Women＇s Cooperatives Contributions to Local Region Economy： Seferihisar Agricultural Cooperative Development Model-Turkey

The cooperative movement has played a very important role in the social and economic development of all countries since 19th eentury＇s second half. Cooperatives provide health, housing, and banking services; they promote education and gender equality; they protect the environment and workers＇ rights. According to 2014＇s data, the total number of cooperatives is 79,486 in Turkey, while the total number of partners of cooperatives is approximately 7.8 million. The research＇s sample group ＂Hidirlik Agricultural Development Cooperative＂ was founded by the wife of the Seferihisar＇s mayor and six women. It has been a subject of curiousity that the contributions of the cooperative have developed the economy of the region since 2010. Therefore, various questions asked to the president and members of the cooperative, and significant results were obtained. In this research ＂Interview technique＂ was used. The fact that within the boundaries of local governments, the establishment of ＂women＇s cooperatives＂ and their active management can be supported with 10 basic criteria for the regional and national development can be predicted. These dimensions： ecological balance and sensitivity, the revival of the tourism sector, the mobility of logistics activities, new investments and increase of land value, the increase of women employment, the increase of healthy living standards, increase of competitiveness and trade earnings, the creation of new brands, widespread of the agricultural sector, and the increase of social and educational level of women. The similiar implementation of ＂Seferihisar Women＇s Cooperatives Model＂ in the research is considered form an important enterprenurship model not only in Turkey but also for all countries.

Women＇s speech in variation studies

It is demonstrated by sociolinguistic variation studies that women are more likely than men to use standard speech. This paper reviews the operational methods and analytical means of classic quantitative studies in this field, intending to provide guidance and enlightenment for relevant studies and verifications in the context of Chinese culture.

Violence Against Women Under ISIS Occupation： A Critical Feminist Analysis of Religious and Political Factors that Commodify Women＇s Sexuality in the War Zone

Since the end of the 20th century the Middle East （ME） has witnessed increasing war and violence and proportionally more US intervention in the region. The growth of Islamic fundamentalism, A1-Qaeda and Intermediate System to Intermediate System （ISIS） would not happen without political and economic support, posing the crucial question of who benefits, both locally and globally, from the deconstruction and reconstruction of countries involved in war. US opposition toward the founding of an Islamic state obscures the economic and political benefits it gains from ongoing conflict in the region; the profitable conflict between the US and ISIS reinforces the hegemony of both powers and perpetuates Islamic fundamentalism and Salaflsm in the ME rather than promote non-patriarchal ideology. I argue that ISIS claims the purpose of war is creating an Islamic state in the region and question how this claim can be ontologically coherent with Qur＇an, the main resource of Islam. When ISIS occupies a region, destruction and sexual violence against women are the immediate results, and both are incoherent with a non-patriarchal reading of Qur＇an. In this article, I use a critical feminist perspective to explore how establishing an Islamic state goes against Qur＇an and is, therefore, un-Islamic in the way ISIS enforces its hegemony in ME. As a result, women＇s sexuality in particular has become a site of political economy, they are abused and/or sold in other markets for the use of ISIS soldiers. This specific religio-economic commodification of women is unique in the history of war, and the world is largely silent about it. There are brave Iraqi women, however, who use their potential and assets to support underprivileged women of the region. Their voices need amplification to gain support for their grassroots resistance to fundamentalist hegemony and political and economic disenfranchisement.

