Study of Quality Standards of Xiao’er Qingre Enema Preparation in Hospitals

Objective:To establish the quality standards for the preparation of Xiao’er Qingre enema in hospitals.Method:Thin-layer chromatography(TLC)was used to identify Radix Isatidis and Glycyrrhizae in the prescription.The content of(R,S)-Goitrin was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).Results:In TLC identification,there was no interference between the negative controls of Radix Isatidis and glycyrrhizae,and the spots were well-separated.The HPLC results of(R,S)-Goitrin showed a good linear relationship between the peak area and concentration within the range of 0.476-95.2μg·mL-1(r=0.9999).Conclusion:The TLC and HPLC methods established in this experiment are simple,reproducible,and specific,making them suitable for the quality control Xiao’er Qingre enema preparation in hospitals.

Characteristics of Xiao Chai Hu decoction based on randomized controlled trials: A bibliometric analysis

Objective:To explore the characteristics of Xiao Chai Hu(XCH)decoction in randomized controlled trials(RCTs)using a bibliometric method.Methods:Seven databases including PubMed,Web of Science,Embase,Cochrane library,China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),Chinese Scientific Journal Database(VIP)and Wanfang database were retrieved from inception to May 27,2022.In the study,XCH decoction(or modified)used alone or combined with conventional Western medicine as an intervention measure was included.The basic characteristics,funding support,relevant diseases,intervention methods,and adverse events(AEs)were analyzed.Data analysis was performed using SPSS 26.0 software.Results:A total of 813 RCTs were included,published from 1989 to 2022.There was only one Englishlanguage literature with the recent impact factor of 5.374.There were 147 studies were from Chineselanguage core journals,with the highest impact factor of 2.414.Only 6.15%of the literatures mentioned funding support.96.31%of the included literature reported the statistical significance of using XCH decoction.The diseases treated mainly included chronic hepatitis B(9.35%),cough variant asthma(5.66%),dizziness(5.54%),bile reflux gastritis(4.43%),and fever(4.18%).However,the overall research design of the included literature was poor,and large sample size,multicenter RCTs are needed.The incidence of AEs of XCH decoction alone was 8.86%,which was significantly lower than that of conventional Western medicine treatment.The combination of XCH decoction and conventional Western medicine treatment could reduce the incidence of AEs,and no serious adverse event was reported.Conclusion:Although the included studies show that XCH decoction is widely used,and has good efficacy and few AEs.Due to the low quality of the included RCTs,there may be some bias,and its rational use based on the specific conditions is recommended in clinical practice.

浅析Xiao-Massey定理的意义和作用

分别征服相关攻击是一类重要的序列密码分析方法,是设计序列密码时必须要防御的分析方法之一。抵抗分别征服相关攻击常用的防御策略是使得序列密码中所采用的密码函数具有一定的相关免疫阶,将这类密码函数称为相关免疫函数。相关免疫布尔函数的沃尔什频谱特征刻画是构造和分析这类函数的理论基础,最早由肖国镇(G.Z.Xiao)教授和梅西(J.L.Massey)教授提出,国际上称之为Xiao-Massey定理。Xiao-Massey定理的提出为序列密码研究开辟了一个新的研究方向。主要回顾了Xiao-Massey定理,简述了Xiao-Massey定理的意义,阐释了Xiao-Massey定理的作用。

Xiao-Massey定理:历史背景、学术影响和原创性

1985年,肖国镇在第23届ISIT国际会议上提出非线性组合函数的“线性统计独立”的概念,用频谱方法刻画了线性统计独立函数的特征.线性统计独立与同一时期Siegenthaler提出的“相关免疫”是同一概念. 1988年,肖国镇和Massey以“A spectral characterization of correlation-immune combining functions”为题把这一结论发表在IEEE Transactions on Information Theory上,后人称之为“XiaoMassey定理”. Xiao-Massey定理的提出是流密码发展史上的重要事件,对流密码的设计和分析具有重要指导意义.本文阐述了Xiao-Massey定理的历史背景、学术影响和原创性.同时指出, Golomb在1959年定义的“不变量”本质上是刻画了特定群不变关系下所划分的等价类中布尔函数的频谱共同特征,它和相关免疫是两个不同的概念,更没有刻画出相关免疫函数的频谱特征.

