Establishment of Unstable Flow Model and Well Testing Analysis for Viscoelastic Polymer Flooding

At present, the polymer solution is usually assumed to be Newtonian fluid or pseudoplastic fluid, and its elasticity is not considered on the study of polymer flooding well testing model. A large number of experiments have shown that polymer solutions have viscoelasticity, and disregarding the elasticity will cause certain errors in the analysis of polymer solution seepage law. Based on the percolation theory, this paper describes the polymer flooding mechanism from the two aspects of viscous effect and elastic effect, the mathematical model of oil water two-phase three components unsteady flow in viscoelastic polymer flooding was established, and solved by finite difference method, and the well-test curve was drawn to analyze the rule of well test curve in polymer flooding. The results show that, the degree of upward warping in the radial flow section of the pressure recovery curve when considering polymer elasticity is greater than the curve which not considering polymer elasticity. The relaxation time, power-law index, polymer injection concentration mainly affect the radial flow stage of the well testing curve. The relaxation time, power-law index, polymer injection concentration and other polymer flooding parameters mainly affect the radial flow stage of the well testing curve. The larger the polymer flooding parameters, the greater the degree of upwarping of the radial flow derivative curve. This model has important reference significance for well-testing research in polymer flooding oilfields.

A NEW WELL TEST MODEL FOR A TWO-ZONE LINEAR COMPOSITE RESERVOIR WITH VARIED THICKNESSES

This article presents a new well test model for two-zone linear composite reservoirs, where the rock and fluid properties as well as the formation thicknesses on both sides of the discontinuity are distinctly different. An analytical solution of pressure-transient behavior for a line-source, constant-rate well in this type of reservoir configuration is obtained with Fourier space transformation and Laplace transformation. By applying Duhamel principle, the wellbore storage and skins effects can easily be included. A set of type curves are generated and the sensitivities of the relevant parameters are discussed. A new correlating parameter MhDl√ηD is proposed to identify the pressure response in the pressure derivative curve. The model as well as the corresponding type curves are quite general that they are useful in predicting the production performance or analyzing the production data from this type of well-reservoir systems.

A NEW WELL TEST MODEL FOR STRESS-SENSITIVE AND RADIALLY HETEROGENEOUS DUAL-POROSITY RESERVOIRS WITH NON-UNIFORM THICKNESSES

This article presents a new well test model for stress-sensitive composite dual-porosity reservoirs based on the concept of permeability modulus, where the rock and fluid properties as well as the formation thickness vary in the radial direction. An analytical solution in the Laplace space for the pressure-transient behavior for a line-source, constant-rate well of this type of reservoir is obtained with the Laplace transformation and the perturbation technique. The pressure and its derivative in the reservoir and the effects of relevant parameters on the pressure-transient response are obtained. The model as well as the corresponding type curves may be used in predicting the production performance or analyzing the production data for this type of reservoir.

Research on Well Testing Interpretation of Low Permeability Deformed Dual Medium Reservoir

Considering the influence of quadratic gradient term and medium deformation on the seepage equation, a well testing interpretation model for low permeability and deformation dual medium reservoirs was derived and established. The difference method was used to solve the problem, and pressure and pressure derivative double logarithmic curves were drawn to analyze the seepage law. The research results indicate that the influence of starting pressure gradient and medium deformation on the pressure characteristic curve is mainly manifested in the middle and late stages. The larger the value, the more obvious the upward warping of the pressure and pressure derivative curve;the parameter characterizing the dual medium is the crossflow coefficient. The channeling coefficient determines the time and location of the appearance of the “concave”. The smaller the value, the later the appearance of the “concave”, and the more to the right of the “concave”.

