’t have economic benefit;because these projects depend on the electricity cost in each country and its location and its solar specifications. We design and implement a small laboratorial model for PV-RO (Photo-Voltaic Powered Reverse Osmosis) to recognize the its performance for seawater and brackish water;many of the problems are interrupted such as embargo on Syria;so we see this project has to be done according to affordable local potentialities, but we crave to keep the principle of operation, so we make it for the tap water which close to brackish.

Ce-Co-doped BiFeO_3 multiferroic for optoelectronic and photovoltaic applications

The Ce-Co-doped BiFeO3 multiferroic, Bi（1-x）Ce）xFe（1-x）CoxO3（x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.03, and 0.05）, has been prepared by a sol-gel auto-combustion method and analyzed through Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence, and UV-visible spectroscopy. We have observed an anomalous intensity of the second-order Raman mode at - 1260 cm^-1 in pure BFO and suppressed intensity in doped samples, which indicates the presence of spin two-phonon coupling in these samples.The photoluminescence spectra show reduction in the intensity of emission with the increasing dopant concentration, which indicates the high charge separation efficiency. A sharp absorption with three charge transfer（C-T） and two d-d transitions are shown by UV-visible spectra in the visible region. The band gap of BiFeO3（BFO） is decreasing with increasing dopant concentrations and the materials are suitable for photovoltaic applications.

Investigation of β-voltaic Applied to Nuclear Cell

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Performance-Economic and Energy Loss Analysis of 80 KWp Grid Connected Roof Top Transformer Less Photovoltaic Power Plant

In India most part receives 4 - 7 kWh of solar radiation per square meter per day with 200 - 250 sunny days in a year. Tamilnadu state also receives the highest annual radiation in India. In this paper, the grid connected photovoltaic plant has a peak power of 80 KWp supplies electricity requirement of GRT IET campus during day time (7 hrs) and reduces load demand and generates useful data for future implementation of such PV plant projects in the Tamilnadu region. Photovoltaic plant was installed in April 2015, monitored during 6 months, and the performance ratio and the various power losses (power electronics, temperature, soiling, internal, network, grid availability and interconnection) were calculated. The PV plant supplied 64,182.86 KWh to the grid from April to September 2015, ranging from 11,510.900 to 10,200.9 kWh. The final yield ranged from 143.886 (h/d) to 127.51 (y/d), reference yield ranged from 201.6 (h/d) to 155.31 (h/d) and performance ratio ranged from 71.3% to 82.1%, for a duration of six months, it had given a performance ratio of 83.82%, system efficiency was 4.16% and the capacity factor of GRT IET Campus for six months was 18.26%. Payback period in years = 9 years 4 months, energy saving per year = 204,400 KWh, cost reduction per year = 1,737,400, Indian rupee = 26,197.30 USD and total CO2 reductions per year = 102,200 tons CO2/year.

Optimal Extraction of Photovoltaic Model Parameters Using Gravitational Search Algorithm Approach

Extraction of accurate Photo Voltaic (PV) model parameters is a challenging task for PV simulator developers. To mitigate this challenging task a novel approach using Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA) for accurate extraction of PV model parameters is proposed in this paper. GSA is a population based heuristic optimization method which depends on the law of gravity and mass interactions. In this optimization method, the searcher agents are collection of masses which interact with each other using laws of gravity and motion of Newton. The developed PV model utilizes mathematical equations and is described through an equivalent circuit model comprising of a current source, a diode, a series resistor and a shunt resistor including the effect of changes in solar irradiation and ambient temperature. The optimal values of photo-current, diode ideality factor, series resistance and shunt resistance of the developed PV model are obtained by using GSA. The simulations of the characteristic curves of PV modules (SM55, ST36 and ST40) are carried out using MATLAB/Simulink environment. Results obtained using GSA are compared with Differential Evolution (DE), which shows that GSA based parameters are better optimal when compared to DE.

太阳能纳米线新创公司Sol Voltaics任命产业资深专家Arno Stassen担任产品营销总监

瑞典先进太阳能材料公司Sol Voltaics已任命经验丰富的太阳能技术先锋Arno Stassen为新任产品营销总监。随着该公司受市场高度期盼的太阳能纳米线技术即将商业化,近期担任德国技术集团Heraeus太阳能部门业务发展部主管的Stassen博士将管理Sol Voltaics公司的产品营销。Stassen在全球太阳能产业拥有超过10年以上的经验。在Heraeus任职時。

Assessment of a fuzzy logic based MRAS observer used in a photovoltaic array supplied AC drive

In this paper a fuzzy logic （FL） based model reference adaptive system （MRAS） speed observer for high performance AC drives is proposed. The error vector computation is made based on the rotor-flux derived from the reference and the adaptive model of the induction motor. The error signal is processed in the proposed fuzzy logic controller （FLC） for speed adaptation. The drive employs an indirect vector control scheme for achieving a good closed loop speed control. For powering the drive system, a standalone photovoltaic （PV） energy source is used. To extract the maximum power from the PV source, a constant voltage controller （CVC） is also proposed. The complete drive system is modeled in MATLAB/Simulink and the performance is analyzed for different operating conditions.