Symbiosis of Marshes and Permafrost in Da and Xiao Hinggan Mountains in Northeastern China

Recently, the degradation of permafrost and marsh environments in the Da and Xiao Hinggan Mountains has become a great concern as more human activities and pronounced climate warming were observed during the past 30 years and projected for the near future. The distr/bution patterns and development mechanisms of the permafrost and marshes have been examined both in theories and in field observations, in order to better understand the symbiosis of permafrost and marshes. The permafrost and marshes in the Da and Xiao Hinggan Mountains display discernible zonations in latitude and elevation. The marsh vegetation canopy, litter and peat soil have good thermal insulation properties for the underlying permafrost, resulting in a thermal offset of 3 ℃ to 4℃ and subsequently suppressing soil temperature. In addition, the much higher thermal conductivity of frozen and ice-rich peat in the active layer is conducive to the development or in favor of the protection of permafrost due to the semi-conductor properties of the soils overlying the permafrost. On the other hand, because permafrost is almost impervious, the osmosis of water in marsh soils can be effectively reduced, timely providing water supplies for helophytes growth or germination in spring. In the Da and Xiao Hinggan Mountains, the permafrost degradation has been accelerating due to the marked climate warming, ever increasing human activities, and the resultant eco-environmental changes. Since the permafrost and marsh environments are symbiotic and interdependent, they need to be managed or protected in a well-coordinated and integrated way.

Characterization of Water Quality in Xiao Xingkai Lake:Implications for Trophic Status and Management

Increasing cases of lake eutrophication globally have raised concerns among stakeholders,and particularly in China.Evaluating the causes of eutrophication in waterways is essential for effective pollution prevention and control.Xiao Xingkai Lake is part of and connected to Xingkai(Khanka)Lake,a boundary lake between China and Russia.In this study,we investigated the spatio-temporal variabilities in water quality(i.e.,dissolved oxygen(DO),total nitrogen(TN),total phosphorus(TP),chemical oxygen demand(CODMn)and ammonium-nitrogen(NH4+-N))in Xiao Xingkai Lake,from 2012 to 2014,after which a Trophic Level Index was used to evaluate trophic status,in addition to the factors influencing water quality variation in the lake.The DO,TN,TP,CODMn and NH4+-N concentrations were 0.44-15.57,0.16-5.11,0.01-0.45,0.16-48.31,and 0.19-0.78 mg/L,respectively.Compared to the Environmental Quality Standards for surface water(GB 3838-2002)in China,the lake transitioned to an oligotrophic status in 2013 and 2014 from a mesotrophic status in 2012,TN and TP concentrations were the key factors influencing water quality of Xiao Xingkai Lake.Non-para-metric test results showed that sampling time and sites had significant effects on water quality.Water quality was worse in summer and in tourism and aquaculture areas,followed by agricultural drainage areas.Furthermore,lake water trophic status fluctuated between medium eutrophic and light eutrophic status from September 2012 to September 2014,and was negatively correlated with water level.Water quality in tourism and aquaculture sites were medium eutrophic,while in agricultural areas were light eutrophic.According to the results,high water-level fluctuations and anthropogenic activities were the key factor driving variability in physicochemical parameters associated with water quality in Xiao Xingkai Lake.

ECOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION OF SOIL ANIMALS IN BROAD-LEAVED PINE FORESTS IN SOUTHERN SLOPE OF XIAO HINGGAN MOUNTAINS

This paper studied the soil animals of four type forests of broad leaved pine forests in the southern slope of the Xiao Hinggan Mountains. The samples were extracted from four forest types in every first week of June, August, October, and every forest type was chosen out three plots. Since there are different soil animals in different depths, every plot was divided into four partitions with the same vertical distance: litter, 0－ 10 cm, 10－ 20 cm, 20－ 30 cm. Using hand sorting out large soil animals, Tullgren method (to middle and small soil animals) and Baermann method (to moist soil animals) to collect soil animals. Among the four type forests, insecta has the largest amount of groups of 54. Oribatida has the most number of individual, which is 1547, occupying 21.73 percent of total collectings. There are 81 groups of soil animals, totalling 7118 belonging to 8 Class 24 Order 57 Family, in which there are 54 groups of big sized soil animals totalling 2370, 41 groups of middle and small sized soil animals totalling 4808. Among all the soil animals,their dominant group is 3 ones, usual growp is 14 ones, and rare group is 64 ones. The results show that among the four type forests, the groups of soil animal in Tilia pine forest are much more than the others, with the highest variety index, and the individual number of the soil animals is also very large. The numbers of group and individual in Picea Abies Pine forest are both small.Among the four forest types, the soil animals in Tilia pine forest are most similar to Betula costata pine forest. There is so little similarity between the soil animals in Picea Abies pine forest and in the other three forest types.

