Sedimentary systems of the Oligocene Huagang Formation in the central anticline zone of the Xihu Depression,East China Sea Shelf Basin

The Xihu Depression is the largest hydrocarbon-bearing depression of the East China Sea Shelf Basin(also referred to as the ECSSB).However,the depositional systems and reservoir distribution of the Oligocene Huagang Formation in the Xihu Depression are still controversial.Under the guidance of sedimentology and stratigraphy,this study documented a marine-terrestrial transitional environment in the restricted bay setting of the Oligocene Huagang Formation through core description,well logging,and seismic data analysis.This study also revealed that the Oligocene Huagang Formation is dominated by tidal delta,estuary,and gravity flow deposits in the central anticline zone of the Xihu Depression.The new understanding of the sedimentary systems and the discovery of the transgressive gap in the eastern Diaoyu Islands uplift explain the origin of fine-grained sediments and the EW-trending sand bodies in the central depression and the sand bodies parallel to shoreline in the west slope belt,which cannot be explained by previous study results,such as southern transgression or fluvial deltas and even lacustrine deposition.Moreover,the tidal channels,tidal sand flats,and gravity flow sand bodies formed by the transgressive tides are high-quality reservoirs.The study will provide a basis for well placement and serve as guidance for the selection of favorable hydrocarbon exploration areas in the Xihu Depression.

Mechanism of carbonate cementation and its influence on reservoir in Pinghu Formation of Xihu Sag

Carbonate cements are the most abundant authigenic mineral and impact on physical properties greatly in sandstone reservoir.In this paper,Pinghu Formation of Xihu Sag was taken as a target.Characteristics,distribution and formation of carbonate cements were investigated via optical microscopy,cathodoluminescence(CL),electron probe and in-situ carbon-oxygen isotope.The results showed that carbonate cements varied in types and shapes.Calcite/dolomite mainly present as poikilotopic cements,while ferrocalcite/ferrodolomite/ankerite generally present as pore-filling cements.Carbon isotope(δ^(13)C)values of carbonate cements were ranging from–7.77‰to–2.67‰,with an average of–4.52‰,while oxygen isotope(δ^(18)O)values were ranging from–18.94‰to–12.04‰,with an average of–14.86‰.Theδ^(13)C/δ^(18)O indicated that the paleo-fluid of carbonate cement was mainly freshwater.Organic carbon mainly came from organic matter within mature source rocks,and inorganic carbon came from dissolution of carbonate debris and early carbonate cements.Distinctiveδ^(13)C/δ^(18)O values manifest that carbonate cements with different types formed in different periods,which make different contributions to the reservoir properties.Calcite/dolomite formed during eodiagenesis(70–90℃)and early mesodiagenesis stage(90–120℃),and were favorable to reservoir owing to their compacted resistance and selective dissolution.Ferrocalcite/ferrodolomite/ankerite formed during middle-late mesodiagenetic stage(above 120℃),and were unfavorable to reservoir due to cementing the residual intergranular pores.Hence,in order to evaluate the reservoir characteristics,it is of significantly important to distinguish different types of carbonate cements and explore their origins.

New interpretation on the provenance changes of the upper Pinghu–lower Huagang Formation within Xihu Depression,East China Sea Shelf Basin

Both Pinghu and Huagang formations are important hydrocarbon reservoirs of the Xihu Depression in the East China Sea Shelf Basin.Clarifying the source suppliers and restoring source-to-sink transport routes are of great significance to the future petroleum and gas undertakings.Previous researchers were largely confined by either limitation of geological records,highly dependence on a singular method or low-precision dating techniques.Our study integrated heavy mineral assemblages,geochemical analyses and detrital zircon U-Pb dating to reconstruct multiple source-to-sink pathways,and to provide a better understanding on the provenance evolution for the upper Pinghu–lower Huagang depositions of the Xihu Depression.At least three major provenances have been confirmed and systematically investigated for their separate compositional features.The Hupijiao Uplift(or even farther northern area)was dominated by a major Paleoproterozoic population peaked at ca.1830 Ma along with minor Mesozoic clusters.The Haijiao Uplift to the west and the Yushan Low Uplift to the southwest,on the other hand,generate opposite U-Pb age spectra with apparently larger peaks of Indosinian and Yanshanian-aged zircons.To be noted,both Indosinian and Paleoproterozoic peaks are almost identical in proportion for the Haijiao Uplift.The overall sedimentary pattern of late Eocene-early Oligocene was featured by both spatial and temporal distinction.The Hupijiao Uplift was likely to cast limited impact during the late Eocene,whereas the broad southern Xihu Depression was transported by a large abundance of materials from the nearby Haijiao and Yushan Low Uplifts.The northern source substantially extended its influence to the farther south during the early Oligocene by delivering plentiful sediments of higher-degree metamorphic parent rocks.Combined with the proximal western and southwestern suppliers,the overall Xihu Depression was under control from both distant and local provenances.