木材用于水伏发电的研究进展

化石能源的过度使用带来能源枯竭与环境恶化问题,绿色可持续成为发展的首要目标。水能作为目前较为优质的清洁能源,其中一部分潜在的能量有待转化利用。近年来,水伏发电受到国内外学者的广泛关注,被认为是一种新兴的深度挖掘水能资源的手段,研究者们取得了一系列关于功能材料与水滴、水波、水蒸发与湿气等相互作用输出电能的研究成果。开发生物质基水伏发电材料有助于推动可再生能源的充分利用。木材是一种储量充足、可再生、易加工的材料,同时具有独特的多级孔道结构,内部富含极性基团,有良好的机械强度,因此木材在水伏发电领域具有一定应用前景。笔者总结了水伏发电技术的研究进展,阐述了水伏发电的理论基础,基于水伏效应的能量转换方式及其器件材料的选择,介绍了木材用作水伏发电器件材料的研究成果,归纳了研究者为提高水伏发电器件的输出功率,对木材进行表面修饰、孔道调控、材料负载、碳化处理的功能化改性方法,并对其面临的挑战与应用前景进行展望。

Spatial and Temporal Variability of Solar Irradiance in Botswana

This study evaluated the potential of Botswana’s sustainable energy production using ERA5 reanalysis data of solar irradiance variability on an optimally inclined plane from 1971 to 2020. Spatial-temporal solar irradiance fluctuations were the focus of the study, and the relation to cloud cover and aerosol optical depth was investigated. The key findings suggest that the summer/rainfall season (November to March) is the peak season with average monthly solar irradiance of 313 - 445 W/m2 across southern, central, and northern parts of Botswana, the Kalahari Desert and the Makgadikgadi Pans being identified as prime sites for solar energy projects. The long-term trend analysis showed a decrease in solar irradiance in December but a consistent increase from August to October, indicating a potential shift in solar resources toward an earlier season. Contrary to other studies that found that aerosol optical depth dominates effects on long-term trends and year-to-year variability of solar irradiance, for this case, cloud cover, particularly mid-level clouds, is found to have a more dominant role in Botswana. Solar irradiance characteristics of three distinct regions were identified through K-means clustering. Moreover, Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) analysis showed the commonality and time scale linkage between solar irradiance and cloud cover between the identified regions. These results highlight the importance of including cloud-related weather patterns under the global warming scenario in solar energy planning and emphasize the secondary role of aerosols in Botswana, thus providing critical information for the region’s solar energy development and policy formulation.

调峰水电站消纳新能源的能力评价

调峰水电站在电网中担任追踪用电负荷的任务,其发电出力常随负荷增减而被动变化,因此在不影响其调峰任务的前提下更多消纳风光成为调峰水电站消纳新能源的能力评价的关键。为此,以四川主力调峰电厂--大渡河流域瀑布沟水电站及其近区风光资源为例,构建水电站调峰能力评价指标体系,提出基于风光互补效应最优的风光最佳配比决策方法,运用k-均值聚类法选择水电出力及风光聚合出力的典型日,进而提出6种不同风光规模的水风光综合配比方案,采用层次分析法和熵权法对各方案进行主客观耦合赋权,得到调峰水电站可接纳的最佳风光规模。结果表明,在最佳光风比为2∶1的基础上,瀑布沟水电站消纳风光效果最好的方案是风电30×10^(4)kW,光伏60×10^(4)kW。

交直流型微电网中光伏逆变器并联控制策略

针对光伏电源和储能装置主要配置在直流网,交流网在离网时需克服光伏电源出力波动的问题,提出一种微电网离网模式下的光伏逆变器并联控制策略:直流网侧逆变器为主逆变器,采用恒定电压幅值以及P-f下垂法为交流网提供全部无功及部分有功功率;少数较小容量的光伏逆变器为从逆变器,从逆变器不提供无功,采用自适应下垂系数法输出与实时最大功率匹配的有功功率,既维持交流网电压稳定,又充分利用光伏发电。基于MATLAB的系统模型仿真证明了该方法的正确性与可行性。

计及P2H的电-热互联综合能源系统概率能量流分析

电转热(P2H)技术可以平抑分布式可再生能源发电功率波动,促进光伏发电的消纳与电-热互联综合能源系统的协同运行。建立了含光伏的电-热互联综合能源系统概率能量流模型,采用Nataf变换对相关非正态的光伏输入随机变量进行抽样,并与拉丁超立方采样相结合,定量评估P2H对电力系统和热力系统概率能量流的影响。实际巴厘岛的算例分析结果验证了所建立模型的有效性。在含光伏的电-热互联综合能源系统中,P2H可促进分布式可再生光伏的消纳,并有效增强系统的安全性。

关于筹建青海大规模光伏发电与水电结合的国家综合能源基地的建议(续)

中国科学院学部组织有关院士与专家进行了青海省大规模光伏发电与水电结合的国家综合能源基地的研究。本文论述了光伏与水电结合综合能源基地的重要意义;在青海筹建基地的已有基础和特殊意义;面临的问题与所需采取的措施等,提出了筹建青海光伏与水电结合的国家综合能源基地的建议。

辐射伏特效应同位素电池换能单元的初步设计

初步设计制作3种辐射伏特效应同位素电池换能单元,测试其在固态63Ni源和3H源辐照下的输出电特性,对输出电特性进行数学解析模型分析并提出进一步改进设计的思路。结果表明,设计的换能单元在发射高能α同位素作用下,性能快速急剧退化;在2.96×108Bq的63Ni源辐照下,获得最大短路电流为28.4nA,最大开路电压为0.267V;在约5.09×109Bq的3H源辐照下,获得最大短路电流为62.8nA,最大开路电压为0.260V。当前换能单元参数还需进一步优化。