CIS-Based Mapping and Zonation of Landslide Hazards in Xiaojiang Valley of Southwestern China

Through the field survey, previous researches and interpretation of aerial photos, a landslide information database of Xiaojiang Valley, Yunnan Province was set up based on the remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) technologies. In the paper, a quantitative model for the landslide hazard assessment and zoning was presented, in which the potential energy could be obtained on basis of thorough analysis of the potential sliding volume, distance and direction of the landslide body. Taking landslide potential energy as the index of the hazard severity zonation, the study area was divided into severe, heavy, medium and light hazard zones.

Response of Xiao Dongkemadi Glacier in the central Tibetan Plateau to the current climate change and future scenarios by 2050

The Tibetan Plateau （TP） holds ten thousands of alpine glaciers in mid-latitude. They have shrunk with an accelerating retreat rate recently. We applied a distributed temperature-index massbalance model developed by Regine Hock, and coupled with a volume-area scaling method to Xiao Dongkemadi Glacier （XDG） in the central TP, to assess its response to climate change. The result shows the simulated mass balance is in a good agreement with observations （R2=0.75, p〈0.001） during the period of 1989-2012. The simulated mean annual mass balance （-213 mm w.e.） is close to the observation （-233 mm w.e.）, indicating the model can be used to estimate the glacier variation in the future. Then the model was forced under the climate scenarios by the output of RegCM4 RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 from 2013 to 2050. The simulated terminus elevation of the glacier will rise from 5454 m a.s.1, in 2o13 to 5533 m a.s.1. （RCP4.5） and 5543 m a.s.1. （RCP8.5） in 2050. XDG will lose its volume with an increasing rate of 600-700 m3 a-1 during the period of 1989-2o5o, indicating the melting water will enhance the river runoff. But for the long term, the contribution to the river runoff will decrease for the shrinkage of glacier scale.

Dan Bai Xiao Formula combined with glucocorticoids and cyclophosphamide for pediatric lupus nephritis:A pilot prospective study

BACKGROUND Patients with lupus nephritis(LN)typically undergo long-term treatment with glucocorticoids(GCs)and immunosuppressants.There is a growing demand for optimal therapy with better remission results and fewer side effects.Sustained traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)might be quite valuable for multitarget therapy,reducing the total dosage of GCs and minimizing the side effects of immunosuppressants.AIM To evaluate whether Dan Bai Xiao Formula(DBXF)can reduce the exposure to GCs and cyclophosphamide(CYC)and to assess the efficacy and safety of DBXF for the resolution of proteinuria and hematuria in children with LN.METHODS A 24-wk pilot study was conducted at Beijing Children’s Hospital.Children with active LN were divided into either a TCM group or a control group.Children in the TCM group received DBXF combined with GCs and CYC,and the ones in the control group received GCs and CYC every 4 wk for 24 wk.The primary endpoints of this trial were urinary protein excretion of<150 mg/d and normal serum albumin concentration and renal function.RESULTS The trial included 78 children,of whom 38 received GCs and CYC treatment(control group)and the remaining 40 received DBXF combined with GCs and CYC treatment(TCM group).At week 24,the TCM group showed a better rate of complete remission(42.5%);however,there was no significant difference compared with the control group(31.5%,P>0.05).The urine red blood cell count and urine protein level were significantly lower in the TCM group than in the control group at weeks 4,12,and 24(P<0.05).Furthermore,patients in the TCM group had a lower proportion of methylprednisolone pulses than those in the control group(1.30±1.41 vs 3.05±2.02,P<0.0001).The ending GC dose was significantly lower in the TCM group than in the control group(P<0.001).Moreover,more hepatic function damage,gastrointestinal adverse effects,and hypertension were observed in the control group than in the TCM group(P<0.05).CONCLUSION The findings suggest that DBXF treatment is effective and safe as a supplementary therapy for LN and is superior to routine GC and CYC therapy.DBXF containing combination treatment possibly results in a faster resolution of proteinuria and hematuria,smoother GC reduction,fewer methylprednisolone pulses,and fewer adverse events.

