Wild soybean(Glycine soja)transcription factor GsWRKY40 plays positive roles in plant salt tolerance

Wild soybean(Glycine soja),a relative of cultivated soybean,shows high adaptability to adverse environmental conditions.We identified and characterized a wild soybean transcription factor gene,GsWRKY40,that promotes plant salt stress.GsWRKY40 was highly expressed in wild soybean roots and was up-regulated by salt treatment.GsWRKY40 was localized in nucleus and demonstrated DNA-binding activities but without transcriptional activation.Mutation and overexpression of GsWRKY40 altered salt tolerance of Arabidopsis plants.To understand the molecular mechanism of GsWRKY40 in regulating plant salt resistance,we screened a cDNA library and identified a GsWRKY40 interacting protein GsbHLH92 by using yeast two-hybrid approach.The physical interaction of GsWRKY40 and GsbHLH92 was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation(co-IP),GST pull-down,and bimolecular fluorescence complementation(BiFC)techniques.Intriguingly,co-overexpression of GsWRKY40 and GsbHLH92 resulted in higher salt tolerance and lower ROS levels than overexpression of GsWRKY40 or GsbHLH92 in composite soybean plants,suggesting that GsWRKY40 and GsbHLH92 may synergistically regulate plant salt resistance through inhibiting ROS production.qRT-PCR data indicated that the expression level of GmSPOD1 gene encoding peroxidase was cooperatively regulated by GsWRKY40 and GsbHLH92,which was confirmed by using a dual luciferase report system and yeast one-hybrid experiment.Our study reveals a pathway that GsWRKY40 and GsbHLH92 collaboratively up-regulate plant salt resistance through impeding GmSPOD1 expression and reducing ROS levels,providing a novel perspective on the regulatory mechanisms underlying plant tolerance to abiotic stresses.

Wild Gibbon Optimization Algorithm

Complex optimization problems hold broad significance across numerous fields and applications.However,as the dimensionality of such problems increases,issues like the curse of dimensionality and local optima trapping also arise.To address these challenges,this paper proposes a novel Wild Gibbon Optimization Algorithm(WGOA)based on an analysis of wild gibbon population behavior.WGOAcomprises two strategies:community search and community competition.The community search strategy facilitates information exchange between two gibbon families,generating multiple candidate solutions to enhance algorithm diversity.Meanwhile,the community competition strategy reselects leaders for the population after each iteration,thus enhancing algorithm precision.To assess the algorithm’s performance,CEC2017 and CEC2022 are chosen as test functions.In the CEC2017 test suite,WGOA secures first place in 10 functions.In the CEC2022 benchmark functions,WGOA obtained the first rank in 5 functions.The ultimate experimental findings demonstrate that theWildGibbonOptimization Algorithm outperforms others in tested functions.This underscores the strong robustness and stability of the gibbonalgorithm in tackling complex single-objective optimization problems.

Clinicopathological alterations in wild mammals from the reservoir system of Trypanosoma cruzi:a scoping review

Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiologic agent of Chagas disease.This flagellated protozoan is transmitted to humans as well as different species of domestic and wild animals via vectors from the Reduviidae family(known as"kissing bugs").Despite the fact that hundreds of species of wild mammals are part of the reservoir system,the morphologi-cal changes and clinical manifestations resulting from the pathogenesis of the infection have been largely neglected.The aim of this review is to systematically compile the available information regarding clinicopathological altera-tions in wild mammals due to natural infection by T.cruzi.Information was obtained from six online bibliographic data search platforms,resulting in the identification of 29 publications that met the inclusion criteria.Mortality was the most common clinical manifestation,cardiac damage was the main finding at necropsy,and lymphoplas-macytic inflammation was the most frequent microscopic injury.Thus,regardless of its role as a reservoir,T.cruzi has the potential to affect the health status of wild mammals,a situation that highlights the need for further research to analyze,measure,and compare its effects at both the individual and population levels.

