Geochronology and geochemistry of the Donglufang porphyry-skarn Mo-Cu deposit in the southern Yidun Terrane and their geological significances

The newly-discovered Donglufang Moe Cu porphyry-skarn deposit is located in the southern Yidun Terrane, southeast Tibet, with more than 80 million tonnes(Mt) of reserves(grading 0.15 wt.% Mo and0.48 wt.% Cu) hosted in Triassic strata and Late Cretaceous granodiorite porphyry. Ree Os dating of molybdenum ore yielded a weighted mean age of 84.9 ± 1.0 Ma and an isochron age of 85.2 ± 0.6 Ma.LA-ICP-MS Ue Pb dating of zircons from the granodiorite porphyry yielded206 Pb/238 U ages ranging from 87.4 Ma to 84.2 Ma with a weighted mean206 Pb/238 U age of 85.1 ±0.5 Ma, indicating a temporal linkage between granitic magmatism and Moe Cu mineralization. Geochemical analyses show that the granodiorite porphyries are I-type granites with Si O_2 contents of 64.3 -66.7 wt.%. These rocks are typically metaluminous with high K_2 O/Na_2 O ratios, low Mg O(1.32 -1.56 wt.%), Cr(5.6 -12.9 ppm), Ni(3.79 -10.81 ppm), Mg#(43 -52) values, and high Sr(304 -844 ppm), Sr/Y(21.2 -50.8) and La/Yb ratios(37.0 -60.1). They are enriched in light rare-earth elements(LREE) relative to heavy rare-earth elements(HREE), with slightly negative Eu anomalies, and are enriched in Th, U and large ion lithophile elements(LILE, e.g., K and Rb), and depleted in high field strength elements(HFSE, e.g., Nb, Ta, P and Ti). They also show negative zircon εHf(t) values(-6.7 to -2.3) and negative whole rock εNd(t) values(à5.2 to-4.3), as well as old Hfe Nd model ages, indicating the magmas were derived from a thickened ancient lower crust within the garneteamphibolite facies. Considering the tectonic evolution of the Yidun Terrane, geochemical characteristics of granodiorite porphyry, and the ages of mineralization obtained in this study. We suggest that the Donglufang deposit was formed in a post-collisional setting, which has a genetic relationship with the emplacement of the granodiorite porphyry. The present study provide key information for the exploration of the Late Cretaceous metallogeny in the Yidun Terrane.

Indosinian Tectonic Setting of the Southern Yidun Arc: Constraints from SHRIMP Zircon Chronology and Geochemistry of Dioritic Porphyries and Granites

A mass of granitoid and dioritic intrusions are distributed in the southern Yidun Arc, among which the representative Indosinian intrusions include the Dongco and Maxionggou granitoid intrusions in Daocheng County and hypabyssal intrusions intruding into arc volcanic rocks near the Xiangcheng town. The Dongco and Maxionggou granitoid intrusions consist mainly of porphyraceous monzogranites, megacryst monzogranites and aplite granites. The Xiangcheng hypabyssal intrusions are composed dominantly of dioritic porphyries. SHRIMP zircon ages of 224±3 Ma and 222±3 Ma have been obtained for the Dongco granitoid intrusion and the Xiangcheng dioritic porphyries, respectively. The Xiongcheng dioritic porphyries show a calc-alkaline geochemical feature, and are characterized by higher Sr/Y ratios, depletive Nb, Ta, P and Ti, enriched LILEs, and lower εNd （t） （=-3.27）, suggesting that they might be derived from mantle source magmas that were obviously contaminated by continent crustal materials. However, the Dongco and Maxionggou granitoids belong to high-potassium calcalkaline series with a per-metaluminous feature, and are characterized by higher CaO/（∑FeO＋MgO） and Al2O3/（∑FeO＋ MgO） ratios, lower （La/Yb）n and Sr/Y ratios, depletive Nb, Ta, Sr, P and Ti, enriched LILEs, and very low εNd （t） （=-8.10）, indicating that the granitoids might be derived from partial melting of continental crust materials mainly of graywacke. Petrogenesis of Dongco and Maxionggou granitoids implies that there was an oceanic crust between the Zongza continental block （ZCB） and western margin of the Yangtze Craton （WMYZC）. And the oceanic crust slab subducted westward during the Indosinian Epoch, producing an Andes-type continent marginal arc and a backarc basin at the WMSCC. Then the oceanic basin closed and a sinistrally lateral collision occurred at ca. 224 Ma-222 Ma between the ZCB and the WMYZC, causing partial melting of sediments in the back-arc basin to generate granitoid magmas of the Dongco and Maxionggou intrusions.