MODEL AND METHOD OF WELL TEST ANALYSIS FORWELLS WITH VERTICAL FRACTURE

Based on the flow mechanism of hydraulic fractured wells, through integrating linear-flow model and effective well-radius model, a new model of well test analysis for wells with vertical fracture was established. In the model, wellbore storage, the damage in the wall of fracture and all kinds of boundary conditions are considered. The model is concise in form, has intact curves and computes fast, which may meet the demand of real-time computation and fast responded well test interpretation. A new method to determine effective well radius was presented, and the correlation between effective well radius and the fracture length, fracture conductivity, skin factor of fracture was given. Matching flow rate or pressure tested, the optimization model that identified formation and fracture parameters was set up. The automatic matching method was presented by synthetically using step by step linear least square method and sequential quadratic programming. At last, the application was also discussed. Application shows that all of these results can analyze and evaluate the fracturing treatment quality scientifically and rationally, instruct and modify the design of fracturing and improve fracturing design level.

Simulation of unconventional well tests with the finite volume method

The finite volume method has been successfully applied in several engineering fields and has shown outstanding performance in fluid dynamics simulation. In this paper, the general framework for the simulation ofnear-wellbore systems using the finite volume method is described. The mathematical model and the numerical model developed by the authors are presented and discussed. A radial geometry in the vertical plane was implemented so as to thoroughly describe near-wellbore phenomena. The model was then used to simulate injection tests in an oil reservoir through a horizontal well and proved very powerful to correctly reproduce the transient pressure behavior. The reason for this is the robustness of the method, which is independent of the gridding options because the discretization is performed in the physical space. The model is able to describe the phenomena taking place in the reservoir even in complex situations, i.e. in the presence of heterogeneities and permeability barriers, demonstrating the flexibility of the finite volume method when simulating non-conventional tests. The results are presented in comparison with those obtained with the finite difference numerical approach and with analytical methods, if possible.

Transient pressure analysis of polymer flooding fractured wells with oil-water two-phase flow

The oil-water two-phase flow pressure-transient analysis model for polymer flooding fractured well is established by considering the comprehensive effects of polymer shear thinning,shear thickening,convection,diffusion,adsorption retention,inaccessible pore volume and effective permeability reduction.The finite volume difference and Newton iteration methods are applied to solve the model,and the effects of fracture conductivity coefficient,injected polymer mass concentration,initial polymer mass concentration and water saturation on the well-test type curves of polymer flooding fractured wells are discussed.The results show that with the increase of fracture conductivity coefficient,the pressure conduction becomes faster and the pressure drop becomes smaller,so the pressure curve of transitional flow goes downward,the duration of bilinear flow becomes shorter,and the linear flow appears earlier and lasts longer.As the injected polymer mass concentration increases,the effective water phase viscosity increases,and the pressure loss increases,so the pressure and pressure derivative curves go upward,and the bilinear flow segment becomes shorter.As the initial polymer mass concentration increases,the effective water phase viscosity increases,so the pressure curve after the wellbore storage segment moves upward as a whole.As the water saturation increases,the relative permeability of water increases,the relative permeability of oil decreases,the total oil-water two-phase mobility becomes larger,and the pressure loss is reduced,so the pressure curve after the wellbore storage segment moves downward as a whole.The reliability and practicability of this new model are verified by the comparison of the results from simplified model and commercial well test software,and the actual well test data.

一种基于一维卷积神经网络的试井模型智能识别方法

为提高试井分析工作效率,实现试井模型的自动识别,提出了基于一维卷积神经网络(1D CNN)的试井模型智能识别方法。根据实测数据的特点,提出基于理论曲线构建样本库的原则与方法,并构建了4种常用油藏模型的训练样本库;建立了一维卷积神经网络模型,将样本库中双对数曲线的压力变化和压力导数数据作为输入,油藏类别作为网络输出训练及优化网络,总识别准确率可达99.16%,敏感度均在98%以上。经4口井实例应用,正确识别试井模型的概率大于0.99,与二维卷积神经网络相比,1D CNN显著降低了计算复杂度和时间成本,加快了训练速度。这表明基于试井理论所构建的样本库是有效的,能满足实测数据模型识别的需求;同时证明了方法的有效性、实用性和普适性。