Comparative Study of Genetic Structure and Genetic Diversity betweenWild and Cultivated Populations of Taxus cuspidata,Northeast China

Taxus cuspidata is a rare plant with important medicinal and ornamental value.Aiming at the obvious differences between wild and cultivated populations of T.cuspidata from Northeast China,a total of 61 samples,that is,33 wild yews and 28 cultivated yews were used to analyze the differences and correlations of the kinship,genetic diversity,and genetic structure between them by specific length amplified fragment sequencing(SLAF-seq).Finally,470725 polymorphic SLAF tags and 58622 valid SNP markers were obtained.Phylogenetic analysis showed that 61 samples were classified into 2 clusters:wild populations and cultivated populations,and some wild yews were categorized into the cultivated populations;the genetic diversity analysis showed that the Nei diversity index of wild populations(0.4068)was smaller than that of cultivated populations(0.4414),and the polymorphic information content(PIC)of wild populations(0.2861)was smaller than that of cultivated populations(0.3309).The genetic differentiation analysis showed that the total populations of gene diversity(H_(t))of cultivated and wild populations were respectively 0.8159 and 0.5685,the coefficient of gene differentiation(G_(st))of cultivated and wild populations was respectively 0.3021 and 0.1068,and the gene flow(N_(m))(2.4967)of wild populations was larger than cultivated populations(0.8199).The molecular variance(AMOVA)revealed that inter-population variation accounted for 29.57%of the total genetic variation,while intra-population variation accounted for 70.42% of the total genetic variation(p<0.001),this suggested that the genetic variation in the T.cuspidata is mainly attributed to within-population factors.In conclusion,the genetic distance between geographical ecological groups of wild populations was generally smaller than that of cultivated populations,and the degree of genetic diversity and genetic differentiation was smaller than that of cultivated populations.As evident,the utilization of SLAF-seq technology enables efficient and accurate development of SNP markers suitable for genetic analysis of T.cuspidata species.These developed SNP markers can provide a molecular foundation for T.cuspidata breeding,construction of genetic maps,variety identification,and association analysis of agronomic traits.

A Germplasm Resource Repository:The Book Review of Illustrated Flora of Food Crops and Their Wild Related Plants in China

Illustrated Flora of Food Crops and Their Wild Related Plants in China systematically examines the botanical and morphological characteristics of China's major food crops,such as rice,wheat,corn,sweet potato,potato,mung bean,and buckwheat.Featuring more than 5000 color photos and 200 line drawings,it offers a comparative study that highlights the kinship and internal connections between cultivated and wild species.The book is an invaluable resource for breeders,offering a comprehensive morphological and genetic database that aids in the development of high-yielding,high-quality,and disease-resistant crop varieties.

Comprehensive Evaluation of Application Value of Wild Flower Resources in Flower Border in Hefei City

In order to further understand and better develop and utilize wild flower resources in Hefei City,a comprehensive evaluation model of landscape value of wild flowers in the application of flower border was constructed by field investigation and analytic hierarchy process(AHP).The application value of wild flowers in Hefei was evaluated by selecting evaluation indicators from three aspects of ornamental value,adaptability and resource potential.

The Influence of Chuang Tsu on Oscar Wilde’s Literary Works

Oscar Wilde,the renowned British writer,was deeply influenced by Eastern culture,particularly by Chuang Tsu’s“Thought of Doing Nothing”,a Taoist concept of human conduct.Wilde not only embraced this philosophy,but also incorporated it into his literary creations and art criticism,enhancing the steadfastness of his own value judgments.