Provenance and tectonic setting of the Triassic Yidun Group, the Yidun Terrane, Tibet

The Yidun Group extends from the Shangri-La region to the south and the Changtai region to the north,and is an important component of the Triassic Yidun arc in the eastern Tibetan plateau.It is composed of the Lieyi,Qugasi,Tumugou and Lanashan Formations from the base upward.Both the Lieyi and Lanashan Formations consist dominantly of black or gray slate and sandstone,whereas the Qugasi and Tumugou Formations have variable amounts of mafic to felsic volcanic rocks and turfs accompanied with gray slate and sandstone.Sandstone from the Yidun Group has variable CIA values from 55 to 76,indicative of mild to moderate weathering condition for the source rocks.All the sandstones define a general weathering trend nearly parallel to the A-CN boundary in the A-CN-K triangular diagram,implying limited effect of diagenetic and post-depositional K-metasomatism.Dominant detrital quartz and feldspar grains of the sandstones suggest predominantly felsic sources.Relatively high Y/Ni and low Cr/V ratios of sandstones from the Yidun Group indicate more contribution from felsic than mafic sources.Similarly,the Yidun sandstones have Co/Th and La/Sc ratios generally similar to upper continental crust （UCC） and cluster between UCC and felsic sources,indicating felsic rocks as primary sources.Granodiorite represents the average chemical composition of sources as evaluated by extending the predicted weathering trend back to the feldspar join in A-CN-K diagram.Prominently high Zr/Sc ratio or Hf concentration and Paleoproterozoic Nd modal ages （1.94-2.21 Ga）point to input of recycling components derived from old sedimentary source in a relatively stable tectonic setting.

Late Triassic Biotite Monzogranite from the Western Litang Area,Yidun Terrane,SW China: Petrogenesis and Tectonic Implications

The Late Triassic igneous rocks in the Yidun terrane can provide vital insights into the evolution of Plaeo-Tethys in western China. We present new zircon U-Pb, whole-rock geochemistry, and Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotopic data for the Litang biotite monzogranites, Yidun terrane. The biotite monzogranites have a zircon U-Pb age of 206.1±1.0 Ma(MSWD=1.9,n=30), which indicates Late Triassic magmatism. The biotite monzogranites display I-type affinity, high Na_2O(3.38-3.60 wt%) contente,medii SiO_2(67.12-69.13 wt%), and low P_2 O_5 contents(0.10～0.12 wt%). They enriched in Rb,and Ba and depleted in Nb and Ta, with negative Eu anomalies(Eu/Eu*=0.74—0.81). They have evolved Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotopic composition, i.e.,(^(87) Sr/^(86 )Sr)i=0.714225 to 0.714763, negative ?_(Nd(t)) values of -2.0 to-2.6 with two-stage Nd model ages ranging from 1.01 to 1.05 Ga, negative ?_(Ht)(t)) values o f-3.4 to-4.1 with two-stage Hf model ages of 1.85 to1.88 Ga, suggesting a matured crustal sources. Their low Al_2O_3/TiO_2 ratios and medium Cao/Na_2O ratios, medium Mg~# and SiO_2 contents, low [molar Al_2O_3/(MgO+FeO^T)] values, and high [molar Cao/(MgO+FeO^T)] values indicate that the Litang biotite monzogranite was formed by partial melting of metabasaltic rocks. Based on the previous studies, we propose that the Litang biotite monzogranite derived from the westward subduction and closure of the Ganzi-Litang ocean during the Late Triassic-The mantle wedge-derived mafic melts provided sufficient heat for partial melting of ancient metabasalt protolith within the middle-lower crust.