Application of Heterogeneous Composite Model with Consideration of Stress Sensitive in Low Permeability Gas Reservoir

Stress sensitivity is a key factor affecting the productivity of single wells in low permeability gas reservoirs. A well test model for heterogeneous composite gas reservoirs under the influence of stress-sensitive effects was established. Based on the theoretical model, the well test was designed by gradually increasing the pressure difference. The relationship between abnormal high pressure and reservoir stress sensitivity was analyzed. Theoretical research shows that stress sensitivity will cause permeability damage during the production process, and the pressure drop test curve shows that the physical properties of the reservoir have gradually deteriorated. The pressure recovery test curve shows that the physical properties of the reservoir are getting better. Field practice shows that stress sensitivity is related to the formation of abnormally high pressure in the formation without considering the micro-cracks in the formation. Stress-sensitive reservoirs are generally unbalanced and compacted due to overpressure, for fluid expansion/conduction overpressure in Ledong Area. For these reservoirs, there is almost no stress sensitivity. The research results have significance for guiding the design and data interpretation of stress-sensitive reservoir.

超深水基岩潜山储层分布式光纤温度试井方法

超深水永乐X区潜山气藏具有储层非均质强、纵向岩性组合多样的特征,传统生产测井技术在落实储层产出特征时存在局限性。采用分布式光纤测温技术测试获得了YL1井产能测试生产层段的温度数据,结合渗流力学和流体力学理论,建立了气藏渗流和井筒管流温度—压力场双耦合模型,计算了气井产出剖面变化引起的温度响应特征。采用Levenberg Marquart(LM)反演算法实现了YL1气井产出剖面定量解释分析。研究结果表明,气井多层测试时高渗层对应井筒温度下降斜率大,温度变化速度快,温降大,通过温度剖面可以作为判断高渗地层、裂缝或非产层产出贡献;利用建立的分布式光纤温度产出剖面解释方法,定量评价获得了砂砾质风化带、风化裂缝带和内幕裂缝带产出贡献,解释结果与录井气测率具有正相关性,且与地质认识吻合,证明了解释理论的可靠性。研究结果对分布式光纤温度监测多层气藏产出剖面技术的推广具有重要理论及应用价值。

考虑重力作用的垂向双洞窜流试井模型

顺北油田塔里木盆地顺托果勒低隆北部断溶体储层具有明显的垂向发育及非均质性特征。由于储层垂向深度大,流体渗流过程中重力影响不可忽略。考虑油藏储层由小尺度的裂缝、大尺度的溶洞以及大尺度的窜流通道构成,不同深度处的初始压力随深度的变化,结合渗流力学原理及等势体理论建立了考虑重力作用的大尺度缝洞试井模型。采用Laplace(拉普拉斯)变换方法进行了求解,绘制了模型典型图版及参数敏感性分析图版。结果表明:考虑重力作用时流体流动需要克服更大的阻力,无因次压力及其导数曲线中后期位置更高;考虑小尺度裂缝储层渗流作用时会出现窜流通道线性流、大溶洞过渡流、大溶洞拟稳态流分别与裂缝性储层径向流的叠加特征,前者无因次压力及其压力导数曲线斜率介于0~0.5,后两者无因次压力导数曲线缓慢下降后缓慢上升。通过实例分析验证了模型的有效性和适用性。研究成果丰富了缝洞试井模型,为垂向大深度缝洞型油藏试井资料解释提供了理论依据。