Korean New Women： Korean New Women＇s Fluctuation in International and Korean Contexts

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, ＂New Woman＂ was an international phenomenon. Although various national contexts contributed many different shades of meaning to the concept of ＂New Woman＂ in each country, New Women across the world shared common ground. In the 1920s, when American New Women experimented with their new identity, New Women in Korea also discovered a new sense of selfhood and confidence to make inroads into public spheres. Under Japan＇s colonial rule （1910-1945）, Korean women, valued as a national hidden reservoir, gained access to education and made attempts to remove traditional constraints. Despite different situations surrounding Korean and American New Women, their recognition, pursuit, and places in history echoed one another＇s. The bold and innovative nature of Korean New Women has attracted much academic as well as public attention. Most of the rich body of scholarship on this topic focuses on famous figures whose flamboyant defiance met a tragic end or on the sacrifices and failures of New Women＇s pursuit in confronting nationalism. The nation is an important and useful framework in history, but additional factors should be considered for a better understanding of New Women. Not only does this paper consider national context, it also pays much needed attention to an international connection in women＇s history.

Diplomatic Implications of Women＇s Work in American Consumer Society

American foreign policies have observed guiding principles of democracy, yet an overemphasis on political values leads to more conflicts than mutual understandings in today＇s world. Therefore, this paper proposes that exploring diplomatic implications of ＂women＇s work＂ provides new insights into cultural values of the Four Freedomsmmajor pillars supporting modern American liberalism. This paper foregrounds the domestic and diplomatic significance of ＂women＇s work＂ by analyzing women＇s contributions as laborers at home, in the labor force, and in American consumer society. As American women participated in the paid labor force and took up most consumptive activities, women outside America also worked hard to provide food and care for families. This paper argues that a more comprehensive definition of＂women＇s work＂ is not only indispensable for the development of American industry, consumer society, and the expansion of marketplace, but integrates a system of dualisms separating wage labor and housework, or divisions between spheres of men and women. Moreover, investigations into hidden values of women＇s work alleviate worries arising from information revolution and economic globalization. Moreover, placing women＇s work in perspective enables diplomats to see through factors leading to international hostilities, to reduce conflicts arising from information revolution and economic globalization, and to understand America＇s soft power pertinently.

Mercury Exposure Assessment in Iraqi Women＇s Hair with Respect to Fish Consumption and Contamination in Marshland （Southern Iraq）

This study investigated the level of mercury in hair samples of pregnant women and newborns living in marshes. Hair mercury concentration, as an indicator of mercury body load, was studied in 30 samples of indigenous women and newborns to assess the association between fish consumption and specific characteristics that can influence exposure. In January 2013, 40 pregnant women were invited to participate. An interview was administered and a questionnaire was used to collect information about age, body weight, height, fish （fresh） consumption, pregnancy stage, residence duration, education level, family income and number of dental amalgam fillings. The results showed that for hair total Hg concentration was 6.47 p.g/g （6.47 ~ 0.71 pg/g）. About 5.9% of mothers had hair total Hg levels in excess of 14 ~tg/g. Maternal hair mercury was above the threshold level of WHO （World Health Organization） （5 pg/g）. As expected, there was a clear increase in hair Hg with reported fresh fish consumption （p = 0.08）. The highest mean in a group who consumed fish several times per week was 5.93 lag/g. Moreover, a significant effect of age and residential time on Hg in women＇s hair was found such as the older women.

A Bicycle Design Model Based on Young Women＇s Fashion Combined With CAD and Statistical Science

Today, more people are riding bicycles than ever before--and the numbers keep growing. This is due in part to a greater awareness of environmental issues and growing health consciousness. Another factor driving the increasing number of women bicyclists today is many designer bicycles now available. Still, these bicycles reflect the subjective sensibilities of their designers, and there is no guarantee that they will always match an increasingly diverse array of consumer values. In response to this challenge, our study sets out to build a bicycle design model based on fashion styles popular with young women in their 20s. Fashion analysis and bicycle design analysis used statistical science, such as cluster analysis, principal component analysis, and analytic hierarchy process （AHP）. After that, we designed a new bicycle using computer-aided design （CAD） from the analysis results. Finally, the approach model developed in this study was confirmed to be effective by an interview with the company.

