在2010年美国、瑞典、以色列、希腊、荷兰、瑞士、澳大利亚等国的一些专家共同提出的关于MDR（multidrug resistant）、XDR（extensively drug resistant）、PDR （pandrug resistant）术语国际标准化建议（草案）的基础（见本刊2011年1...在2010年美国、瑞典、以色列、希腊、荷兰、瑞士、澳大利亚等国的一些专家共同提出的关于MDR（multidrug resistant）、XDR（extensively drug resistant）、PDR （pandrug resistant）术语国际标准化建议（草案）的基础（见本刊2011年10卷3期238-240页）上, Magiorakos等专家于2012年在〈Clinical Microbiology and Infection〉杂志上正式发表了MDR、XDR、PDR耐药菌暂行标准定义.与2010版相比,增加或删除了一些耐药菌判断的代表性抗菌药物,修改了部分肠杆菌科细菌中的固有耐药菌.现将主要部分摘译如下.展开更多
Background: Extensively drug resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) is a serious problem in public health and XDR-TB patients usually develop from multi-drug resistance tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and pre-XDR-TB. The rapid molecul...Background: Extensively drug resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) is a serious problem in public health and XDR-TB patients usually develop from multi-drug resistance tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and pre-XDR-TB. The rapid molecular test for drug susceptibility testing (DST) can be used for early detection to prevent XDR-TB. Methods: We examined 34 clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) isolates from MDR/XDR-TB patients in the upper north of Thailand that were identified with drug susceptibility profiles by indirect agar proportion method from 2005-2012. Our study investigated the genetic mutations in gyrA for ofloxacin resistance and rrs for kanamycin resistance. The genetic mutations and drug susceptibility test results were analyzed using the exact test. Results: The majority of the ofloxacin resistance was detected in gyrA 21, gyrA 70, gyrA 87, gyrA 102, gyrA 162, and gyrA 187 were at 0%, 12.5%, 37.5%, 0%, 50.0% and 25.0% sensitivity, respectively, and at 96.2, 96.2%, 20.1%, 96.2%, 57.7% and 61.5% specificity, respectively. Kanamycin resistance was found in rrs 512, rrs 241, rrs 223, rrs 414 and rrs 408 at 16.7%, 0%, 0%, 16.7% and 16.7% sensitivity, respectively, and at 96.4%, 92.9%, 82.1%, 82.1% and 71.4% specificity, respectively. This study found no significant correlation between gyrA mutations and ofloxacin resistance and also no correlation between the rrs gene and kanamycin resistance. Conclusion: These primer sequences and PCR products in our study such as gyrA and rrs might be unsuitable to detect ofloxacin and kanamycin resistance in the upper north of Thailand.展开更多
互联网电视(over the top,OTT)视频业务逐渐成为最流行的在线业务之一,然而网络视频往往由于网络质量差、服务平台过载等原因,出现播放失败、卡顿次数增加、缓冲时间过长等质量问题,导致用户感知质量(quality of experience,QoE)下降.因...互联网电视(over the top,OTT)视频业务逐渐成为最流行的在线业务之一,然而网络视频往往由于网络质量差、服务平台过载等原因,出现播放失败、卡顿次数增加、缓冲时间过长等质量问题,导致用户感知质量(quality of experience,QoE)下降.因此,运营商需要精确评估和掌握用户在使用网络视频业务过程中的质量体验,以便提前发现质量问题,进一步开展网络和业务优化工作.为了解决该问题,提出一种基于用户呼叫/事务/会话记录数据(extend data record,XDR)的无参考网络视频质量评估方法.该方法从大量XDR数据中提取出与视频质量相关性高的少量信息,将大规模、低价值的XDR话单数据转化为高价值、小规模的视频质量特征信息,有利于后续人工智能算法的应用和视频业务质量评价,降低进一步数据挖掘的资源成本,提升机器学习的输入样本质量和QoE评价结果的准确性.实验表明:使用该方法提取后的数据进行QoE预测,得到的预测结果在准确性方面明显优于目前基于原始XDR数据的QoE机器学习评估方法.展开更多
Background & Objectives: Emergence of drug resistant Tuberculosis (TB) is a major obstacle in the TB control programme of Bangladesh. This study was carried out to detect pre-extensively drug resistant TB (pre-XDR...Background & Objectives: Emergence of drug resistant Tuberculosis (TB) is a major obstacle in the TB control programme of Bangladesh. This study was carried out to detect pre-extensively drug resistant TB (pre-XDR-TB) cases among the multidrug resistant TB (MDR-TB) patients in Bangladesh, as the early detection of pre-XDR-TB can guide clinicians in the appropriate modification of MDR-TB treatment regimen with effective drugs to prevent treatment failure. Methodology: A total of 68 MDR-TB cases were enrolled in this study. Multiplex Real-time PCR was done to detect pre-XDR-TB cases directly from sputum samples of MDR-TB patients. Results: Out of 68 MDR-TB cases 11 (16.18%) cases were detected as pre-XDR-TB. The resistant profile of the 11 pre-XDR-TB revealed 9 (81.82%) cases of fluoroquinolone (FLQ) resistant pre-XDR-TB and 2 (18.18%) cases of injectable second line (ISL) agent resistant pre-XDR-TB. Out of 11 pre-XDR-TB cases 7 (63.64%) cases had history of taking treatment for MDR-TB regularly, 1 (9.09%) case had history of taking treatment for MDR-TB irregularly and 3 (27.27%) cases had no history of taking treatment for MDR-TB. Conclusion: This study encountered a high rate of pre-XDR-TB cases along with a significant number of primarily resistant bacilli which is of concern in the management of MDR-TB. It is evident that Bangladesh is in urgent need to device strategies for rapid and early detection of pre-XDR-TB in order to prevent treatment failure of MDR-TB cases and also to halt the progression of MDR-TB cases to extensively drug resistant TB (XDR-TB), which is not only difficult but also very expensive to treat.展开更多
文摘在2010年美国、瑞典、以色列、希腊、荷兰、瑞士、澳大利亚等国的一些专家共同提出的关于MDR（multidrug resistant）、XDR（extensively drug resistant）、PDR （pandrug resistant）术语国际标准化建议（草案）的基础（见本刊2011年10卷3期238-240页）上, Magiorakos等专家于2012年在〈Clinical Microbiology and Infection〉杂志上正式发表了MDR、XDR、PDR耐药菌暂行标准定义.与2010版相比,增加或删除了一些耐药菌判断的代表性抗菌药物,修改了部分肠杆菌科细菌中的固有耐药菌.现将主要部分摘译如下.