U-Pb Geochronology of Detrital and Inherited Zircons in the Yidun Arc Belt, Eastern Tibet Plateau and Its Tectonic Implications

This paper reports geochronological data of detrital zircons from the country rock and sedimentary xenoliths of the Cilincuo pluton（79±0.7 Ma） in the southern Yidun arc belt and the inherited zircons from the Late Triassic granites in the eastern Yidun arc belt, eastern Tibet Plateau. Detrital zircons ages from the sedimentary xenoliths have four prominent peaks at 2.5–2.4 Ga, 1.9–1.8 Ga, 480–400 Ma, and 350–300 Ma, whereas those from the country rock exhibit another four prominent peaks at 1.9–1.8 Ga, 850–700 Ma, 480–400 Ma, and 300–250 Ma. Based on comparison with age data from previous studies, we suggest that the sedimentary xenoliths are from the Lanashan Formation and the major provenance of them is Qiangtang Block, Zhongza massif and South China Block, whereas the country rock belongs to the Lamaya Formation and the major provenance of them is similar to those of the neighbouring Songpan-Garzê terrane. In addition, the inherited zircons from the Late Triassic granites in the eastern Yidun arc belts have a prominent Neoproterozoic age population（900–700 Ma）, which suggests that there is an old basement with west Yangtze Craton affinity beneath the Triassic sediments. Combining with previous studies, we propose that the provenances of the formations vary from the Lanashan Formation to the Lamaya Formation which may indicate a record of the final closure of the Garzê-Litang Ocean.

Early Cretaceous Post-Collisional Collapse of the Yidun Terrane: Geochronological and Geochemical Constraints from Calc-alkaline to Alkaline Basalts in Xiqiu Area, Southwest China

Several Cretaceous Carlin-like or hydrothermal gold deposits along the Garze-Litang suture zone and Early Cretaceous hydrothermal copper mineralization along the southeastern margin of the Songpan-Garze fold belt were presumed to have a magmatic heat source. However, no actual coeval mag- matic events nearby were discovered. Here, we report zircon SIMS U-Pb age, whole-rock geochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic data of the Xiqiu basalts in the southern end of the Yidun terrane, eastern Tibetan Plateau. New zircon U-Pb ages yield weighted mean ^206pb/^238U age of 117.7±1.6 Ma. The basalts are classified as calc-alkaline to alkaline and have relatively high MgO （4.77 wt.%-10.84 wt.%） and Mg number values （Mg^#=（100×Mg/（Mg＋Fe^2＋））; 45.35-67.28） and positive εNd（t） （t=118 Ma） values （＋1.86 to ＋3.2）, suggesting a OIB-like mantle source that is consistent with the normalized patterns of trace elements and rare earth elements （REEs）. Geochemical data suggest that the primary basaltic magma was generated by low degree partial melting of a heterogeneous source of peridotite-dominated with a minor component of garnet- eclogite or pyroxenite and experienced olivine＋clinopyroxene dominated fractional crystallization. The primary melt compositions calculated from the high MgO samples, in turn, suggest that the Xiqiu basalts were generated at 1.6-2.9 GPa with abnormally hot mantle potential temperatures from 1 465 to 1 540℃. The melting temperatures are similar to the abnormally hot mantle underneath the Colorado Plateau and hotter than the mid-ocean range basalt （MORB） mantle and normal intra-continental mantle. Combined with previous studies, the Cretaceous Xiqiu basalts allow us to reconstruct a tectonic and geodynamic evolution- ary model responsible for the Late Jurassic to Late Cretaceous geological records （magmatism, ore deposits and enhanced exhumation） in the Yidun terrane and southern Songpan-Garze fold belt.