Application of seismic sedimentology in characterization of fluvial-deltaic reservoirs in Xihu sag, East China Sea shelf basin

The fluvial-deltaic reservoirs of the Oligocene Huagang Formation in the Xihu sag of the East China Sea shelf basin reflect rapid lateral change in sedimentary facies and poor morphology of conventional slice attributes,which bring difficulties to the reservoir prediction for subsequent exploration and development of lithologic reservoirs.The traditional seismic sedimentology technology is optimized by applying the characteristic technologies such as frequency-boosting interpretation,inversion-conventional–90°phase shift joint construction of seismic lithologic bodies,nonlinear slices,paleogeomorphology restoration,and multi-attribute fusion,to obtain typical slice attributes,which are conducive to geological form description and sedimentary interpretation.The Huagang Formation developed three types of sedimentary bodies:braided river,meandering river and shallow water delta,and the vertical sedimentary evolution was controlled by the mid-term base-level cycle and paleogeomorphology.In the early–middle stage of the mid-term base-level ascending cycle,braided channel deposits were dominant,and vertical superimposed sand bodies were developed.In the late stage of the ascending half-cycle and the early stage of the descending half-cycle,meandering river deposits were dominant,and isolated sand bodies were developed.In the middle–late stage of the descending half-cycle,shallow-water delta deposits were dominant,and migratory medium–thick sand bodies were developed.Restricted paleogeomorphology controlled the sand body distribution,while non-restricted paleogeomorphology had little effect on the sand body distribution.Based on reservoir characterization,the fault sealing type and reservoir updip pinch-out type structural lithological traps are proposed as the main directions for future exploration and development in the Xihu sag.

Organic Geochemical and Petrographic Characteristics of the Coal Measure Source Rocks of Pinghu Formation in the Xihu Sag of the East China Sea Shelf Basin: Implications for Coal Measure Gas Potential

Coal measure source rocks, located in the Xihu Sag of the East China Sea Shelf Basin, were analyzed to define the hydrocarbon generation potential, organic geochemistry/petrology characteristics, and coal preservation conditions. The Pinghu source rocks in the Xihu Sag are mainly gas-prone accompany with condensate oil generation. The coals and shales of the Pinghu Formation are classified from "fair" to "excellent" source rocks with total organic carbon(TOC) contents ranging from 25.2% to 77.2% and 1.29% to 20.9%, respectively. The coals are richer in TOC and S1+S2 than the shales, indicating that the coals have more generation potential per unit mass. Moreover, the kerogen type of the organic matter consists of types Ⅱ-Ⅲ and Ⅲ, which the maturity Ro ranges from 0.59% to 0.83%. Petrographically, the coals and shales are dominated by vitrinite macerals(69.1%–96.8%) with minor proportions of liptinite(2.5%–17.55%) and inertinite(0.2%–6.2%). The correlation between maceral composition and S1+S2 indicates that the main contributor to the generation potential is vitrinite. Therefore, the coals and shales of the Pinghu Formation has good hydrocarbon generation potential, which provided a good foundation for coal measure gas accumulation. Furthermore, coal facies models indicates that the Pinghu coal was deposited in limno-telmatic environment under high water levels, with low tree density(mainly herbaceous) and with low-moderate nutrient supply. Fluctuating water levels and intermittent flooding during the deposition of peat resulted in the inter-layering of coal, shale and sandstone, which potentially providing favorable preservation conditions for coal measure gas.

