The Importance of Professional Training for Test Writers

The purpose of this essay was to explore the importance of professional training for test writers and teachers as well.Since both testing and teaching are so closely interrelated that it's impossible to work in either field without being constantly concerned with the other. Test writers need professional training to keep pace with emergence of new views of language teaching practice and the rapid change of social life, in order to make testing more authentic and more valid.

Comment on Two American Writers and Their Works

Wil1iam Bradford’s of Playmouth PlantationIt has been nearly five hundred years sinca America was discovered. But American litera-ture did not began to develop until the colonial period when the English began to settle on thenorth Amerincan continent in the early part of the seventeenth century. Colonial

Reflections on Language Testing——From the Perspective of Professional Training for Test Writers

This paper aims to talk about the superficial reflections on language testing from the perspective of professional training for test writers,to qualify test writers with basic testing theories,to make the test valid and reliable,to help improve educational reform and language teaching,to fully conform to the standards set by syllabus.

On the Challenges Imposed on the Language Test Writers

Assessment in the classroom,whether informal,formative,or summative,has been the major source of identifying students’ strengths and weaknesses in learning a foreign language. The article tries to rationalize the current test writers training programs by elaborating on the importance of testing and assessing from the perspectives of the criteria of qualified testing system and the qualifications of test writers which reversely turns to be the challenges imposed on the language test writers.

A Revision Model in Writing for Novice Writers with a Focus on Audience and Feedback

Revision is a complex,yet important phase in writing to improve the quality of a text.Some revision models are created to explain its components and the ways these components work.However,analysis of available models shows that they are proposed mainly for expert writers,who can complete the complex revision process individually,without the need of support or feedback.Most of the available revision models also do not include audience as a component.Therefore,the purpose of this paper is to introduce an alternative revision model for novice writers at or higher than highschool level with a focus on audience and feedback.First,the definition of revision is made,which is followed by summaries of the importance of audience and feedback in writing.Second,available revision models in literature that serves as the basis of the alternative model are reviewed.Finally,the alternative revision model is introduced with its components and the way these components work is explained.The revision model presented in this paper will contribute to literature on writing by filling the gap in revision models by proposing a model for novice writers and highlighting the importance of audience and feedback.

Nobel Prize Winner Alice Munro One of the best writers you may not know about

Alice Munro,the Canadian,writer considered by many to be the finest short-fiction writer of her generation,died[earlier this year].She was 92.Munro was awarded the Nobel Prize in literature in 2013,only months after publishing a collection of stories that she said would be her last.She had already received the Man Booker International Prize,the National Book Critics Circle Award in the United States and every top literary prize offered in her native Canada,including its most prestigious,the Governor General's Award.

May Fourth Writers＇ Reconstruction of Traditional Chinese Literary Classics

The classics are at the heart of traditional literature, and play an important role in its transmission. May Fourth writers did not totally reject traditional literary classics; rather, they selectively preserved and reinterpreted them, setting up a new canon based on the criteria of evolution, humanism, human relationships, popular culture, etc. To a certain extent, the May Fourth reconstruction of the classics inherited late Qing thought and views of literature, but it was more of an embodiment of new intellectual horizons; a modem spirit acting through the rediscovery and recreation of traditional literature. The reconstruction of the classical canon revealed a close connection between the New Literature and traditional literature, thereby effectively facilitating the acceptance of New Literature by the masses. It also provided writers with national resources for literary creation, thus preventing New Literature from descending to nihilistic understanding of Chinese tradition. This mode of discovering and creating the modem while being rooted in their native soil enabled such writers to step out of the binary opposition between ＂making China Western＂ and ＂Sinicizing the West,＂ and thus has methodological significance for the relation between Chinese and Western cultures from the late Qing on. Literary classics have a profound meaning for writers＇ creations and for literature and cultural tradition. Despite its shortcomings, the May Fourth reconstruction of the traditional classics can inspire us even today.

Calligraphy and Modern Chinese Writers

Research on modern Chinese literature has achieved results that have attracted wide attention. However, its state of near ＂saturation＂ has placed it in a dilemma with no clear way forward. Finding new academic growth points has become exceptionally important and urgent. The relationship between the ＂culture of calligraphy＂ and ＂modem Chinese writers＂ is virtually a research blank and has so Ihr attracted regrettably little attention. In fact, many modem Chinese writers have had close ties with calligraphy, making important contributions to its collection, creation and scholarly exploration. Conversely, the culture of calligraphy has exerted a profound influence on such things as the mode of existence, textual forms, emotional expression, ways of thought and aesthetic tastes of modem literature. Moreover, an examination of this relationship may stimulate us to reflect more deeply on literature, calligraphy, culture, education and related issues, which may help us gain a larger space for the development of Chinese culture and literature in the new century.