Late Triassic bivalves associated with a hydrothermal vent system in the Yidun Island Arc (SW China) of the eastern Tethys

The Yidun Island Arc in the Three Rivers (Jinsha River, Lancang River, Nujiang River) region of southwestern China is one of the most important Kuroko-type volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits (VMS) in China. Intra-arc rifting of Yidun Island occurred during the Late Carnian-Norian when VMS deposits such as the Gacun Pb-Zn-Cu deposit were formed. A bivalve fauna was found in fine-grained tuffaceous slate and in mineralized tuffaceous siltstone containing very high contents of Pb (45.01-103.37 ppm) and Zn (135.78-300.03 ppm) of the upper Tumugou Formation in the Changtai-Gacun volcanic-sedimentary rift basin. Stratigraphically, the bivalve-bearing beds are equivalents of the Gacun Pb-Zn-Cu deposits. The diversity of this bivalve fauna is very low. It consists mainly of the thin-shelled, epibyssate suspension-feeding bivalves Pergamidia eumenea and Parapergamidia changtaiensis, the burrowing large, elongated, suspension-feeding Trigonodus keuperinus and Unionites? sp., and occasional specimens of the endobyssate suspension-feeding Trigonodus? sp. and the deep burrowing suspension-feeding Pleuromya markiamensis. Individuals of the first four taxa are so abundant that the specimens are sometimes concentrated in shell beds, probably indicating a gregarious habit. This bivalve fauna is associated with internal moulds of cylindrical, slightly conical tubes most likely produced by a worm-shaped organism. Composition, morphology, diversity, and high abundance of this fauna, chemical features of the surrounding sediment, and the tectonic setting all suggest that this bivalve fauna lived in a deep-water environment in or around a hydrothermal vent system.

川西理塘-义敦断裂措普湖段第四纪晚期滑动速率与古地震序列

理塘-义敦断裂是川滇菱形块体内部一条延伸约130 km的全新世活动的左旋走滑断裂带,是川西理塘地区地震活动的重要控震构造,目前其北段的措普湖段研究程度相对较低。将理塘-义敦断裂措普湖段作为研究对象,运用野外勘察、高精度测绘、探槽与14C测年等方法对措普湖段进行滑动速率和古地震探究。开挖的2处探槽位于冬欧山坡麓处,通过识别探槽内断裂与地层的切割关系、地层沉积特征、断层运动性质等标志;共识别出4次古地震事件:事件Ⅰ发生于BC 3382±60 a之前;事件Ⅱ发生于BC 3382±60 a~BC 1094±51 a之间;事件Ⅲ与事件Ⅳ均发生于AD 1330±44 a之后。可以推断理塘-义敦断裂措普湖段具有大概率的古地震复发间隔为2.4 ka左右,不排除有小概率复发间隔0.4±0.3 ka的可能。理塘-义敦断裂措普湖段古地震事件与大毛垭坝段和理塘段古地震事件之间存在差异,但是不同分段断裂的地震活动性在全新世以来均表现出持续增强趋势。根据测绘断错地貌和末次冰期冰碛垄推算出晚更新世以来措普湖段平均滑动速率为4.15±0.5 mm/a,与理塘-义敦断裂第四纪晚期不同分支滑动速率处于同一量级水平。文章完善了理塘-义敦断裂的构造特征全貌和古地震、滑动速率等信息,有助于更好地理解该断裂及该地区地震活动史和构造变形模式,为今后地震的中长期预测提供更多的数据,同时也有助于川藏铁路沿线相关工程的地震风险评估。