Lightning in a Forest (Wild) Fire: Mechanism at the Molecular Level

The mechanism of lightning that ignites a forest fire and the lightning that occurs above a forest fire are explained at the molecular level. It is based on two phenomena, namely, internal charge separation inside the atmospheric cloud particles and the existence of a layer of positively charged hydrogen atoms sticking out of the surface of the liquid layer of water on the surface of rimers. Strong turbulence-driven collisions of the ice particles and water droplets with the rimers give rise to breakups of the ice particles and water droplets into positively and negatively charged fragments leading to charge separation. Hot weather in a forest contributes to the updraft of hot and humid air, which follows the same physical/chemical processes of normal lightning proposed and explained recently[1]. Lightning would have a high probability of lighting up and burning the dry biological materials in the ground of the forest, leading to a forest (wild) fire. The burning of trees and other plants would release a lot of heat and moisture together with a lot of smoke particles (aerosols) becoming a strong updraft. The condition for creating lightning is again satisfied which would result in further lightning high above the forest wild fire.

Metagenomic Analysis of Environmental Samples from Wildlife Rescue Station at Poyang Lake, China

Objective To improve the understanding of the virome and bacterial microbiome in the wildlife rescue station of Poyang Lake,China.Methods Ten smear samples were collected in March 2019.Metagenomic sequencing was performed to delineate bacterial and viral diversity.Taxonomic analysis was performed using the Kraken2 and Bracken methods.A maximum-likelihood tree was constructed based on the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase(RdRp)region of picornavirus.Results We identified 363 bacterial and 6 viral families.A significant difference in microbial and viral abundance was found between samples S01–S09 and S10.In S01–S09,members of Flavobacteriia and Gammaproteobacteria were the most prevalent,while in S10,the most prevalent bacteria class was Actinomycetia.Among S01–S09,members of Myoviridae and Herelleviridae were the most prevalent,while the dominant virus family of S10 was Picornaviridae.The full genome of the pigeon mesivirus-like virus(NC-BM-233)was recovered from S10 and contained an open reading frame of 8,124 nt.It showed the best hit to the pigeon mesivirus 2 polyprotein,with 84.10%amino acid identity.Phylogenetic analysis showed that RdRp clustered into Megrivirus B.Conclusion This study provides an initial assessment of the bacteria and viruses in the cage-smeared samples,broadens our knowledge of viral and bacterial diversity,and is a way to discover potential pathogens in wild birds .

Novel QTLs from Wild Rice Oryza longistaminata Confer Strong Tolerance to High Temperature at Seedling Stage

Global warming poses a threat to rice production.Breeding heat-tolerant rice is an effective and economical approach to address this challenge.African rice is a valuable genetic resource for developing heat-tolerant crops due to its intricate mechanism for adapting to high temperatures.Oryza longistaminata,a widely distributed wild rice species in Africa,may harbor an even richer gene pool for heat tolerance,which remains untapped.In this study,we identified three heat tolerance QTLs from O.longistaminata at the seedling stage,including novel heat tolerance loci qTT4 and qTT5.Our findings demonstrated that the O.longistaminata alleles for these two QTLs can enhance the heat tolerance of rice seedlings.Remarkably,qTT5 was mapped to a region spanning approximately 287.2 kb,which contains 46 expressing genes.Through the analysis of Gene Ontology and expression differences under heat induction,we identified four candidate genes.Our results lay the foundation for discovering heat tolerance genes underlying O.longistaminata and developing new genetic resources for heat-tolerant rice breeding.

Transcriptome Analysis of a Wild Eggplant Germplasm M239 in Response to Verticillium dahliae Infection