Negotiations of the ＂Female Gaze＂： Film Theory and Practice in Polish Women＇s Art and Cinema＊

The paper discusses selected works of Polish women artists and directors who employ various forms of audiovisual presentation： film, video art, and new media. The author wrote it from the perspective of a film scholar whose interests focus on women directors and problems of cultural and gender identity in the contemporary cinema. Nevertheless, she decided to expand her research area to include works of Polish female artists who utilise the media and these means of expression that can be analysed in regard to modern film studies. She adopted the theoretical, feminist, and gender perspective, also applying the methodology of cultural studies in their broadest definition. This enables the author to situate the movies under discussion in diverse contexts and theoretical concepts. The purpose of the paper is thus not to offer a comprehensive or historical discussion of women＇s input into audiovisual arts of Central and East European Countries, but to emphasise complexity and demonstrate dynamics of their artistic creativity in Poland particularly. In her analysis, Radkiewicz considers four different research approaches： historical, theoretical （which refers to film and media studies）, artistic, and identity related ones. From this perspective, she investigates filmmakers＇ and artists＇ strategies of using the cinematic field, film conventions, and means of representations, which are the foundation of their narrative expression.

Constructing Women＇s Humanity from Feminist Standpoints

This article analyzes the philosophic significance of women＇s academic works in three major schools of feminist political theories. The author first argues that the universal masculine political subjects are faced with unavoidable dilemmas in social life, which can only be solved by restoring the philosophic ontology of women＇s humanity. This paper uncovers intellectual values of love, care, and harmonious relationships from liberal feminist theories, prioritizes radical feminists＇ postulation that female sexuality plays complicated roles in struggles against patriarchal rule and explores socialist feminists＇ propositions about women＇s productive and reproductive labor as a part of the economic foundations of society. The author concludes that women＇s work is essential for constructing the concrete epistemology and humanity in any philosophic work, because classical philosophers＇ denial of women＇s life experiences has violated their own epistemological standpoints for isolating knowledge from social practices.

Bangsamoro Women＇s Participation on Political Processes in Lanao Del Sur

This study attempts to examine the conceptual and political bases of Bangsamoro women＇s participation on politics in terms of electoral, policy-making, and peace processes in Lanao del Sur. The descriptive correlation method was used, which utilized a survey questionnaire as the primary source in acquiring the data. The findings showed that the majority of the respondents were young, most of them were married and had finished elementary degree. It was observed that their participation in electoral, policy-making, and peace processes was high but vote buying, political ideology, and corruption were considered to be their problems. Despite cultural barriers, a clear understanding of their role as Muslim woman can increase their participation. Hence, total reform in the government as well as the Barangay should be done including their participation for the training programs on leadership, accountability and transparency, human and political rights awareness as well as the Shariah Law and the Philippine Constitution. Political party system that has a strong alliance to other political parties shall also be established in order to assure their participation. Linkages to other civil society like class-based organizations, occupation-based associations, and interest-based societies shall be tapped by the leaders of Bangsamoro women.

The Analysis on Chinese Women＇s Olympic Gold Medal Special Features and Influence Factors

This paper mainly by using the method of literature, mathematical statistics, the Beijing Olympic gold medal to our country distribution of statistical analysis, aiming at improving the Chinese competitive sports scores, strengthening our country provides the reference for the development of the Olympic Games and countermeasures, make our country to create more outstanding achievemenL and soon become physical power.

ADVANCES OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON ACUPUNCTURE AND MOXIBUSTION FOR TREATMENT OF WOMEN'S CLIMACTERIC SYNDROME

To introduce the advances of experimental research on acupuncture and moxibustion for treatment of Women＇s Climacteric Syndrome.The recent years experimental research literature of acupuncture and moxibustion for treatment of Women＇s Climacteric Syndrome were reviewed.The research literatures on acupuncture treatment were major,focusing on the field of acupuncture and moxibustion regulating hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis and nerval-endocritic-immune net.Acupuncture and moxibustion could regulate the endocrine environment of menopausal women.Taking advantage of combination biomedicine with multi-sciences,to improve the acupuncture and moxibustion curative effct and probe the mechanism of menopausal pathology and acupuncture and moxibustion function to Women＇s Climacteric Syndrome,is the research direction afterward.