Application of Xiao’er Kechuanling Oral Liquid Combined with Tulobuterol Patch in Children with Bronchiolitis

[Objectives]To explore the use of Xiao’er Kechuanling Oral Liquid combined with Tulobuterol Patch on the basis of comprehensive treatment,compare it with the combined aerosol inhalation of terbutaline,ipratropium bromide and budesonide which are commonly used in clinic,and observe the curative effect in the treatment of acute bronchiolitis and the effect on serum IL-4 and IL-8.[Methods]80 children with acute bronchiolitis were randomly divided into observation group(n=40)and control group(n=40),and both groups were given routine comprehensive treatment.The observation group was treated with Xiao’er Kechuanling Oral Liquid combined with Tulobuterol Patch and budesonide,while the control group was treated with combined aerosol inhalation of terbutaline,ipratropium bromide and budesonide.The curative effect of the two groups was observed;the remission duration of cough,wheezing,dyspnea and nocturnal wheezing,and the disappearance time of wheezing rales and moist rales were observed in the two groups;the treatment course of intravenous infusion of methylprednisolone sodium succinate,oxygen inhalation time,sputum suction times and hospitalization time were observed in the two groups;the changes of serum IL-4 and IL-8 were observed before and after treatment in the two groups;the adverse drug reactions were observed.[Results](i)The total effective rate of the two groups was 100%(P>0.05),but the cure rate of the observation group(72.5%)was significantly higher than that of the control group(42.5%)(P<0.01).(ii)The disappearance time of cough,wheezing rales and moist rales and hospitalization time in the observation group were significantly shorter than those in the control group(P<0.01),the remission duration of nocturnal wheezing in the observation group was shorter than that in the control group(P<0.05),and the remission duration of wheezing and dyspnea in the control group was slightly longer than that in the control group(P>0.05).(iii)There was no significant difference(P>0.05)in serum IL-4 and serum IL-8 between the two groups before and after treatment.After treatment,the levels of serum IL-4 and IL-8 in the observation group and the control group were significantly lower than those before treatment in the observation group and the control group.[Conclusions]On the basis of comprehensive treatment,the use of Xiao’er Kechuanling Oral Liquid combined with Tulobuterol Patch in the treatment of acute bronchiolitis could reduce the effect of nocturnal wheezing on sleep,reduce the levels of serum IL-4 and IL-8,and significantly improve adverse symptoms.

Xiao-Xu-Ming decoction extract regulates differentially expressed proteins in the hippocampus after chronic cerebral hypoperfusion

Xiao-Xu-Ming decoction has been widely used to treat stroke and sequelae of stroke. We have previously shown that the active fractions of Xiao-Xu-Ming decoction attenuate cerebral ischemic injury. However, the global protein profile and signaling conduction pathways regulated by Xiao-Xu-Ming decoction are still unclear. This study established a two-vessel occlusion rat model by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion. Rats were intragastrically administered 50 or 150 mg/kg Xiao-Xu-Ming decoction for 4 consecutive weeks. Learning and memory abilities were measured with Morris water maze. Motor ability was detected with prehensile test. Coordination ability was examined using the inclined screen test. Neuronal plasticity was observed by immunofluorescent staining. Differentially expressed proteins of rat hippocampus were analyzed by label-free quantitative proteomics. Real time-polymerase chain reaction and western blot assay were used to identify the changes in proteins. Results showed that Xiao-Xu-Ming decoction dramatically alleviated learning and memory deficits, and motor and coordination dysfunction, and increased the expression of microtubule-associated protein 2. Xiao-Xu-Ming decoction extract remarkably decreased 13 upregulated proteins and increased 39 downregulated proteins. The regulated proteins were mainly involved in oxidation reduction process, intracellular signaling cascade process, and protein catabolic process. The signaling pathways were mainly involved in ubiquitin mediated proteolysis and the phosphatidylinositol signaling system. Furthermore, there was an interaction among Rab2 a, Ptpn1, Ppm1 e, Cdk18, Gorasp2, Eps15, Capza2, Syngap1 and Mt-nd1. Protein analyses confirmed the changes in expression of MTND1. The current findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of Xiao-Xu-Ming decoction extract's effects on chronic cerebral hypoperfusion.

A Reception Aesthetic View of Three English Versions of CHUN XIAO

Chun Xiao, a famous Tang poetry, written by Meng Haoran, has been translated by some great translators. In translating poems, what is important is not only the transferring of the intended meaning of the source language into target language, but keeping its literariness, i.e. the style of the original text. Three English versions are selected to make a comparative study from the perspective of reception aesthetics in terms of lexicon, rhyme and syntax.