三江地区义敦岛弧造山带演化和成矿系统

义敦岛弧是喜马拉雅巨型造山带中的一个复合造山带,它经历了印支期洋壳俯冲造山、燕山湖弧-陆碰撞和喜马拉雅期陆内走滑作用诸演化历史。可能由于洋壳板片俯冲角度不同,义敦晚三叠世古岛弧带(206～237 Ma)南北两段具有不同的发育历史,北段昌台弧以发育孤间裂谷为特色,具张性弧特征,发育扩张环境流体聚敛成矿系统,形成VMS型Zn-Pb-Cu矿床和浅成低温热液型Ag-Au-Hg矿床;南段中甸弧不发育弧后盆地,但广泛发育钙碱性弧火山岩-玢岩-斑岩杂岩系和挤压环境岩浆-流体成矿系统,形成斑岩型-夕卡岩型铜多金属矿床。在三叠纪-侏罗纪之交的弧-陆碰撞作用中,早期大陆板片俯冲形成同碰撞花岗岩带(约200 Ma),晚期造山后伸展作用,形成A型花岗岩带(75～138 Ma),伴随扬子大陆板片俯冲而发生的强烈剪切和推覆,在甘孜-理塘蛇绿混杂带发育挤压剪切环境流体聚敛成矿系统,形成剪切带型金矿。伴随造山后伸展和A型花岗岩侵位,发育伸张环境岩浆-流体聚敛成矿系统,主要形成夕卡岩型锡矿和构造破碎带热浪脉型银多金属矿床。印度-亚洲大陆碰撞在义敦造山带主要表现为陆内走滑作用,并控制碱性花岗岩和花岗斑岩的发育(50～30 Ma),伴随斑岩型金矿的形成。

滇西北中甸地区休瓦促岩浆热液型Mo-W矿床S、Pb同位素对成矿物质来源的约束

滇西北中甸地区位于义敦岛弧南段,近年来勘探及研究工作发现区内燕山晚期发育有一期重要的Mo-Cu-（W）矿化,明显区别于义敦岛弧北段同期的Sn-Ag-Pb-Zn多金属矿化,也不同于同地区印支期大量发育的斑岩型Cu矿化。目前,中甸地区燕山晚期Mo-Cu-（W）矿化成矿物质来源研究相对较弱,尚不能很好地解释这些成矿作用主要成矿元素存在差别的原因。休瓦促矿床是中甸地区代表性的燕山晚期大型岩浆热液型Mo-W矿床,前人定年结果显示成矿年龄为~83Ma。矿区内发育有三阶段的晚白垩世花岗岩,岩性主要有黑云母花岗斑岩、二长花岗岩和碱长花岗岩;且碱长花岗岩体下方还发育有萤石-长石似伟晶岩脉。矿化类型主要为石英脉型、近石英脉蚀变花岗岩型和斑岩型Mo-W矿化;矿体主要产在岩体内部,受控于北北西向断裂构造。蚀变类型有钾化、云英岩化、绢云母化及硅化等。流体包裹体测温显示成矿流体为含CO2的中高温（146.6~550.0℃）,中低盐度（3.15%~12.51%NaC leqv）的H2O-NaC l热液,可能主要来自于岩浆期后热液。多种金属硫化物与燕山晚期花岗岩具有一致的初始Pb同位素组成（206Pb/204Pb=18.610~19.460,207Pb/204Pb=15.606~15.747,208Pb/204Pb=38.815~39.410）,显示其成矿物质可能主要源于壳源岩浆作用,S同位素特征（δ34SVCDT：2.07‰~4.33‰）也显示其来自于岩浆作用。通过对比休瓦促Mo-W矿化、义敦岛弧北段同期的Sn-Ag-Pb-Zn多金属矿化及中甸地区印支期斑岩型Cu矿化,这三种与岩浆有关的热液矿化的S、Pb同位素及岩石地球化学性质,发现这三种矿化的成矿岩浆与相应的成矿元素均具有较好的成矿专属性;并指示着在燕山晚期陆内环境下,中甸地区的Mo-Cu-（W）矿化成矿物质来源于加厚的中基性下地壳部分熔融而形成的I型花岗岩,义敦岛弧北段的Sn-Ag-Pb-Zn矿化则主要来源于中酸性变沉积岩地壳的部分熔融而形成的A型花岗岩;而中甸印支期斑岩型的Cu矿化则与幔源岩浆作用有着密切的关系。