Tertiary hydrothermal activity and its effect on reservoir properties in the Xihu Depression, East China Sea

Three large-scale episodes of volcanic activity occurred during the Tertiary in the Xihu Depression, located in the East China Sea. Intermediate-felsic magmas intruded along faults and the associated hydrothermal fluids resulted in the hydrothermal alteration of the clastic country rock. To better describe reservoir characteristics, reservoir samples were subjected to the following investigations: thin section examination, scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectrometer analysis(SEM–EDS), fluid inclusion homogenization temperature tests, vitrinite reflectance measurements, and X-ray di raction. The results of this study provide evidence of the following hydrothermal alteration phenomena: brittle fracturing, clastic particle alteration, precipitation of unique hydrothermal minerals(celestite, zircon, apatite, barite, and cerous phosphate). The presence of abnormally high temperatures is indicated by fluid inclusion analysis, the precipitation of high-temperature authigenic minerals such as quartz, illite alteration, and anomalous vitrinite reflectance. Two aspects related to hydrothermal effects on reservoir properties have been investigated in this study:(1) Deep magmatic hydrothermal fluids carry large amounts of dissolved carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide gas. These fluids percolate into the country rocks along fault zones, resulting in dissolution within the sandstone reservoirs and the development of significant secondary porosity.(2) Magma intrusions increase the temperature of the surrounding rocks and accelerate the thermal evolution of hydrocarbon source rocks. This results in the release of large amounts of organic acids and carbon dioxide, leading the dissolution of the aluminosilicate minerals and volcanic fragments in the reservoirs, and the generation of significant secondary porosity.

Geochemical Characteristics and Sedimentary Control of Pinghu Formation(Eocene)Coal-bearing Source Rocks in Xihu Depression,East China Sea Basin

Coal-bearing source rocks of the Pinghu Formation in the Xihu Depression comprise an important material basis of oil and gas resources in the East China Sea Basin.Based on drilling core observation results combined with the analysis and test results of macerals,trace/rare earth elements,and rock pyrolysis,the geochemical characteristics and sedimentary control of coal-bearing source rocks formation are discussed in a high-frequency sequence framework.The results indicate that the macerals composition of the coal-bearing source rocks of the Eocene Pinghu Formation in the Xihu Depression is dominated by vitrinite,with low-medium abundance of exinite and almost no inertinite.The coals and carbonaceous mudstones display higher amounts of total organic carbon(TOC)(14.90%-65.10%),S1+S2(39.24-136.52 mg/g),and IH(191-310 HC/g TOC)respectively,as compared to the mudstones.Organic matter is plotted in typeⅢkerogens and partially in typeⅡ;it is mainly in the low maturity stage.The trace elements results imply that the samples were deposited in a weakly reducing to weakly oxidizing environment and were occasionally affected by seawater.The coal-bearing source rocks were deposited in a relatively oxygen-containing environment.The coal-bearing source rocks development is jointly controlled by the coal accumulation environment,the water conditions affected by ocean currents in offshore basins in China,oxidation-reduction cycles of aqueous media and paleoclimate evolution in a high-frequency sequence framework.

Factors controlling the development of tight sandstone reservoirs in the Huagang Formation of the central inverted structural belt in Xihu sag, East China Sea Basin

By means of thin section analysis, zircon U-Pb dating, scanning electron microscopy, electron probe, laser micro carbon and oxygen isotope analysis, the lithologic features, diagenetic environment evolution and controlling factors of the tight sandstone reservoirs in the Huagang Formation of Xihu sag, East China Sea Basin were comprehensively studied. The results show that: the sandstones of the Huagang Formation in the central inverted structural belt are poor in physical properties, dominated by feldspathic lithic quartz sandstone, high in quartz content, low in matrix, kaolinite and cement contents, and coarse in clastic grains;the acidic diagenetic environment formed by organic acids and meteoric water is vital for the formation of secondary pores in the reservoirs;and the development and distribution of the higher quality reservoirs in the tight sandstones of the Huagang Formation are controlled by sediment source, sedimentary facies belt, abnormal overpressure and diagenetic environment evolution. Sediment provenance and dominant sedimentary facies led to favorable initial physical properties of the sandstones in the Huagang Formation, which is the prerequisite for development of reservoirs with better quality later. Abnormal high pressure protected the primary pores, thus improving physical properties of the reservoirs in the Huagang Formation. Longitudinally, due to the difference in diagenetic environment evolution, the high-quality reservoirs in the Huagang Formation are concentrated in the sections formed in acidic diagenetic environment. Laterally, the high-quality reservoirs are concentrated in the lower section of the Huagang Formation with abnormal high pressure in the middle-northern part;but concentrated in the upper section of Huagang Formation shallower in burial depth in the middle-southern part.