Research Advance in the Efficacy and Mechanism of Qing Fei Xiao Yan Wan for the Treatment of Respiratory Diseases

Qing Fei Xiao Yan Wan had been incorporated into the existing “Chinese Pharmacopoeia”, protected by patents. The manufacturing process of it was scientific and its compatibility was reasonable. It was also shown by clinical trials that the efficacy is exact. Clinical trials and experiment studies had confirmed the efficacy and some mechanism for the treatment of respiratory diseases, which were summaried in this paper. Combined with the experimental results (published in another paper), the other prospect application was further discussed.

On The Northeast Regional Culture in Xiao Hong’s Novels

As the literary pride from the black land of northeast China,Xiao hong’s works show the unique regional culture of northeast China.With her meticulous brush strokes,she showed us the distinct geographical environment of the four seasons in north China,the strong local flavor and people’s sentiment,as well as the servility and ferocity of the people in the northeast.Xiao hong’s criticism of callous and ignorant servile characters and his praise of the consciousness of resistance and the indomitable life form,prompts us to think about the“national character”of northeast China and makes us feel the tragedy of society,the philosophy of life and the spirit of poets.

Xiao-xu-ming decoction inhibits lipopolysaccharide induced neuroinflammation in mice

OBJECTIVE Xiao-xu-ming decoction(XXMD),a well-known traditional Chinese herbal prescription,has been widely used to treat stroke.It is recorded in″Bei Ji Qian Jin Yao Fang″written by Si-miao Sun of the Chinese ancient Tang Dynasty.In our previous study,the active fraction of XXMD(XXM)against cerebral ischemia has been prepared by modern separation and purification techniques.This study was to investigate XXM against lipopolysaccaride(LPS)-induced neuroinflammation in mice.METHODS LPS is an endotoxin from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria that activates inflammation.XXM was pre-treated in BALB/C mice followed by injected intraperitoneally with LPS(5 mg·kg-1).The effects of XXM on LPS-induced pro-inflammatory factors and proteins were measured by ELISA,Western blot,and immunofluorescence in vivo.RESULTS Mice treated with XXM showed significantly decreased proinflammatory factors level,including IL-1β(P<0.01),IL-6(P<0.01),TNF-α(P<0.05),and MCP-1(P<0.01).Furthermore,XXM also significantly inhibited the inflammatory pathway proteins expression induced by LPS,including TLR4,MyD 88,and COX-2.CONCLUSION XXM possesses anti-neuroinflammation in mice and might be a promising therapeutic agent for stroke.

BRIGHT PROSPECTS FOR CHINA-INDONESIA COOPERATION Exclusive interview with Chinese Ambassador to Indonesia Xiao Qian

Trade and cultural exchange between China and Indonesia can be traced back more than 2,000 years.Since the Song Dynasty(960-1279),friendly ties between the two countries have been well-documented across various realms.Through mutual exchange and mutual learning,Chinese and Indonesian civilizations both thrived and made significant contributions to the prosperity of Asian civilization.

On“Pestilences”in an Ancient Vietnamese Medical Book,Nan Yao Shen Xiao(《南药神效》Miraculous Vietnamese Medicine)

Nan Yao Shen Xiao(《南药神效》Miraculous Vietnamese Medicine)is“an ancient Vietnamese medical book in Chinese language”that is extant in Vietnam and plays an important part in Vietnamese medical development history.In the chapter of“Pestilences,”the characteristics,prevention,and treatment of pestilences were described in detail.By comparing Miraculous Vietnamese Medicine with Chinese medical books including Ben Cao Gang Mu(《本草纲目》Compendium of Materia Medica),it can be seen that the prevention and treatment of pestilences were profoundly influenced by Chinese medical books.The folk-proven prescriptions in Compendium of Materia Medica,Zhou Hou Bei Ji Fang(《肘后备急方》Handbook of Prescriptionsfor Emergency),Bei Ji Qian Jin Yao Fang(《备急千金要方》Important Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold for Emergency),and other Chinese medical books were included directly or after adaptation(slight modification in dosage and usage)in Miraculous Vietnamese Medicine.This form of“foreign acceptance”witnessed the history of medical culture communication between China and Vietnam,expanded the application scope of Chinese medicine in prevention and treatment of pestilences in a foreign land,promoted the overseas spread of folk-proven prescriptions in Chinese medicine to treat pestilences,and played a major part in treatment and prevention of disease in ancient Vietnam.