In this study,wild eggplant germplasm No.M239,which is highly susceptible to Verticillium wilt,was used as the experimental material.The physiological and biochemical indices(SOD,PAL,MDA and soluble protein)of M239 roots were measured at different times(0,12,24,36,48,60 and 72 h)post inoculation with Verticillium dahliae,and the key time points for the M239 response to Verticillium wilt infection were screened.Then,RNA-Seq technology was used to screen the differentially expressed genes(DEGs)in M239 roots at 0,12 and 48 h post-inoculation(hpi).The transcriptional results of M239 were also compared with those resistance genes from some reported wild relative Solanum species(S.sisymbriifolium and S.aculeatissimum).Then some DEGs were chosen for validation by qRT–PCR.The results showed that 12 and 48 hpi were the turning points in the changes in all physiological and biochemical indices.A total of 6,783 DEGs were identified by RNA-Seq,including 6,141 DEGs(3,046 upregulated and 3,095 downregulated)at the M_12 h vs.M_0 h,1,903 DEGs(792 upregulated and 1,111 downregulated)at M_48 h vs.M_12 h,and 1,261 DEGs that appeared simultaneously in both stages.KEGG enrichment analysis showed that there were 5 metabolic pathways enriched from DEGs,which were mostly related to primary metabolism,such as glycolysis,amino acid and ribosome biogenesis.Compared with the NCBI non-redundant protein(NR)database,one Ve2 homologous gene and 8 PR protein-related genes were screened.Transcription factor analysis showed that there were a large number of DEGs,such as MYB,AP2-EREBP,bHLH,NAC and Orphans in the two stages.Compared with the reported Verticillium wilt-resistant wild eggplant species,it was found that there were fewer genes and enriched metabolic pathways in the M239 response to Verticillium wilt infection,and it also lacked the response of some known key resistance genes.These results proved that the above resistance genes and metabolic pathways played a key role in the wild eggplant response to V.dahliae infection.

Growth and Antimony Bioconcentration Characteristics of Wild Ramie(Boehmeria nivea)under Sb Stress in Different Valence States

[Objectives] To explore the effects of antimony(Sb) in different valence states on the growth and Sb bioconcentration and transfer of wild ramie(Boehmeria nivea). [Methods] A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of Sb(Ⅲ) and Sb(Ⅴ) stress on plant height, biomass, leaf SPAD value, Sb contents in various organs, Sb bioconcentration and transfer factors, and other indexes. [Results] Both kinds of Sb treatments showed a trend of "first increasing and then decreasing" in plant height as Sb concentration increased. The plant heights in Sb(Ⅲ) treatments with a concentration lower than 1 000 mg/kg and Sb(Ⅴ) treatments with concentrations lower than 4 000 mg/kg were significantly higher than that of the control check(CK);and the Sb(Ⅲ) treatment of the high concentration(4 000 mg/kg) resulted in a significant decrease in plant height, while the 8 000 mg/kg Sb(Ⅴ) treatment still showed an increase in plant height, indicating that the toxicity of Sb(Ⅴ) to wild ramie was significantly lower than that of Sb(Ⅲ). The Sb(Ⅲ) treatments with a concentration lower than 2 000 mg/kg had little effect on the dry weight of the aboveground part, while the treatment with a higher concentration showed a significant decrease;and the dry weights in various concentrations of Sb(Ⅴ) treatments showed no significant differences, but they were significantly higher than the CK and corresponding concentration of Sb(Ⅲ) treatment. Both types of Sb stress could promote the increase of SPAD value in wild ramie leaves, and the performance was significantly higher than the CK. As the concentration of Sb treatment increased, the Sb content in both the aboveground and underground parts showed a significant increase;and the comparison of Sb content under corresponding concentrations of the two types of Sb treatments showed that in the aboveground part, Sb(Ⅲ) was higher than Sb(Ⅴ), while in the underground part, the opposite was true. The bioconcentration factor(BF) of Sb decreased with the increase of Sb treatment concentration overall, and the value of Sb(Ⅴ) was smaller than that of Sb(Ⅲ), but both kinds of Sb stress were significantly smaller than the CK. The transfer factor(TF) of Sb in wild ramie showed a trend of "increasing first and then decreasing" with the concentration of Sb treatment, and various treatments of Sb(Ⅲ) were higher than the CK, with significant differences, while among various treatments of Sb(Ⅴ), except treatment B3, the reduction of which was not significant, other Sb(Ⅴ) treatments showed significant decreases. Comparing the two types of Sb treatments, the BF and TF values of Sb in wild ramie under Sb(Ⅲ) treatments were higher than those under Sb(Ⅴ) treatments, and the TF reached a significant level, indicating that the Sb transport ability of wild ramie under Sb(Ⅲ) treatments was stronger. [Conclusions] This study provides a theoretical basis for the mining of wild ramie Sb restoration genes and the application of large-scale cultivation in ecological restoration.