Evaluation of Petroleum System in Xihu Depression, East China Sea Shelf Basin

According to the theory of petroleum system and the characteristics of petroleum geology, the Xihu depression in the East China Sea shelf basin is divided into four petroleum systems: the Pinghu Formation as source rock and the Huagang Formation as reservoir rock, the Huagang Formation as source rock and reservoir rock, the Paleocene as source rock and the burial-hill as reservoir rock, and the Miocene as source rock and reservoir rock. The system with the Pinghu Formation as source rock and the Huagang Formation as reservoir rock is the most important one in the depression, which has high hydrocarbon generation and accumulation efficiency and is the most important object to hydrocarbon exploration at present.

Defining stratigraphic oil and gas plays by modifying structural plays:A case study from the Xihu Sag,east China Sea Shelf Basin

The study focuses on an area of relatively mature oil and gas exploration located in the western slope of the Xihu Sag,East China Sea Shelf Basin.Three stratigraphic oil and gas plays are introduced to replenish the shrinking prospect inventory in the area.The reservoirs of these plays are traditional pay intervals of the Eocene Pinghu Formation and Baoshi Formation composed of tide-dominated delta front,tidal flat and delta front sand bar facies.By investigating conventional seismic data,seismic inversion volumes,and well log data,multiple tidal-influenced delta front channels,beach sand packages have been mapped out in different reservoir sand intervals of the Pinghu Formation and Baoshi Formation.We recognize four types of stratigraphic terminations:channel flank pinch-outs,axial pinch-outs of sand-fills,channel mouth sand bar pinch-outs,and onlap pinch-outs for the Baoshi Formation.Both the depositional facies and relatively low sand-shale ratio of the reservoir formations favor the occurrence of stratigraphic terminations.The closure mechanism of all these plays are similar to the traditional structure plays in the area:fault blocks or fault-bounded rollover anticlines,except that one or more closing faults are replaced by these stratigraphic terminations.Several small-sized closures should exist but the relatively large ones are centered around a major intra-slope rise,raising the exploration potential in this maturely explored area.The new exploration drilling campaign has so far tested the play of delta front channel facies,with three out of four wells commercially successful.These play concepts open up a novel approach to identify new traps in the study area and many other rift basins with similar settings in eastern China.

Diagenetic fluids evolution of Oligocene Huagang Formation sandstone reservoir in the south of Xihu Sag, the East China Sea Shelf Basin： constraints from petrology, mineralogy,and isotope geochemistry

The Oligocene Huagang Formation is the main sandstone reservoir in the Xihu Sag, situated in the east of the East China Sea Shelf Basin. With an integrated approach of thin-section petrography, ultra-violet fluorescence microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and isotope geochemistry, the different diagenetic features were identified, the typical diagenetic parasequences were established, and the diagenetic fluids evolution history were reconstructed for the Oligocene Huagang Formation sandstone reservoir in the south of Xihu Sag. The Huagang Formation sandstone reservoir is now in Period B of the mesodiagenesis, which has undergone significant diagenetic alterations such as mechanical compaction, Pore-lining chlorite cement, feldspar dissolution, quartz cementation and dissolution, and carbonate cementation. Three types of carbonate cements（early siderite,medium ferrocalcite and late ankerite） were identified in the Huagang Formation sandstone reservoir. The carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of carbonate cements show that the early calcite precipitate from alkaline lacustrine environment whereas the late carbonate cements were closely related to the organic acids. To the Huagang Formation sandstone reservoir, it has experienced two main episodes of dissolution during diagenesis.The early dissolution is that unstable components such as feldspar, lithic fragments, and carbonate cement were dissolved by acidic water. The second dissolution is that quartz and other silicate minerals were dissolved under the alkaline condition. Two main phases of hydrocarbon charging occurred in this study area. The first hydrocarbon emplacement was prior to the medium carbonate cementation but posterior to feldspar dissolution and the onset of quartz cementation at the end of the Miocene. The second hydrocarbon charging occurred in the Quaternary period after the late carbonate precipitation.