川西雀儿山花岗岩的地球化学和岩石成因

位于川西义敦岛弧北端的雀儿山花岗岩体主要由岩体边部或者作为包体的花岗闪长岩、主体似斑状花岗岩和较晚的呈条带状或者脉状伟晶质、细晶质花岗岩组成。这些花岗质岩石表现了较宽的常量元素变化范围,属于高钾钙碱性到shoshonite亚铝到过铝质岩石系列,表现了较平坦式具有负Eu异常的稀土配分模式。在原始地幔标准化的多元素图解上所有这些岩石表现Rb、Th和K等大离子亲石元素强烈富集,Nb、Sr、P和Ti等元素明显亏损。Sm-Nd同位素分析结果表明似斑状花岗岩亏损地幔模式年龄tDM=1.23~1.61Ga,εNd(t)=-5.3^-6.3,细晶花岗岩脉tDM=2.30Ga,εNd(t)=-6.9。这些岩石的εNd(t)分布在康定杂岩的Nd同位素演化范围内和上部。岩石地球化学和Nd同位素特征研究揭示其花岗岩岩浆起源于上部地壳杂砂岩、砂页岩和泥质岩石的部分熔融,经历了早期阶段的铁镁质矿物和副矿物的分离结晶,晚期钾长石等卷入了分离结晶。雀儿山花岗质岩浆活动发生于同碰撞到碰撞后隆升构造背景。

川西义敦岛弧稻城花岗岩体和海子山花岗岩体锆石U-Pb年代学、Hf同位素特征及地质意义

义敦岛弧形成于晚三叠世大规模俯冲造山作用过程中,位于松潘-甘孜褶皱带和羌塘地体之间。稻城岩体和海子山岩体分别为义敦岛弧上出露的晚三叠世和白垩纪花岗质岩体。结合野外考察,本文对上述岩体进行岩相学、锆石U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素的研究,结果表明,1稻城岩体和海子山岩体主要矿物为斜长石、钾长石、石英和黑云母,副矿物为锆石、榍石、磁铁矿和磷灰石等;钠质斜长石颗粒,以及钾长石和石英不连续出现,表明二者均属于低熔线花岗岩,是含水条件下,在与造山事件有关的环境中形成。2稻城岩体的侵位年龄为217.4Ma,属晚三叠世花岗岩侵入体,εHf(t)为-7.1^-0.1,二阶段模式年龄(tDM2)为1.26~1.7Ga,表明在中元古代与扬子克拉通经历了共同的地壳演化历史;海子山岩体的形成时代为98.3 Ma,为白垩纪时期产物,εHf(t)变化于-12.1^+2.5,二阶段模式年龄(tDM2)变化于1.0~1.93Ga。3结合前人研究成果,本文认为稻城岩体源岩可能是与扬子克拉通有关的中元古代的下地壳物质,在甘孜-理塘洋俯冲闭合后的同碰撞造山阶段,因地幔岩浆底侵作用而发生了部分熔融,同时伴有少量的亏损地幔成分加入,之后上升侵位于中—上地壳,并且侵位后经历了快速的冷却过程。海子山岩体是与俯冲有关的造山后伸展环境下形成的A2型花岗岩,源岩主要为中元古代地壳物质,同样有少量地幔物质加入,在白垩纪时侵位于地壳较浅部位,之后亦同样经历了快速的冷却过程。

