Community perspectives on the effectiveness of watershed management institutions in the Himalayas

The sustainability of environmental management initiatives,such as watershed management programs,relies on the presence of effective institutions at the watershed level.However,there needs to be more empirical evidence from evaluating the effectiveness of watershed-level institutions.Therefore,this study presents a pioneering effort to evaluate the effectiveness of Nepal’s first watershed conservation committee at the watershed scale,focusing on the case of the Khageri Khola watershed in Central Nepal.The study involved conducting a household survey,key informant interviews,focus group discussions,and field observations to collect and analyze the data.Descriptive analysis,index value calculation,and chi-square statistics were then employed to summarize the results regarding local respondents’perceptions of twelve institutional characteristics,their rationalities,and their association with socio-demographic variables.The results reveal that the watershed conservation committee was perceived as performing well in managing the watershed.Specifically,good interaction,appropriate scale,technical,environmental,social,organizational,and government rationality were perceived as highly effective,with an average index value of less than 0.36.In contrast,clarity of objectives and economic rationality showed moderate effectiveness,with an average index value ranging from 0.36 to 0.65.However,the results suggested that adaptiveness,compliance capacity,and financial rationality merit increased attention,intending to improve their performance.Further,the results showed the association of socio-demographics with respondents’perceptions of various indicators of institutional characteristics and their rationalities.Therefore,the study provides valuable insights for policymakers,researchers,and development practitioners charged with designing sustainable and effective programs and institutions.To enhance the effectiveness and sustainability of watershed management programs,we recommend establishing a policy-guided institutional mechanism at the watershed scale.This mechanism should be based on various institutional characteristics and rationalities and should consider the extant variability in the socio-demographic and topographic characteristics of the watershed.

Assessment of soil erosion in the Irga watershed on the eastern edge of the Chota Nagpur Plateau,India

Human activities to improve the quality of life have accelerated the natural rate of soil erosion.In turn,these natural disasters have taken a great impact on humans.Human activities,particularly the conversion of vegetated land into agricultural land and built-up area,stand out as primary contributors to soil erosion.The present study investigated the risk of soil erosion in the Irga watershed located on the eastern fringe of the Chota Nagpur Plateau in Jharkhand,India,which is dominated by sandy loam and sandy clay loam soil with low soil organic carbon(SOC)content.The study used the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE)and Geographical Information System(GIS)technique to determine the rate of soil erosion.The five parameters(rainfall-runoff erosivity(R)factor,soil erodibility(K)factor,slope length and steepness(LS)factor,cover-management(C)factor,and support practice(P)factor)of the RUSLE were applied to present a more accurate distribution characteristic of soil erosion in the Irga watershed.The result shows that the R factor is positively correlated with rainfall and follows the same distribution pattern as the rainfall.The K factor values in the northern part of the study area are relatively low,while they are relatively high in the southern part.The mean value of the LS factor is 2.74,which is low due to the flat terrain of the Irga watershed.There is a negative linear correlation between Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)and the C factor,and the high values of the C factor are observed in places with low NDVI.The mean value of the P factor is 0.210,with a range from 0.000 to 1.000.After calculating all parameters,we obtained the average soil erosion rate of 1.43 t/(hm^(2)•a),with the highest rate reaching as high as 32.71 t/(hm^(2)•a).Therefore,the study area faces a low risk of soil erosion.However,preventative measures are essential to avoid future damage to productive and constructive activities caused by soil erosion.This study also identifies the spatial distribution of soil erosion rate,which will help policy-makers to implement targeted soil erosion control measures.

Estimation and mapping of water erosion and soil loss:Application of Gavrilovic erosion potential model(EPM)using GIS and remote sensing in the Assif el mal Watershed,Western high Atlas

Water erosion is a serious problem that leads to soil degradation,loss,and the destruction of structures.Assessing the risk of erosion and determining the affected areas has become crucial in order to understand the main factors influencing its evolution and to minimize its impacts.This study focuses on evaluating the risk of erosion in the Assif el mal watershed,which is located in the High Atlas Mountains.The Erosion Potential Model(EPM)is used to estimate soil losses depending on various parameters such as lithology,hydrology,topography,and morphometry.Geographic information systems and remote sensing techniques are employed to map areas with high erosive potential and their relationship with the distribution of factors involved.Different digital elevation models are also used in this study to highlight the impact of data quality on the accuracy of the results.The findings reveal that approximately 59%of the total area in the Assif el mal basin has low to very low potential for soil losses,while 22%is moderately affected and 19.9%is at high to very high risk.It is therefore crucial to implement soil conservation measures to mitigate and prevent erosion risks.