Fracture development and hydrocarbon accumulation in tight sandstone reservoirs of the Paleogene Huagang Formation in the central reversal tectonic belt of the Xihu Sag, East China Sea

By using thin section identification, cathodoluminescence, major and trace elements and fluid inclusion tests and authigenic illite dating, based on observation of core cracks, combined with the microscopic characteristics and imaging logging characteristics of fractures, the stages of the fractures in the Huagang Formation of the central reversal tectonic belt of the Xihu Sag in the East China Sea, and the matching relationship between the fracture development stages and the oil and gas charging stages are clarified. There are diagenetic fractures and tectonic fractures in the reservoirs of the Huagang Formation in the study area. The diagenetic fractures developed during the diagenetic stage of the reservoirs and have less effect on oil and gas migration and transport. The tectonic fractures are divided into three stages based on tectonic movements controlling the fractures and their relationships with hydrocarbon charging: The first stage of fractures was generated in the early stage of the Himalayan Movement–Longjing Movement(12–13 Ma ago), when the tectonic stress caused the sutures and shale strips to twist, deform, and break. Tectonic microfractures generated in this period had short extension, narrow width, and poor effectiveness, and had little effect on oil and gas migration and transport. The second stage of fractures came up during the middle-late period of Himalayan Movement–Longjing Movement(9–12 Ma ago), when tectonic movements caused the development of tectonic fractures in the central reversal tectonic belt, these fractures are of large scale, long extension, and good effectiveness, and matched with the first stage of large scale oil and gas charging(9–12 Ma ago), so they play an important role in oil and gas migration, transportation, and accumulation. The third stage of fractures were created from Himalayan Movement–Okinawa Trough movement to the present day(0–3 Ma ago), the fractures are tectonic ones developing successively;matching with the second stage(0–3 Ma ago) of large-scale oil and gas charging, they created conditions for continuous natural gas migration and transportation. All these prove that the development of reservoir fractures in the Huagang Formation of Xihu Sag can provide seepage space and continuous and effective channels for efficient migration and accumulation of oil and gas.

Studies on the Inversion Phenomenon of Physical Properties Observed in the Huagang Formation Reservoir in the Xihu Sag Based on the Water-Rock Reaction Experiments

In the Xihu Sag,the reservoirs of the Paleogene Huagang formation have entered the middle diagenetic stage A and the rock physical properties of the water layer are considerably more suitable for the gas migration and storage than those of the present gas layer,indicating the inversion of the physical properties.In this study,core samples were collected from the corresponding reservoir to conduct water-rock reaction experiments in acidic,alkaline,and neutral systems under the specific temperature and pressure.The reasons for the inversion of physical properties were investigated based on the experiment results in reservoir diagenetic environments.The inversion of physical properties can be attributed to the fact that the diagenetic environment around the gas-water interface controls the water-rock reaction effect.With different types of acidic substances,two different situations corresponding to inverted physical properties were analyzed along with the corresponding mechanisms.When the pore fluid is acidic,the physical properties make the overall water layer a better reservoir space than the gas layer,which can be referred to as the overall inversion of physical properties.When the fluid were generally neutral or weakly alkaline and the gas layer was rich in CO2,only the physical properties of the water layer adjacent to the gas-water interface were more favorable for the gas migration than those of the gas layer.This phenomenon can be referred to as the near-interface inversion of physical properties.

Relationship Between Paleogene Reservoir Densification and Hydrocarbon Accumulation in the Xihu Depression

Fluid inclusion analysis and testing were conducted to clarify the relationship between reservoir densification and hydrocarbon accumulation in the Paleogene Pinghu and Huagang formations in the Xihu Depression.The hydrocarbon accumulation stages of the reservoirs were studied in combination with the reconstruction results of burial and thermal evolution histories.Furthermore,the relationship between reservoir densification and accumulation charging was clarified in combination with the pore evolutionary history.In accordance with the time relation between reservoir densification and hydrocarbon charging,the reservoirs were classified into three types:pre-charging,syn-charging,and after-charging densification.Results indicated that large-scale hydrocarbon charging occurred in 11–0Myr.Reservoir densification was mainly caused by strong mechanical compaction and pore filling by well-developed siliceous and carbonate cements.Entering the middle diagenetic stage A1,the reservoir was under an acidic-diagenetic environment,resulting in the development of secondary dissolution pores.If large-scale hydrocarbon charging occurred during this period,then an after-charging densification reservoir,which is the most suitable type for hydrocarbon accumulation,might have developed.Entering the middle diagenetic stage A2,the reservoir was under an acidic-alkaline transitional diagenetic environment.During this stage,dissolution became weak,and compaction and cementation were enhanced,resulting in the continuous loss of pore space and reservoir densification.Entering the middle diagenetic period B,the reservoir was under an alkaline-diagenetic environment,and the reservoir had been largely densified.If large-scale hydrocarbon charging occurred during this period,a pre-charging densified reservoir,which is the worst reservoir type for hydrocarbon accumulation,might have developed.