川西连龙含锡花岗岩的时代与形成构造环境

通过岩石地球化学和Rb Sr同位素研究 ,发现川西连龙花岗岩是富含Sn、Ag多种成矿元素的高K钙碱性岩体 ,地球化学上显示出A型花岗岩特点。 4个全岩样品给出的Rb Sr等时线年龄为 87± 1Ma,相关系数R =0 .9988,Isr=0 .70 95。结合构造环境分析 ,查明该岩体是燕山运动晚期 ,在弧陆碰撞造山之后陆内伸展阶段 ,主要由地壳富泥质岩石部分熔融形成。

川西农都柯火山岩型低温热液Au-Ag多金属矿床的特征与成因

农都柯矿床是在义敦岛弧带中首次发现的火山岩型浅成低温Au_Ag多金属矿床。该矿床产于弧后扩张盆地的勉戈组流纹岩中 ,受韧性剪切带控制。矿床中发育一套典型的低温热液矿物组合 ,包括辉锑铅矿、辉锑银铅矿、辉锑矿、砷黝铜矿、自然金、黄铁矿、闪锌矿、雌黄、雄黄、登红石 (HgO)等。蚀变作用以硅化和绢云母化为主 ,伴生重晶石化和蒙脱石化。按照现行的火山岩型低温热液金_银矿床的分类原则 ,该矿床应属于高硫的酸性硫酸盐型。流体包裹体研究表明 ,主要成矿过程发生在 2 2 1～ 130℃之间 ;成矿流体的温度与盐度演化趋势暗示着矿床之下存在一隐伏岩浆房。硫、铅同位素显示成矿物质主要来自弧后火山岩 ,矿床是岩浆热液与大气降水对含矿火山岩 (矿源层 )

义敦岛弧晚白垩世斑岩成矿系统

义敦岛弧晚白垩世花岗(斑)岩及其相关成矿系统发育,呈南北向展布,且由北向南呈规律性变化,形成北段昌台弧、中段乡城弧和南段中甸弧3个子系统:(1)北段昌台弧发育97~93Ma的斑状二长花岗岩岩基和矽卡岩型锡矿床,岩体侵位于乡城-格咱断裂与甘孜-理塘断裂的交汇地带,表现了较宽的主量元素变化范围,属于高钾钙碱性-钾玄质的过铝质系列,稀土配分模式较平坦、具有负Eu异常,锡矿化多发育于岩体与上三叠统图姆沟组碳酸盐岩的接触带上;(2)中段乡城弧乡城-格咱断裂两侧发育大量85~77Ma的花岗(斑)岩及斑岩-矽卡岩型Sn-Pb-Zn-Ag多金属矿床,主体岩相为斑状黑云二长花岗岩,是碱性、分异程度高的酸性岩,具典型钾质演化系列,多金属矿化主要发生在岩体与上三叠统图姆沟组碳酸盐岩和变质碎屑岩接触带中,从花岗岩向外为Sn→Pb-Zn,垂向上由深部到浅部依次为含Sn磁铁矿→Sn→Sn-Pb-Zn-Ag;(3)南段中甸弧发育呈岩株出露的88~78Ma的二长花岗斑岩及斑岩-矽卡岩型Cu-Mo-W多金属矿床,休瓦促和热林花岗斑岩体侵入上三叠统喇嘛亚组、拉纳山组砂板岩中,主要发育蚀变花岗岩型和热液石英脉型矿体;红山花岗斑岩体侵入上三叠统图姆沟组碳酸盐岩和变质碎屑岩中,主要发育矽卡岩型矿体。斑岩体中发育角闪石斑晶,铝饱和指数小于1.1,Zr、P与SiO 2呈显著负相关,具有I型花岗岩特征。与晚三叠世同俯冲的弧花岗岩相比,晚白垩世花岗(斑)岩明显偏酸性(SiO 2含量范围为65.06%~76.30%)、富碱质(K2O+Na2O含量范围为6.55%~10.77%)和铝饱和(A/CNK=0.72~1.13);岩浆源区深度变浅,且花岗(斑)岩源区从昌台弧(Eu/Eu*=0.20~0.66,εNd(t)=-6.90^-5.30,εHf(t)=-0.6~1.9)→乡城弧(Eu/Eu*=0.04~0.18,(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.7110~0.7250,εNd(t)=-8.40^-5.54)→中甸弧(Eu/Eu*=0.14~0.88,(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.7075~0.7092,εNd(t)=-8.50^-5.76,εHf(t)=-9.5^-2.2)呈现由中-酸性变沉积地壳到中-基性地壳的变化趋势。这表明义敦岛弧由北向南成矿系统多样性的变化可能与晚白垩世花岗质岩浆的源区有关,即控制花岗岩氧逸度的主要因素是源区性质,岩浆型地壳通常形成氧化型花岗岩及相关的Cu、Mo成矿系统;而沉积型地壳形成还原型花岗岩及相关的Sn、W、Pb、Zn成矿系统。