文摘Background: Extensively drug resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) is a serious problem in public health and XDR-TB patients usually develop from multi-drug resistance tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and pre-XDR-TB. The rapid molecular test for drug susceptibility testing (DST) can be used for early detection to prevent XDR-TB. Methods: We examined 34 clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) isolates from MDR/XDR-TB patients in the upper north of Thailand that were identified with drug susceptibility profiles by indirect agar proportion method from 2005-2012. Our study investigated the genetic mutations in gyrA for ofloxacin resistance and rrs for kanamycin resistance. The genetic mutations and drug susceptibility test results were analyzed using the exact test. Results: The majority of the ofloxacin resistance was detected in gyrA 21, gyrA 70, gyrA 87, gyrA 102, gyrA 162, and gyrA 187 were at 0%, 12.5%, 37.5%, 0%, 50.0% and 25.0% sensitivity, respectively, and at 96.2, 96.2%, 20.1%, 96.2%, 57.7% and 61.5% specificity, respectively. Kanamycin resistance was found in rrs 512, rrs 241, rrs 223, rrs 414 and rrs 408 at 16.7%, 0%, 0%, 16.7% and 16.7% sensitivity, respectively, and at 96.4%, 92.9%, 82.1%, 82.1% and 71.4% specificity, respectively. This study found no significant correlation between gyrA mutations and ofloxacin resistance and also no correlation between the rrs gene and kanamycin resistance. Conclusion: These primer sequences and PCR products in our study such as gyrA and rrs might be unsuitable to detect ofloxacin and kanamycin resistance in the upper north of Thailand.
文摘互联网电视(over the top,OTT)视频业务逐渐成为最流行的在线业务之一,然而网络视频往往由于网络质量差、服务平台过载等原因,出现播放失败、卡顿次数增加、缓冲时间过长等质量问题,导致用户感知质量(quality of experience,QoE)下降.因此,运营商需要精确评估和掌握用户在使用网络视频业务过程中的质量体验,以便提前发现质量问题,进一步开展网络和业务优化工作.为了解决该问题,提出一种基于用户呼叫/事务/会话记录数据(extend data record,XDR)的无参考网络视频质量评估方法.该方法从大量XDR数据中提取出与视频质量相关性高的少量信息,将大规模、低价值的XDR话单数据转化为高价值、小规模的视频质量特征信息,有利于后续人工智能算法的应用和视频业务质量评价,降低进一步数据挖掘的资源成本,提升机器学习的输入样本质量和QoE评价结果的准确性.实验表明:使用该方法提取后的数据进行QoE预测,得到的预测结果在准确性方面明显优于目前基于原始XDR数据的QoE机器学习评估方法.
文摘Background & Objectives: Emergence of drug resistant Tuberculosis (TB) is a major obstacle in the TB control programme of Bangladesh. This study was carried out to detect pre-extensively drug resistant TB (pre-XDR-TB) cases among the multidrug resistant TB (MDR-TB) patients in Bangladesh, as the early detection of pre-XDR-TB can guide clinicians in the appropriate modification of MDR-TB treatment regimen with effective drugs to prevent treatment failure. Methodology: A total of 68 MDR-TB cases were enrolled in this study. Multiplex Real-time PCR was done to detect pre-XDR-TB cases directly from sputum samples of MDR-TB patients. Results: Out of 68 MDR-TB cases 11 (16.18%) cases were detected as pre-XDR-TB. The resistant profile of the 11 pre-XDR-TB revealed 9 (81.82%) cases of fluoroquinolone (FLQ) resistant pre-XDR-TB and 2 (18.18%) cases of injectable second line (ISL) agent resistant pre-XDR-TB. Out of 11 pre-XDR-TB cases 7 (63.64%) cases had history of taking treatment for MDR-TB regularly, 1 (9.09%) case had history of taking treatment for MDR-TB irregularly and 3 (27.27%) cases had no history of taking treatment for MDR-TB. Conclusion: This study encountered a high rate of pre-XDR-TB cases along with a significant number of primarily resistant bacilli which is of concern in the management of MDR-TB. It is evident that Bangladesh is in urgent need to device strategies for rapid and early detection of pre-XDR-TB in order to prevent treatment failure of MDR-TB cases and also to halt the progression of MDR-TB cases to extensively drug resistant TB (XDR-TB), which is not only difficult but also very expensive to treat.