Ecological Planning of Spartina alterniflora Invaded Tideland Based on Mechanical Mowing and Hydraulic Reclamation: A Case Study of Xihu Port in Xiangshan County

Spartina alterniflora is a major invasive plant in the coastal tideland of China that has serious negative impact on local economy and ecology.This paper took Hugang New Town in Xiangshan County,Zhejiang Province for example,concluded the method of controlling S.alterniflora by integrating mechanical mowing and hydraulic reclamation in view of the threatening expansion of this species and serious land shortage in the local area.Moreover,it explored the ecological planning method of reclamation area based on this method.In view of the ecological sensitivity of the reclamation area,urban ecological planning concept was introduced into both processes of the development:penetrative reclamation and urban planning.The reclamation project has to meet such requirements as site selection,scope,water surface ratio etc.,the planning ensures the ecological sustainability in functional orientation,spatial structure,green space system and development intensity.

西湖凹陷中南部花港组下段储层成岩孔隙演化

西湖凹陷中南部花港组下段储层具有丰富的致密气资源,是该区油气勘探开发的热点。基于岩石薄片、扫描电镜、物性测试和X衍射等资料,对西湖凹陷中南部花港组下段储层特征、成岩作用及孔隙演化等进行了研究。结果表明,储层孔隙度主要在7%∼10%,渗透率主要在0.10∼0.50 mD,裂缝不发育,属于致密储层。储层先后经历了早成岩A期、早成岩B期和中成岩A期,目前处于中成岩B期,压实作用、溶蚀作用和胶结作用较强。孔隙定量演化结果显示,压实作用使储层孔隙度降低了29.67%,是储层原生孔不发育的主要原因;溶蚀作用使储层孔隙度增加了15.14%,是深部储层发育的关键因素;胶结作用使储层孔隙度降低了13.55%,是储层孔隙结构变差的重要原因。综合孔隙演化结果和油气充注时间关系,该区花港组下段储层属于“先致密后成藏”的致密储层。

西湖凹陷平北地区武云亭凝析气田形成条件与成藏特征

基于对武云亭地区烃源岩、储层、圈闭等油气藏形成基本条件的总结,系统分析油气特征及来源、压力分布与断层封闭、油气充注历史及油气运聚成藏过程,建立武云亭凝析气田成藏模式。研究表明,武云亭洼广泛分布的煤系烃源岩和宁波27主洼烃源岩生烃能力强、断层和砂岩尖灭耦合形成大型构造-岩性复合圈闭、三角洲沉积优质储集体发育、有利的断-砂配置、盖层质量好等因素共同构成了武云亭凝析气田形成的基础。武云亭油气田平湖组中下部成藏组合具有“武云亭洼煤系源岩供烃、源内持续弱超压充注”成藏特征;中上部成藏组合具有“武云亭洼和宁波27洼双源供烃、侧向持续强充注”成藏特征,早期双向来源原油与晚期大规模侧向来源高熟气混合形成凝析气藏。武云亭油气田总体上具有“早期油晚期气,多期成藏,连续充注”的特征,建立“多源持续强充注-断砂联控”成藏模式。