Centennial Analysis of Human Activity Intensity and Associated Historical Events in Heilongjiang River Sino-Russo Watershed

Human activities in a transborder watershed are complex under the influence of domestic policies,international relations,and global events.Understanding the forces driving human activity change is important for the development of transborder watershed.In this study,we used global historical land cover data,the hemeroby index model,and synthesized major historical events to analyze how human activity intensity changed in the Heilongjiang River(Amur River in Russia)watershed(HLRW).The results showed that there was a strong spatial heterogeneity in the variation of human activity intensity in the HLRW over the past century(1900-2016).On the Chinese side,the human activity intensity change shifted from the plain areas for agricultural reclamation to the mountainous areas for timber extraction.On the Russian side,human activity intensity changes mostly concentrated along the Trans-Siberian Railway and the Baikal-Amur Mainline.Localized variation of human activity intensity tended to respond to regional events while regionalized variation tends to reflect national policy change or broad international events.The similarities and differences between China and Russia in policies and positions in international events resulted in synchronous and asynchronous changes in human activity intensity.Meanwhile,policy shifts were often confined by the natural features of the watershed.These results reveal the historical origins and fundamental connotations of watershed development and contribute to formulating regional management policies that coordinate population,eco-nomic,social,and environmental activities.

Socio-economic vulnerability level in the Jeneberang watershed in Gowa Regency,South Sulawesi Province,Indonesia

Jeneberang watershed is vital,particularly for people living in Gowa Regency(South Sulawesi Province,Indonesia),who benefit from its many advantages.Landslides and floods occur every year in the Jeneberang watershed,so it is imperative to understand the socio-economic vulnerability of this region.This research aims to identify the vulnerability level of the Jeneberang watershed so that the government can prioritize areas with high vulnerability level and formulate effective strategies to reduce these the vulnerability.Specifically,this study was conducted in 12 districts located in the Jeneberang watershed.The primary data were collected from questionnaires completed by community members,community leaders,and various stakeholders,and the secondary data were from the Landsat satellite imagery in 2020,the Badan Push Statistic of Gowa Regency,and some governmental agencies.The socio-economic vulnerability variables were determined using the Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis(MCDA)method,and each variable was weighted and analyzed using the Geographical Information System(GIS).The study reveals that the levels of socio-economic vulnerability are affected by variables such as population density,vulnerable groups(disabled people,elderly people,and young people),road network and settlement,percentage of poor people,and productive land area in the Jeneberang watershed.Moreover,all of the 12 districts in the Jeneberang watershed are included in the medium vulnerability level,with the mean percentage of socio-economic vulnerability around 50.92%.The socio-economic vulnerability of Bajeng,Pallangga,and Somba Opu districts is categorized at high level,the socio-economic vulnerability of Bungaya,Parangloe,and Tombolo Pao districts is classified as medium level,and the remaining 6 districts(Barombong,Bontolempangan,Bontomarannu,Manuju,Parigi,and Tinggimoncong)are ranked as low socio-economic vulnerability.This study can help policy-makers to formulate strategy that contributes to the protection of biodiversity and sustainable development of the Jeneberang watershed,while improving disaster resilience and preparedness of the watershed.

Land Use and Gully Dynamics in the Kourfa Watershed, Matankari (Southwest Niger)

The main consequences of climate change in the Sahel have been the metamorphosis of surface conditions. These metamorphoses have resulted in surface degradation, of which silting up of watersheds is the main phenomenon. The objective of this study is to assess the environmental trends of the Kourfa pond watershed. The study is based on diachronic mapping with Landsat satellite images and Google Earth images, over the period 1986 to 2021. The study reveals that vegetation (whose rate of regression doubled between 1986 and 2021) has decreased to the benefit of crop areas (whose rate of increase multiplied by 3.61 between 1986 and 2021). Bare soil and encrusted areas have also decreased, with regression rates almost double than those of 1986. In addition, the Kourfa waterholes have experienced two types of changes over 35 years: one progressive between 2011 and 2016 and the other regressive between 2001 and 2021 compared to 1986. The ravine network has been multiplied by a factor of 2.4, with density more than doubled and the connectivity of the hydrographic networks has risen from 2 to 4, with significant bank recession. This dynamic of the Kourfa pond is linked to the high drainage, the increasing complexity of the gully network and the erosion due to the retreat of the watershed banks, all of which contribute to the silting-up of the Kourfa watershed.