Lack of Evidence for Local Adaptation of the Endangered Karner Blue Butterfly to Its Sole Larval Hostplant—The Wild Lupine

Local adaptation is an important process that drives the evolution of populations within species, and it can be generally expressed by the higher fitness of individuals raised in their native habitats versus in a foreign location. The influence of local adaptation is especially prominent in species that subsist in small and/or highly isolated populations. This study evaluated whether the federally endangered Karner blue butterfly, Lycaeides melissa samuelis (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) is locally adapted to its exclusive larval host plant, the wild lupine (Lupinus perennis). To test for local adaptation, individuals from a laboratory-raised colony were reared on wild lupine plants from populations belonging to either their native (Indiana) or a foreign (Michigan and Wisconsin) region. For this purpose, lupine plants from the different populations were grown in a common garden in growth chambers, and one Karner blue larva was placed on each plant. Fitness traits related to growth and development were recorded for each butterfly across populations. Days from hatching to pupation and eclosion showed gender-specific significant differences across wild lupine populations and plant genotypes (within populations). The percent survival of butterflies (from hatching to eclosion) also differed among plants from different populations. These results indicate that wild lupine sources can affect some developmental traits of Karner blue butterflies. However, growth-related traits, such as pupal and adult weight of individuals reared in plants from native populations did not differ from those of foreign regions. The apparent absence of local adaptation to wild lupine suggests that, at least, some individuals of this species could be translocated from native populations to foreign reintroduction sites without experiencing decreased fitness levels. However, future studies including more populations across the geographical range of this butterfly are recommended to evaluate other environmental factors that could influence adaptation on a wider spatial scale.

Analysis and Evaluation of Nutrient Composition in the Wild, Pond- and Lake-Cultured Topmouth Culter (Culter alburnus)

Research was conducted on topmouth culter (Culter alburnus) grown in ponds and lakes as well as wild types in order to determine their chemical composition and nutritional value. There are three types of fish that differ in their proximate composition, amino acids, fatty acids, and minerals. Wild fish had a significantly lower crude lipid contents than cultured fish (P P ∑PUFAs) showed an obviously opposite trend. As compared with cultured fish, wild fish had significantly higher levels of n-3 PUFAs, arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahxaenoic acid (DHA) (P P > 0.05), except for Na, Fe and Se. In conclusion, diet composition and external aqueous environment may determine the differences between wild and cultured topmouth culter.

Diversity and Distribution of Wild Musa in Nagaland, India

The state of Nagaland is located in a region known to be a micro-centre of Musa evolution. The prevailing agro-climatic conditions are known to support various members of the genus. This study documents 12 species, which is an ideal representation of the rich diversity of this genus in an area of 16,579 sq. km. The various species were classified using morphological descriptors based on INIBAP, 1996 following the subsequent collection of the live specimen. The various species documented have been found to exist in single populations or in association with other species and their distribution depends on the varying altitudinal profile as well as the agro-climatic and topographical condition of the environment.

WILD学习——面向未来学习的革命性创新

WILD表示无线交互学习设备,它将学习者带入先前不可达到的活动,对课堂动力和真实世界中的学习有独特作用;这种真实世界中的学习既包括正式境脉,也包括非正式境脉。WILD学习的未来为学习科学提供了令人兴奋的未完全开垦的领域。

Genetic Diversity in Wild Populations of Poacynum hendersonii from Inland Arid Regions of Northwest China

[Objective] Study on the genetic diversity in wild populations of Poacynum hendersonii.[Method] Random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD)technique was employed to analyze the genetic diversity in five wild populations of P.hendersonii sampled from Xinjiang,Gansu and Qinghai provinces.[Result] Totally 165 clear and repeatable bands were generated in RAPD reaction by using 20 primers screened from 80 primers,of which 110 were polymorphic,accounting for 66.67%.At species level,Nei's gene diversity index(H),Shannon's information index(I)and genetic differentiation coefficient(Gst)were 0.220 5,0.304 7 and 0.908 2,respectively.P.hendersonii germplasm resources share a high level of genetic diversity,and genetic differentiation mainly exists among the populations.Results from genetic distances and cluster analysis showed that relationships among P.hendersonii populations were to some extent related with their geographical and climatic characters.[Conclusion] This study suggests that the conservation of P.hendersonii should focus on the protection of many populations,particularly the Qinghai population.