西湖凹陷花港组浅水三角洲平原分流河道沉积构型

渐新统花港组上段是东海陆架盆地西湖凹陷中南部地区的主要产油气层位,但对其沉积体系的认识一直存在争议,砂体构型特征及控制因素的研究也相对匮乏。综合运用岩心、测井及地震等资料,研究渐新统花港组上段沉积环境、沉积微相类型、砂体沉积构型特征及其控制因素。结果表明:西湖凹陷中南部花港组上段以浅水三角洲平原沉积为主,分流河道是最主要的砂体类型。根据弯曲度差异,可将分流河道划分为辫流型(弯曲度1~1.05)、曲流型(弯曲度大于1.15)和辫-曲转换型(弯曲度1.05~1.15)3种类型,其中辫流型分流河道砂体“宽而厚”,平面组合呈交织宽条带状,心滩呈斑点状排列,砂体垂向叠置样式以切叠型为主;曲流型分流河道砂体“窄而薄”,平面样式为单一条带型或分叉-合并型,厚砂以点坝的形式分布在河道边缘,砂体垂向叠置样式以“孤立型”为主;辫-曲转换型分流河道是辫流型和曲流型的过渡类型,河道砂体规模中等,河道内心滩和点坝同时发育。3类分流河道的厚度与宽度呈对数正相关,宽厚比具有辫流型>辫-曲转换型>曲流型的特征。推测古地貌和基准面变化是影响浅水三角洲分流河道构型特征的主要因素,其中古地貌控制了分流河道的河型变化,较陡的地形有利于低弯度辫流型分流河道的形成,而长期基准面上升造成了分流河道规模逐渐下降,中期基准面的上升造成了分流河道砂体叠置样式发生切叠型→叠加型→孤立型的演变。研究成果完善了浅水三角洲的沉积构型知识库,对地下浅水三角洲分流河道储集层的预测及开发具有重要的指导意义。

西湖凹陷中西部地区烃源岩生烃潜力及油源对比

西湖凹陷作为中国东部油气勘探主战场,一直以来都受到油气地质学家们的广泛关注。前人对西湖凹陷油气资源的研究主要集中在深部地层(平湖组及其下伏层),而对中浅层系(花港组及其上覆层)烃源岩的关注度相对较少。近年来已有勘探发现西湖凹陷中浅层系具有规模成藏的潜力,针对西湖凹陷烃源岩开展研究,利用多项地球化学测试手段分别分析了西湖凹陷中西部地区的烃源岩生烃潜力和生物标志化合物特征。结果显示:西湖凹陷煤和炭质泥岩的生烃潜力好,而泥质烃源岩生烃潜力变化较大,深部地层的泥质烃源岩评价为好或极好烃源岩,中浅层系为差烃源岩。烃源岩有机质类型主要为Ⅱ_(2)~Ⅲ型,热演化阶段可划分为开始生烃阶段(R_(o)>0.6%)和大量排烃阶段(R_(o)>0.8%)。基于原油和各类烃源岩的生物标志化合物特征对比显示研究区泥质烃源岩为主要原油来源。本研究对西湖凹陷未来油气勘探与开发具有参考意义。

西湖龙井茶对高脂高果糖饮食小鼠肠道菌群的调节作用

越来越多的研究表明,肠道菌群及其介导的微生态环境在高脂高果糖饮食引起的相关代谢障碍中发挥着关键作用。本研究首先探究了西湖龙井茶对常规饮食小鼠肠道菌群的作用,随后构建高脂高果糖饮食小鼠模型,进一步研究西湖龙井对预防高脂高果糖饮食小鼠脂质积累、肠道屏障功能损伤和肠道微生态紊乱的效果。结果表明:西湖龙井茶汤能够抑制高脂高果糖饮食小鼠的体质量上升和脂肪积累,有效改善代谢紊乱。进一步探究西湖龙井对高脂高果糖饮食小鼠肠道稳态的保护作用时发现,西湖龙井茶汤处理抑制了小鼠肠道上皮细胞低氧诱导因子-1α(hypoxia inducible factor-1α, HIF-1α)及其靶基因烯醇化酶-1(enolase-1, ENO1)和乳酸脱氢酶A(lactate dehydrogenase A, LDHA)的表达。此外,西湖龙井茶汤干预可以降低小鼠肠道厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门菌群丰度的比值,使norank_f_Muribaculaceae等益生菌富集,且高脂高果糖饮食+低浓度茶汤处理下毛螺菌科菌群富集,高脂高果糖饮食+高浓度茶汤处理使颤螺菌属菌群的相对丰度增加。本研究结果为龙井茶通过改善肠道菌群紊乱来调节脂肪积累提供了理论依据,为饮茶能够改善肠道健康、发挥降脂减肥作用提供了理论支持。