Spatial and Temporal Change of Habitat Quality of Poyang Lake Basin in China at Small Watershed Scale and Its Multidimensional Response to Landscape Pattern

The health and function of ecosystems are largely determined by the quality of habitat,and the optimal regulation of landscape patterns has become an important way to improve regional habitat quality.This article takes the Poyang Lake Basin of China as a case,reveals the spatial and temporal change of its habitat quality at the small watershed scale,and attempts to examine the multidimensional response of habitat quality to landscape pattern changes with respect to landscape compositions and landscape configuration.The results show:1)from 2000 to 2020,the overall landscape fragmentation of the basin decreased,the landscape aggregation in the central small watersheds changed significantly,and the spatial distribution of landscape elements in the central and southern small watersheds were relatively homogeneous.2)The overall habitat quality of the Poyang Lake Basin is at a middle to high level,with significant spatial differentiation,showing the distribution characteristics of‘high in the periphery,low in the center,high in the south and low in the north’.3)Both landscape compositions and landscape configurations influenced habitat quality,but there were obvious differences in the response degree.From the landscape composition and configuration dimension,the influence of landscape composition on habitat quality was greater than that of landscape configuration;from the multilevel landscape configuration dimension,compared to landscape level,landscape configuration at the class level impacted habitat quality more deeply.To the end,this article proposes a differentiated regulation strategy for habitat quality conservation in small watersheds from the perspective of landscape patterns to improve the ecological service level of Poyang Lake Basin.

Evolution of gully erosion and susceptibility factors in the urban watershed of the Kimemi(Butembo/DR Congo)

Gully erosion is one of the most intense landscape degradation mechanisms in areas with varying environmental characteristics.Both natural and anthropogenic factors affect the gullying process.Reliable documentation of these processes in tropical African cities is scarce.This study assessed the gully erosion dynamic and the sus-ceptibility factors in the urban watershed of Kimemi in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo(DRC).Data were obtained through a combination of fieldwork and digitization of very high spatial resolution images from Google Earth(from 2011 to 2021).The length,width,and area of large gullies(width≥5 m)were measured for each year of the study.A logistic regression model(LRM)was also used to investigate the influence of both physical and anthropogenic factors on gully susceptibility.The results revealed that the number of gullies has increased from 36 to 61 during the last decade.The gully mean length of 63.9±61.1 m,129.3±104.9 m,and 174.7±153.8 m were obtained for the years 2011,2015,and 2021 respectively.The average density of gully network for the study period was 0.12 km/km^(2),while the degraded land was -1.3 and -1.1 ha/year for 2011-2015 and 2015-2021 for the entire watershed.The significant changes in morphometric parameters(length,width,area)were found only in the bare land and building land uses.A strong and positive relationship between the length(m)and the area(ha)was found.Furthermore,the susceptibility of gullying was significantly influenced by the slope,stream power index(SPI),distance to roads and rivers,land use and land cover(LULC),and normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI).This means the areas located in the bare land and building or close to roads and/or streams are more likely to be gullied.The findings emphasize the impact of urbanization on gully erosion in the Kimemi watershed,highlighting the importance of informed land management decisions with a close attention to anthropogenic factors.

Watershed prioritization for conservation planning using RUSLE and morphometric methods,Northwestern Ethiopia