Genetic Diversity in Wild Grapes Native to China Based on Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Analysis

The use of the RAPD technique was investigated on a set of 73 genotypes of 18 wild grape species native to China, and one interspecific hybrid, seven Vitis vinifera L. cultivars, one rootstock cultivar and one strain of V. riparia L. Genetic diversity among these grapes was investigated based on RAPD analysis. The screening of 280 decamer oligonucleotides allowed the selection of 20 primers used for the analysis. A total of 191 RAPD markers were produced from the 20 selected primers. Relationships among the 83 clones or accessions based on their genetic distances were clustered using unweighted pair_group method arithmetic average (UPGMA) analysis in a dendrogram. Twenty_two clusters which fortunately adapted to 22 grape species level were clearly resolved on the dendrogram. The 18 wild grape species native to China were grouped into ten subclusters. The largest distance was found between V. riparia L., V. vinifera L., interspecific hybrid ( V. vinifera L.× V. larbrusca L.) and the wild grapes native to China. Among the wild grapes native to China, the largest distance was found between V. hancockii Hance and the other wild species. V. qinlingensis P.C.He was the second. Large genetic variation occurred among the different flower_type clones in one species.

ITS1 SEQUENCES OF NUCLEAR RIBOSOMAL DNA IN WILD RICES AND CULTIVATED RICES OF CHINA AND THEIR PHYLOGENETIC IMPLICATIONS

The first internal transcribed spacer(ITS1) of nuclear ribosomal DNA of three wild rice species and two subspecies of cultivated rice, which are distributed in China, was amplified using PCR technique and sequenced with automated fluorescent sequencing. The sequences of ITS1 ranged from 193 bp to 218 bp in size and G/C content varied from 69.3% to 72.7%. In pairwise comparisons among the five taxa, sequence site divergence ranged from 1.5% to 10.6%. Phylogenetic analysis of ITS1 sequences using Wagner parsimony generated a single well resolved tree, which revealed that Oryza rufipogon was much more closely related to cultivated rice species than to the other two wild species. Oryza granulata was less closely related to either cultivated rice species or the other two wild species, and might be a unique and isolated taxon in the genus Oryza. The phylogenetic relationships of the three wild rice species and two cultivated rice subspecies inferred from ITS1 sequences is highly concordant with those based on the molecular evidence from isozyme, chloroplast DNA (cpDNA), mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA) and nuclear DNA (nDNA) of the genus Oryza .

Genetic Variation of Wild and Hatchery Populations of the Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas Assessed by Microsatellite Markers

Microsatellite DNA technique was used to detect the genetic variation between five hatchery populations of the Pacific oyster from China and two wild populations from Japan. Seven microsatellite loci screened in this study showed high polymorphism in both hatchery and wild populations, as observed in an average number of allele per locus （19.1-29.9） and average expected heterozygosity （0.916-0.958）. No significant difference in average allelic richness or expected heterozygosity was observed between Chinese hatchery populations and Japanese wild populations. Pairwise Fsr values and heterogeneity tests of allele frequencies showed significant genetic differentiation between all populations. According to the neighbor-joining tree constructed on the basis of the Dc distance, the seven populations fell into three groups showing a clear division between hatchery and wild populations, and between the northern and southern hatchery populations. Assignment tests correctry assigned high percentages （97%-100%） of individuals to their original populations and demonstrated the feasibility of microsatellite analysis for discrimination between populations. The information obtained in this study is useful for designing suitable management guidelines and selective breeding programs for the Pacific oyster in China.