缝洞型油藏试井模型及其在顺北油田的应用

塔里木盆地顺北油田为缝洞型油藏,裂缝、大尺度溶洞并存,流动机理复杂,常规试井模型无法进行解释。在分析地层渗流、溶洞流体波动、井筒管流耦合的流体流动特征基础上,建立了钻遇溶洞、未钻遇溶洞2种缝洞型油藏试井模型。研究结果表明:缝洞型油井的井底压力响应曲线上可识别出井储、过渡、溶洞1、地层裂缝、溶洞2等流动阶段,而顺北地区油井多洞参与流动的特征较多,主要表现为有明显双洞特征和无明显双洞特征2种曲线类型;通过模型参数反演能够得到溶洞体积、溶洞距离、缝洞体积等参数。对顺北油田1口油井进行分析表明,新模型与实测曲线拟合精度高,拟合率达85%以上,计算的地层参数能够满足工程精度,且符合油藏地质特征。研究成果可用于缝洞型油藏试井资料解释。

聚合物驱压裂井油水两相渗流不稳定压力分析方法

基于两相渗流理论,考虑聚合物的剪切变稀、剪切增稠、对流、扩散、吸附滞留、不可及孔隙体积和有效渗透率下降的综合影响,建立了聚合物驱压裂井油水两相渗流不稳定压力分析模型。采用有限体积差分和牛顿迭代方法对模型进行求解,分析了裂缝导流系数、注入聚合物质量浓度、地层初始聚合物质量浓度和含水饱和度对压裂井试井典型曲线的影响规律。结果表明:裂缝导流系数增加,压力传导加快,压降减小,过渡流段压力曲线下移,双线性流段的持续时间更短,线性流段出现更早,且线性流持续时间更长。注入聚合物质量浓度增加,水相有效黏度增大,压力传播损耗增加,压力和压力导数上移,双线性流段缩短。地层初始聚合物质量浓度增加,水相有效黏度增加,井筒储集段后的压力曲线整体上移。地层含水饱和度增加,水相相对渗透率变大,油相相对渗透率减小,油水两相总流度增加,压力传播损耗减小,井筒储集段后的压力曲线整体下移。模型退化后计算结果和商业试井软件计算结果对比及实测试井资料验证了新模型的可靠性、实用性。

基于不稳定压力试井分析的致密气井压裂后产能评估

针对致密气藏压裂后产能预测难的问题,基于渗流机理,考虑地层的应力敏感及压裂后的地层改善效果,建立适用于压裂停泵反演的线性非均质复合区压裂井模型,利用建立的模型和数值试井确定裂缝参数和地层参数,应用SPSS回归方法建立了压裂前后产能与压裂规模的关系,得到致密气藏压裂后的产能预测方法。研究表明:水力压裂停泵后闷井压力的双对数特征曲线可分为裂缝线性流阶段、过渡段、窜流阶段、外区线性流阶段、边界效应阶段;新建立的产能预测方法应用于榆林气田X井区,产能预测的平均误差为16.1%,具有较好的适用性;不同压裂参数对产能的影响由大到小依次为排量、加砂量、压裂液量;压裂最优排量为3.36~4.83 m^(3)/min,最优加砂量为56.95~77.66 m^(3),最优压裂液量为167.09~259.91 m^(3)。研究结果对优化致密气藏的压裂设计及压裂后产能预测具有一定的指导意义。

HORIZONTAL WELL PRESSURE ANALYSIS IN BOX-BOUNDED RESERVOIRS

In this paper, solutions to the 3D transient flow mathematical model for horizontal wells in box-rounded reservoirs are presented. The solutions are derived in Laplace transform domain by employing integral transform and point-source superposition. Both efficient computation of pressure responses and practical technology of oil field application mentioned here may be used to interpret the data from unsteady-state horizontal well testing.

Numerical investigation of dual-porosity model with transient transfer function based on discrete-fracture model

Based on the characteristics of fractures in naturally fractured reservoir and a discrete-fracture model, a fracture network numerical well test model is developed. Bottom hole pressure response curves and the pressure field are obtained by solving the model equations with the finite-element method. By analyzing bottom hole pressure curves and the fluid flow in the pressure field, seven flow stages can be recognized on the curves. An upscaling method is developed to compare with the dual-porosity model （DPM）. The comparisons results show that the DPM overestimates the inter-porosity coefficient ）, and the storage factor w. The analysis results show that fracture conductivity plays a leading role in the fluid flow. Matrix permeability influences the beginning time of flow from the matrix to fractures. Fractures density is another important parameter controlling the flow. The fracture linear flow is hidden under the large fracture density. The pressure propagation is slower in the direction of larger fracture density.