Soil erosion and the subsequent sedimentation are serious environmental problems.Improper land management coupled with intense rainfall has complicated the problem in the Ethiopian highlands.Consequently,soil loss costs a profound amount of the national GDP and deters land productivity.Quantifying soil loss and prioritizing areas for conservation is imperative for proper planning and resource management.Therefore,this study aimed at estimating the mean annual soil loss rate of Gilgel Abay watershed which has critical implications on Lake Tana and Abbay River(Upper Blue Nile River),using RUSLE and morphometric analysis methods.Datasets including rainfall,soil,Digital Elevation Model and land use/land cover were used to generate important parameters required for the soil loss estimation.Data collected through field observation,consultation with experts and document analysis were used for validation purposes.The results of the study reveal that the watershed experienced an average soil loss rate of 39.8 t ha^(-1)yr^(-1).Subsequently,nearly 25%(37,038 ha)of the watershed is threatened by moderate to very severe soil loss.Among the four sub watersheds,sub watershed 3(S3)and sub watershed 4(S4),which consist of about 65%(105,000 ha)of the total area of the study watershed,experienced an annual soil loss rate of over 30 t ha^(-1)yr^(-1).The amount of soil loss that the study watershed has experienced is above the soil loss tolerance level of Ethiopia(2-18 t ha^(-1)yr^(-1))and the tropical region(10 t ha^(-1)yr^(-1)).Similarly,the results of morphometric analysis showed that the studied watershed has S-shaped hypsometric curve,an indication for maturity stage of landscape development.The studied watershed is also characterized by a non-circular shaped drainage with rugged and dissected topography that contributes to high flash flood,peak discharge and incidence of soil loss.The result of both models signified that S3 and S4 are highly susceptible to soil erosion.Therefore,these two sub watersheds need priority for soil and water conservation(SWC)measures.Furthermore,the study demonstrated the importance of the integration of different models in the identification of soil erosion prone areas and prioritization for the proper implementation of SWC measures.

Synergies and trade-offs of climate-smart agriculture(CSA)practices selected by smallholder farmers in Geshy watershed,Southwest Ethiopia

Studies on mainstreaming climate-smart agriculture(CSA)practices can increase smallholder farmers’capacity and awareness to improve food security and establish sustainable livelihoods through resilient agricultural systems,while achieving adaptation and mitigation benefits.Hence,valuable insights can be obtained from smallholder farmers in responding to present and forthcoming challenges of climate change impacts.However,there is little research work on trade-off and synergy assessments.Taking Geshy watershed in Southwest Ethiopia as a case study area,both quantitative and qualitative data analysis were undertaken in this study.The data were collected from 15 key informant interviews,6 focus group discussions,and 384 households to answer the following questions:(1)what are the top 5 preferred CSA practices for smallholder farmers in Geshy watershed when coping with the impacts of climate change?(2)What is the performance of the preferred CSA practices?And(3)which trade-offs and synergies are experienced upon the implementation of CSA practices?The study came up with the most preferred CSA practices such as the use of improved crop varieties,small-scale irrigation,improved animal husbandry,the use of efficient inorganic fertilizers,and crop rotation with legumes.The selected CSA practices showed that the productivity goal exhibit the best synergy,while the mitigation goal has trade-offs.The study also indicated that the use of improved crop varieties causes high synergies in all 3 goals of CSA practices;small-scale irrigation provides a medium synergy on productivity goal but high synergy for adaptation and mitigation goals;improved animal husbandry shows a high synergy with the adaptation goal,a relatively lower synergy with the productivity goal,and a trade-off with the mitigation goal;the use of efficient inorganic fertilizers shows maximum synergy for the productivity and adaptation goals;and crop rotation with legumes exhibits high synergy with the productivity and mitigation goals but a relatively lower synergy with the adaptation goal.These results can provide evidence to various stakeholder farmers in the value chain that the impacts of climate change can be addressed by the adoption of CSA practices.In general,CSA practices are considered indispensable.Smallholder farmers prefer CSA practices that help to increase crop productivity and household resilience to climate change impacts.The results generate a vital foundation for recommendations to smallholder farming decision-makers.It also sensitizes actions for innovative and sustainable methods that are able to upscale the preferred CSA practices in the agricultural system in Geshy watershed of Southwest Ethiopia and other regions.