How Much Are Women Involved in Decision-Making in Family in Iran？

Studying the process of the decision-making in family is a necessity. The main aim of this study is to recognize the factors affecting decision-making in family. This investigation has been performed by using the survey method and 200 people were studied, emphasizing the approaches of Collins, Ingellhart, Weber, and Watt. The present study attempts to probe the role of women in power relationships in family. To analyze the data, the multivariable regression has been used. The result from the multivariable regression statistical analysis of participation in family decision-making equals R2 = .3. It can be concluded that the duration of marriage life, age, and men＇s age of marriage have affected the women＇s family participation. The comparison of regression quotient shows that marriage duration has the most share in dependent variable changes.

The Linguistic Means of Representing Women in the Doukhobor Russian Psalms

This paper analyzes the language employed in the representations of women in Doukhobor Russian ritual texts called ＂ncanMbf＇ （psalms） from the viewpoint of linguistic text analysis performed in the Russian tradition of folklore stylistics. While addressing the representations of Biblical female characters, such as the Holy Virgin Mary Magdalene, the Heavenly Bride, and the Whore of Babylon, along with the portrayals of Doukhobor and other women, the paper identifies stylistic features in their textual descriptions. The study establishes connections between Doukhobor texts and Russian folklore and liturgical tradition. The paper strives to identify the place of Doukhobor psalms as an integral part of the Russian literary and folklore heritage

Examining the relationship between sport and health among USA women:An analysis of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System

Background：Research has been conducted linking sports participation and health in childhood and adolescence;however,little is known about the contribution of sport to women＇s health.The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between sport and women＇s health in the USA by analyzing data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System（BRFSS）.Methods：This study was a secondary data analysis of the 2013 national BRFSS survey.Unlike the BRFSS core component from previous years,in2013,participants were questioned extensively about their physical activity behaviors.Seventy-six different activities were identifie by the participants.Two researchers categorized the 76 activities as sport,conditioning exercise,recreation,or household tasks based on previously identifie categories.Logistic regression was utilized to calculate odds ratios and adjusted odds ratios for chronic diseases based on physical activity category.Results：Women who participated in sport had better health outcomes with significant y lower odds for all chronic diseases except asthma and better general health than women who participated in conditioning exercise,household tasks,or recreation,and many of the significan differences remained after controlling for demographic characteristics.Conclusion：Sport participation was associated with more positive health outcomes among women in the USA compared with the other categories.As a means to improve health of women,the USA could focus on efforts to increase sport participation among women.

SPECIAL ISSUE： SOCIAL CHANGE AND CHINESE WOMEN A Semiotic Analysis of Female Images in Chinese Women＇s Magazines

This study conducts a semiotic analysis of five stories about contemporary Chinese women presented in four women＇s magazines, namely Women of China, Family, Girlfriend and Trends Cosmopolitan, and identifies three images of women： iron girl, understanding wife and stylish woman. A closer examination of these three images will reveal that they actually contain prejudicial social myths of women held by traditional patriarchal society and that they play an important role in encouraging women to practice the consumerist ideology constructed by the patriarchal system.

Achievements and Challenges： A Review of Chinese Literature on Gender and Women＇s Studies from 2001 to 2008