Yan’an Writings by Writers from Abroad(1934-1949)

In the 1930s and 1940s,foreign writers gathered in Yan’an drew the curtain back on recognition of China’s international image through their writings on the“red Mecca.”The international perspective on the image of Yan’an was shaped by the combined efforts of Yan’an writings by foreign writers and journalists in the interlocking cultural context of history and society.With revolutionary individual consciousness and high artistic creativity,the Yan’an narration of foreign writers had striking shared characteristics:a real sense of presence and a realistic significance beyond their times.Their discovery of the revolutionary power generated by the Chinese people and their calling for and shaping of“heroes of the masses”and their pursuit of“the character of the people”represented the spiritual dimension of their Yan’an writings,a dimension that was distinct from that of local writers.The foreign writers’creative practice and the creative experience of local writers refracted off each other,juxtaposing mirror images of Yan’an at home and abroad and promoting the modernity and cosmopolitanism of Yan’an literature in the intertextuality between reality and literature.Together with local writers,writers from abroad participated in the creation of Chinese revolutionary history and culture,bringing their personal discourse into the discourse of China’s new era and completing the restatement of their cultural identity.The global identity of Yan’an went through a difficult process of historical self-creation,breaking through the limitations of its international image and realizing the self-proving nature of modern Chinese history.

Rebuilding a Community:Shanghai Imaginary of Post-8os Writers

Previous research regarding the post-8os Chinese young writers might suggest that they are urgently chasing after commercial profits,but this popular viewpoint is too simplistic when facing up to the complex historical energies of their work.This article,through close reading the writings of two representative post-8os writers Han Han and Guo Jingming,historically analyzes how the post-8os Writers crowd,by virtue of the“New Concept Composition Contest”platform,have gathered in Shanghai,and points out the core of their writing.Guo Jingming identifies himself with the logic of commercial society,gets dunk of the prosperous of Shanghai,then devoices the young generation from the real Chinese status.Han Han uses the ironic method to deconstruct state propaganda and cultural symbols of Shanghai,while all his heroes or heroines are on cruising the way,do not willing to belong to any value system.The article argues that post-8os writing is ultimately a narrative about the“Chinese Dream,”and on how to rebuild relationships between individuals and their communities.

Writers Take Center Stage

Spotlight shines on scriptwriters as Chinese audiences complain about show quality Gao Xuan, a well-known Chinese screen-writer who has been scriptwriter

Writers' Paradoxes

The supreme triumph of reason is to cast doubt upon ixs own validity.--Miguel de Unamuno理智的最大胜利在于对其自身的正确性提出了怀疑。米格尔·德·乌纳穆诺(1864-1936,西班牙教育家,哲学家及作家)Boredom-the desire for desires. --Leo Tolstoy厌烦--寻求欲望的欲望。列·托尔斯泰(1828-1910,俄国作家,思想家)The only way to get rid of a temptation is to yield to it.--Oscar

Writers—About Women

Chinese writers have long been concerned with women’s lives. In this issue, we present selections from their writings to let you know their thoughts.

Books,Writers,Translators

Our editor Liz baked Sidney Shapiro an apple pie.The next day she ran across the city to buy him bagels,cream cheese and lox,and then at the arranged time she telephoned him from outside his home:a courtyard nestled by the Houhai lakes

Student Writers in the U.S.

Dear American Professor. I am a high school teacher of English while my sister is a high school teacherof Chinese in a seaside city of Qingdao in Shandong Province in China. We bothlove our profession very much. When we meet after a day’s work at home. ourtalk covers a wide range of topics. Today, our topic goes to the United States.

Women Writers in Macheng

Many centuries ago, Li Zhi (1527-1602), thinker andwriter of the Ming Dynasty edtablished a famousfemale-only school in China. Today, there has emergeda group of women writers. They are sparing their timefrom work and household chores and have entered thesacred hall of literature by expending greater effortsthan their male counterparts. Many of their works havebeen published. They are full of talent and have wonseveral national level prizes.

Women Writers'Literary Creations

DEAR EDITOR, I am interested in contemporary Chinese women’s fiction, but rarely get the opportunity to hear about recent publications. Your magazine would be doing global readers a great service by publishing reviews of books written by modern Chinese women.

On Women Writers and the Women Literature in the New Period

Avital new force in China’s literature circle is the group of women writers who have come into prominence during the "new period," the years since 1978 when China entered a period of reform. These women writers brought their talents of creation into play and have made remarkable achievements. There are five generations of fine women writers. The first generation includes Bing Xin, a founding member of the New Cultural Movement, around the time of the May 4th Movement