Total Nitrogen and Total Phosphorus Pollution Reshaped the Relationship Between Water Supply and Demand in the Huaihe River Watershed, China

As total nitrogen(TN)and total phosphorus(TP)pollution is the main source of water pollution in the Huaihe River watershed in China,it is important to understand how TN and TP pollution affect the relationship between water supply and demand.Quantifying their impacts and describing the spatiotemporal distribution of these relationships are necessary for furtherly deepening the theory of TN and TP pollution on water bodies,and this information is also particularly essential for managing water resources regionally.In this study,based on the potential water supply,the water demand and the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST)water purification models,we estimated the TN and TP pollution from agricultural fertilizer,livestock and poultry breeding,and rural residents in the Huaihe River watershed and simulated TN and TP impacts on the relationship between water supply and demand.We found that if the impact of TN and TP pollution on water supply was not taken into account,on average,there was excess water supply in 79.20%of the watershed and excess demand in 20.80%of the rest during 1980–2018.Under the TN concentration limit,Grade-Ⅱ(The water quality meets the secondary level of water body qualified in GB3838–2002,classified as Grade-II)water was the main watersupply type in 1980–2018,followed by Grade-Ⅰ and Grade-Ⅲ water.The total water shortage showed an inverted V-shaped trend:first increasing and then decreasing at the same period.The proportion of the water shortage of Grade-I water in the total water shortage was the largest,followed by Grade-Ⅱ and Grade-III water.Areas with excess demand were located on the north bank of Wang-Beng,Yishuhe,and Huxi regions,although the water in these sub-watersheds met the water quality standards of Grade-Ⅰ water.Under the TP concentration limit,Grade-Ⅱ and Grade-Ⅰ water were the main water-supply types.The overall water shortage trend first increased and then decreased,exhibiting an inverted V-shape from 1980 to 2018.The water shortages of Grade-Ⅰ and Grade-Ⅱ water showed similar inverted V-shape trend over time.Areas that met the water quality standard of Grade-Ⅰ included the north banks of Wang-Beng and Huxi regions,where there was a surplus of demand.This paper suggests a way to analyze the interaction between water pollutants and the water supply-demand ratio as the example of TN and TP pollution at a watershed scale,which can broaden water pollution theory for relative water resources departments when water supply and demand will be evaluated.

Application of GIS based analytical hierarchy process and multicriteria decision analysis methods to identify groundwater potential zones in Jedeb Watershed, Ethiopia

The hydrogeological situation of the study area requires the identification of groundwater potential.Remote sensing and satellite data have proven to be reliable tools for understanding various factors that affect groundwater occurrence and movement.This study employed weighted overlay analysis based on satellite imagery and secondary data to create a thematic map for characterizing groundwater potentials in the study area located within Abbay Basin,Ethiopia.Remote sensing(RS)and GIS-based Fuzzy-Analytical Hierarchy Process methods were utilized to classify groundwater potential(GWP)zones into five categories:Very good,good,moderate,poor,and very poor.The central and eastern parts of the study area were identified as having high(33.186%)and very high(2.351%)groundwater potentials,while the western part exhibited poor and very poor potential areas.The groundwater potential map delineated higher and moderate potentials,suitable for installing shallow and production bores.This research demonstrates the effectiveness of RS and GIS techniques for delineating groundwater potential zones,which can aid in the planning and management of groundwater resources.The research findings have the potential to contribute to the formulation of improved groundwater management programs in the study area.

Study of the Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources in the Sangha Watershed at Ouesso Hydrological Station, Republic of the Congo-Brazzaville (1961-2020)

The Sangha River basin is the largest sub-basin of the Congo River basin, which drains the northern part of the Republic of the Congo-Brazzaville. It is the most important economic zone in this part of the country, with a strong timber industry, agriculture and hydroelectricity. The catchment also boasts the country’s third-largest river port, located in the town of Ouesso. Unfortunately, increasingly frequent low-water levels in recent years have led to a decline in river navigation and economic activities. So, the aim of this study is to show the effects of climate change over the last six decades in the Sangha watershed at Ouesso hydrological station, located in the north of the Republic of the Congo-Brazzaville, and elucidate its impact on water resources. To achieve this, several statistical and hydrological methods were used. The application of change-point or shift detection tests to flow series from 1961 to 2020 revealed variability in the hydrological cycle, characterized by two major phases of homogeneous flows: a wet surplus phase and a dry deficit phase. The results show one shift in flood flows in 1971 (Buishand test), one shift in yearly average flows or modules in 1971 (Pettitt test and Buishand test), and one shift in low-water flows in 1976, with all two tests. These disruptions were accompanied by a drop in flow of around 15.63%, 21.70% and 35.67%, on average, for floods, modules, and low-water, respectively, a drop in rainfall of around 9.6% and a rise in temperature of around 0.76?C. These flows show an overall downward trend. The calculated recession coefficients show that, over the entire study period, a recession occurred in March 1985.