填埋场单井注气气体压力监测试验及预测模型

确定填埋场注气过程中气体压力分布特征可为好氧通风工程提供关键技术和理论支撑。以现场单井注气试验为依托,在渗流力学理论的基础上,开展了不同注气强度条件下气体压力分布监测试验,分析了注气过程中气体压力的径向分布特征,推导了注气条件下垃圾土体内部以解析解形式表达的气体压力预测(analytical gas pressure prediction,简称AGPP)模型;结合现场气体压力监测结果,构建了以注气井压力为核心参数的经验公式形式的气体压力预测(empiricalgaspressure prediction,简称EGPP)模型。试验结果表明:低压注气强度也可以达到良好的注气效果,在较短时间内可以让气体充满注气井周围;通过现场监测数据与AGPP模型、EGPP模型的对比,初步验证了两种模型的可靠性。以上成果为预测和评估好氧通风过程中垃圾填埋场气体压力分布提供了新方法。

采用Laplace空间源函数方法的复杂离散缝网半解析试井模型

分段压裂水平井的常规试井模型仅考虑主要的水力裂缝,忽略了在压裂过程中产生的大量次级裂缝。为了更准确的描述包括次级裂缝在内的复杂缝网对压力动态的影响,采用源函数方法建立了描述复杂离散裂缝网络的地层压力半解析模型。该模型由地层模型和裂缝模型两部分组成。地层模型将裂缝视为直线源,采用格林函数法累加多条裂缝的影响。裂缝模型将单条裂缝离散化,在每个小单元上使用Laplace空间的条带源函数,在考虑单个裂缝的压力动态时避免了繁琐的累加过程。使用该模型计算了单一裂缝、多条裂缝、复杂缝网三种情况下的压力动态。在单一裂缝情况下,考虑裂缝对称分布和不对称分布两种情况,计算结果与文献中的已有结果基本一致。在多条裂缝和复杂缝网情况下,计算结果显示次级裂缝的存在会使得压力动态偏离典型的双线性流或线性流。与现有模型的对比表明,考虑复杂缝网的模型能够更准确的描述导数曲线早期段。

考虑离散裂缝的非均质裂缝性气藏数值试井新模型

裂缝性气藏在我国油气资源中具有重要地位,其试井分析对储层评价和气藏开发具有不可或缺的作用。为了解决传统双重孔隙介质模型对天然裂缝表征不精确的难题,基于蒙特卡罗随机模拟方法和离散裂缝模型,表征了复杂分布的天然裂缝,构建了考虑离散裂缝和渗透率非均质性的径向复合裂缝性气藏数值试井模型(DFM-NM),绘制了不同参数下裂缝性气藏气井试井曲线图版,形成了解析试井初拟合、离散裂缝细拟合的试井分析方法,并开展了实例应用分析。研究结果表明:(1)裂缝性气藏不稳定流动阶段包括井筒储集和表皮效应阶段、内区裂缝影响阶段、内区径向流阶段、外区裂缝影响阶段和边界控制流阶段;(2)基于地质条件约束下的离散裂缝模型能较好表征复杂、非均质裂缝性气藏,克服了常规双重孔隙介质模型的缺点;(3)裂缝数目越多、裂缝平均长度越长,压力导数曲线下凹的幅度越大,内区裂缝参数对试井曲线形态的影响更大。结论认为,所建立的裂缝性气藏数值试井模型及粗细分步拟合方法适用于塔里木盆地裂缝性气藏,能更准确有效地评价储层、反演裂缝参数。研究成果具有良好的应用前景,可为裂缝性气藏参数反演和开发方案优化提供理论支撑,有助于我国复杂油气资源的科学开发。