This article explores Women＇s Studies through a review Database in the period 2001-2008, recent Chinese research on Gender and of the China Academic Journals Full-Text summarizing, classifying and evaluating the main areas of focus with which Chinese scholars have been concerned. The first part is concerned with Gender and Women＇s Studies of a distinctively Chinese character. Current Chinese social structure contains the binary framework： rural and urban. P, ural women＇s situations are being greatly changed since male laborers went in large numbers to work in the cities and have caused great concern among scholars. To build a ＂Harmomous Society,＂ more attention has been paid to the study of gender and ethnic equality. Scholars have analyzed and discussed the remaining gender and ethnic inequalities existent in the actual society. The second part is women＇s lives in literary history, which were usually darkened by textual silence, despite China＇s rich ancient literature. To reinterpret Chinese traditional literature, discovering women＇s history and listening to women＇s voices has also become a major undertaking. The third part of the article summarizes the Chinese scholars＇ dilemma. On one hand, scholars have benefited from the rise of Western feminist theories; on the other hand, they are also disturbed that China＇s Women＇s Studies have been marginalized by such a strong Western feminist discourse. Chinese scholars have been trying to develop indigenous knowledge and to create a theoretical system with its focus on Chinese women, thereby breaking through the stereotype of the West versus the East or the center versus the periphery, and to communicate equally with Western scholars.

Transforming Sylvia Plath through Contemporary Chinese Women＇s Poetry

The introduction and translation of Sylvia Plath＇s （1932-63） poetry into Chinese in the 198os had a significant impact on women＇s poetry in contemporary China, particularly the work of Zhai Yongming （b. 1955） and Lu Yimin （b. 1962）. Expanding on Lawrence Venuti＇s theory of translation and intertextuality, this article explores the relationship between Chinese translations of Plath and the poetry of Zhai and Lu. It examines four sets of Plath translations and the accompanying paratextual commentaries, demonstrating how Plath＇s Chinese translators inscribe their individual interpretations onto their translations. It shows how these texts are integral in shaping the early poetic output of Zhai and Lu, who further recontextualize Plath through their own poetry, revealing how Plath has been understood, evaluated, and transformed in contemporary China. Ultimately, this process results in a bold new gendered poetics that marks a turning point in Chinese women＇s writing.

Women Bodies at Trial by Ordeal since Christianity to Trier Movies

In his Antichrist and Nymphomaniac, Lars von Trier seems to defy norms on sex and women＇s desires. However he actually reproduces Christianity＇s perspective that women are sinful by their dispositions. According to the classical creation story, Eve falls into temptation and then, convinces Adam to commit the same crime. All Abrahamic religions but especially Christianity identifies women with the body and bodily desires, rather than the mind which comes from nonmaterial and divine substance. Accordingly, women can easily be deceived by Satan since they contain a lesser amount of mental substance compared to men. In Antichrist, Trier reiterates the story of Adam and Eve in a different context. The woman writes her dissertation on women who are burnt with the accusation of being a witch. But she realizes that her body is sinful and deserving of punishment, too. She finds her salvation when she cuts her clitoris. In Nymphomaniac, the main character gets her clitoris whipped. While she resists traditional and bourgeois morality, she defines herself as morally evil because of her unmanageable sexual desires. Thus, reputed as critical of all social structures and morality, Trier in fact simply rehashes the classical sexist and misogynist perspective.

The Ethics of Touch in Women Travellers＇ First Encounters With Foreign Ethnicities

This paper compares 18th and 19th century travelogues written by women and men travelling the cultural contact zones of the empire, as well as fictional recreations of such first encounters. A juxtaposition of the writers＇ reaction to the dynamics of gazing and the ethics of touch yields surprising results. Many women travellers have no problem to acknowledge the reciprocity of the gaze, accepting, as a matter of course, that the objects of their ethnological interest will gaze at them in return. In comparison, male travellers often exhibit unease at becoming an object of appraisal and observation. Even more interestingly, male travellers often shy away from haptic contact with members of the indigenous population, whereas many （though not all） women are more tolerant of touch and proximity. Regarded as ＂unwomanly＂ by their contemporaries, they carved out for themselves roles which allowed for a more intimate interaction with foreign ethnicities; also, they wrote in different genres--private memoirs instead of official reports. But even in their （semi） fictional writings male authors seem to imagine inter-cultural encounters in different terms from women and tend not let their protagonists enter into close bodily contact with the indigenous population.