Identification of Groundwater Potential Zones in Samendeni Watershed in Sedimentary and Semi-Arid Contexts of Burkina Faso, Using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Method and GIS

Demand for water increases in Samendeni regarding the undertaken agricultural projects while pressure on surface water from global warming/evapotranspiration also increases. Thus, the need to evaluate the groundwater potential in the catchment is crucial as alternative supplier of water and resilience to climate hazards. The AHP was performed integrating ten influencing factors such as geomorphology, geology, soil, land use/land cover (lulc), slope, rainfall, drainage density, borehole rate & depth and piezometric level to generate groundwater potential zones (GWPZs) in Samendeni watershed (4420 km2). All the factors were processed and ranged into five (5) classes. Weight was assigned to each class of thematic layer. These thematic layers were then reclassified based on the normalized weight to be used in the calculation of groundwater potential zones (GWPZ). The final output, groundwater potential map, revealed a significant groundwater potential with very good (11%), good (31%), moderate (30%), poor (20%), and very poor (8%) of proportion. The interesting (very good, good) GWPZs in the study area are mostly in the central towards the east. The poor zones in term of groundwater potential are concentrated in the upper west region of the watershed. Besides the cross-validation with the relationship between different groundwater potential zones and the wells available in the study area, the overall accuracy was estimated to 88% provided from the result of the similarity analysis where 22 out of the 25 validation wells match with the expected yield classes of GWPZs. The statistics from that validation revealed the performance of AHP method to delineate groundwater potential zones at catchment level.

Payment for Water-Related Ecosystem Services as a Strategic Watershed Management Approach

Payments for ecosystem services (PES) have been created worldwide to assist watershed management and improve or maintain water quality. Considering their importance, we conducted a holistic review of payment for water-related ecosystem services to understand how this instrument has been applied in watershed management worldwide. First, we identified the watershed management actions considered by the PES programs and the challenges of implementing water-related PES. After we identified the methods and criteria used to define priority areas for water-related PES. Our review considered articles published on the Web of Science from 2011 to 2022. We found 236 articles relating PES to water resources, highlighting the main water conservation strategies: native vegetation conservation, native vegetation restoration, and implementing best agricultural practices. The method most frequent was interview, followed by the use of technologies, document analysis, and hydrological models. Another significant result was that priority areas for receiving PES are mainly riparian zones, areas near or with native vegetation cover, areas with higher erosion potential, steep areas, and areas with socially vulnerable communities. This review was crucial to identify efficient water resource conservation strategies and potential challenges in the implementation and development of PES programs.

Physical Characterization and Evaluation of the Water Potential of the Watershed of the Ferlo Fossil Valley, Senegal: Louga Area

This study is an evaluation of the water potential of the Ferlo fossil valley in the Louga area in Senegal. It consisted in determining the volume of water that could be mobilized at the level of a confluence point of the waters according to the flow lines, where a dam would be placed to create a reservoir. This volume of mobilizable water was compared to the average water consumption of the area in order to evaluate its adequacy or not. To do this, a delineation, physical characterization and mapping of the Ferlo watershed was done using Google Earth, Global Mapper and Arc GIS softwares. A catchment area of 28,754 sq·km was obtained with a perimeter of 976 km, an average slope of 0.52% and a hydraulic length of 336 km. Then the decennial runoff of the watershed was calculated using the CIEH method, this flow is estimated at 1120 cm/s. On the basis of this flow, the annual volume of water that can be mobilized was estimated at 11,089,758 cm per year with a solid deposits of 93 cm per year. The conclusions reached are that there is a lack of mobilizable water resources in the area and that the entire fossil valley needs to be rewatered to provide a sustainable alternative water source.

Contribution of GIS to Hydromorphometric Characterization of the Nkoup Watershed(Nun Plain-Cameroon)

The Nkoup watershed(10°35’-10°47’E and 5°27’-5°42’N)is a volcanic zone situated in Nun Plain West Came­roon.The high fertility of the soils makes it a strategic agropastoral area where water resources are heavily exploited and used for several purposes.Due to human activities,soils and water resources are deteriorating,giving birth to wa­ter pollution and hydromorphological hazards.This work aims to determine the hydromorphometric parameters of the Nkoup watershed so that the data obtained help in the sustainable management of water resources and conservation of soil.To achieve this aim,various data were collected from DEM dataset derived from SRTM and processed in specia­lized software(QGIS and ArGIS).The simplified hydrological balance was calculated using the upstream approach.The Nkoup watershed has:Axial length L_(ax)=25.8 km,Axial Width W_(ax)=11.1 km,Perimeter P=132.6 km,Area A=173.7 km^(2),Average Altitude Ha=1726.3 m,Compactness Index Icomp=2.8,Relief ratio Rr=3.9 m/km,Circularity ratio Rc=0.1,Elongation ratio R=0.1,Drainage texture ratio Rt=0.6,Drainage density Dd=0.5 km/km^(2).Stream Frequency Fs=0.4,Channel Sinuosity Index CSI=0.8,Stream gradient Sg=0.6 and global slope Index Ig=6.8 m/km.The specific height Difference Ds=89.4 m shows moderate relief.The precipitation and evapotranspiration are unevenly distributed.With P=187.7 mm/an,ETP=953.4 mm/an,Q=4.2 m3/s,R=762.5 mm/an,ETR=832.3 mm/an and I=282.9 mm/an.The Nkoup,36.9 km long,has a sinuous aspect due to the low slope and the high CSI.The piezometric levels vary according to the seasons and the groundwater flow follows the N-S direction as surface flow.

Assessment of Willingness to Pay as a Source of Financing for the Sustainable Development of Barobbob Watershed in Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines

This study employed the Contingent Valuation Method to assess the willingness to pay of water users, as a source of financing for the sustainable development of Barobbob Watershed. The WTP study was conducted among 345 waters users in 19 barangays in the municipalities of Solano and Bayombong. Uncensored data revealed that 63.8% (58.84% for the adjusted) of the respondents revealed willingness to pay for improved watershed management. The mean WTP amount, estimated through a logit model, Turnbull Distributor-Free Estimator and Lower Bound Estimate, is found to be PhP39.35, PhP27.80 and PhP25.90/month/household, respectively. Respondents WTP is influenced by bid amount, age, membership in environmental organization, experience with water-related problems, civil status, house ownership, and awareness on the concept of watershed. Respondents were willing to pay because they wanted a sustainable water supply for the present and future generations. A payment scheme is possible and it could provide a sustainable flow of fund, however, the willingness percentages still needed to be increased. Community education and public awareness (CEPA) campaign is necessary to enhance the water users’ knowledge and understand about the importance and values of watersheds. Ultimately, WTP percentage and WTP amounts would increase.

基于标记的Watershed图像分割新算法

为了防止Watershed算法过分割问题,文中提出一种新改进的基于标记的Watershed自动图像分割方法.文中设计出一种有效的标记自动提取方法,用来从梯度图像的低频成分中提取与图像中的物体相关的极小值,用这些极小值构成二值标记图像.根据二值标记图像,形态学的极小值标定技术被用来将这些提取的标记强制作为原始梯度图像的极小值,而屏蔽原有梯度图像的所有极小值.最后,watershed算法在修改过的梯度图像上进行图像分割.利用本文提出的图像分割算法可以获得较为理想的图像分割结果.通过对不同类型的图像进行试验,证明本文提出的图像分割算法能够获得符合人类视觉特点,具有实际意义而且均一的分割区域,以及较为准确、连续、一个像素大小的物体边界.与其它的Watershed改进方法相比,本文提出的方法要求的计算复杂度较低,具有简单的参数,同时能够更为有效地降低Watershed算法的过分割问题.

Eco-economic Background of Hilly-Gullied Loess Region and Optimized Eco-productive Paradigm of Small Watersheds

A thorough analysis on its natural environment as well as social economic status of the hilly-gullied loess region is presented. A small watershed, the dominant landscape unit of the region, has been singled out for further and specific study on landscape pattern and function, its social and economic distinctions. The authors proposed several principles based on its eco-economic background study, which includes water balance and efficient use principle, co-development of grass and agro-forestry principle, location optimization principle. Integrated with detailed analysis of a small watershed, an eco-productive paradigm for the loess land's development based on a small watershed scale was worked out. It consists of circle pattern with villages at core for high efficient agriculture production, hierarchical pattern along the slope for eco-economic development, point-axis pattern for commodity production and circulation in small watersheds and core-margin pattern for exchanges among watersheds.