义敦岛弧的形成演化及其对“三江”地区块状硫化物矿床的控制作用

在“三江”地区,“黑矿型”块状硫化物矿床和矿点均分布于义敦岛弧带上。该岛弧具典型的沟—弧—盆体系,在垂直岛弧方向上自东而西可分为4个带:甘孜—理塘缝合带(古海沟);雀儿山—稻城弧前区(弧—沟间断);赠科—乡城火山弧区;勉戈—热达弧后区。研究表明,义敦岛弧是一个建筑于从扬子准地台边缘分裂出来的大陆裂谷堑垒体系的基础上,经历了压张交替、升降更迭的复杂历史的张性火山岛弧,是由于甘孜—理塘微板块在晚三叠世诺利克期向西陡深俯冲形成的。在其发展历史中出现岛弧裂谷阶段和相伴的“双峰式”火山活动是该岛弧最重要的特点,为“黑矿型”块状硫化物矿床的成矿造就了有利的构造—火山条件。

义敦岛弧带夏塞早白垩世A型花岗岩成因:锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学及Hf同位素制约

义敦岛弧带晚中生代侵入岩体目前仍缺乏高精度的年代学数据制约,其成因也存在争论。作者首次在岛弧带中段夏塞银铅锌多金属矿区发现与成矿关系密切的黑云母二长花岗岩。本文对其开展了年代学、地球化学和 Hf 同位素分析,探讨成因及构造背景。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果为103±1 Ma（MSWD=0.5）,为早白垩世晚期岩浆活动产物。花岗岩属高钾钙碱性岩系,具有高硅、富碱和铁、贫钙和镁特征, SiO2含量为72.94%~74.98%, K2O＋Na2O=7.56%~8.08%,铝饱和指数 A/CNK=1.06~1.10,属弱过铝质岩石。岩石富集 Zr、Hf 等高场强元素和 U、Th 等大离子亲石元素,明显亏损Ba和Sr。REE具有明显的Eu负异常（δEu=0.13~0.25）,总体呈较陡右倾的LREE富集和HREE相对亏损特征。岩相学和地球化学显示其为铝质A型花岗岩。Hf同位素组成εHf（t）=–2.7~0.6,二阶段模式年龄TDM2=925~1095 Ma。地球化学及Hf同位素揭示夏塞岩体为软流圈地幔与壳源长英质岩浆混合成因,并经历了斜长石、正长石和褐帘石等矿物的分离结晶。夏塞花岗岩体具有后碰撞花岗岩特征,形成于早白垩世晚期弧-陆碰撞造山后伸展构造背景。

义敦岛弧措交玛岩体岩浆混合成因:镁铁质微粒包体的证据

义敦岛弧北部的措交玛岩基岩体主要由黑云母二长花岗岩和边部的花岗闪长岩组成。在黑云母二长花岗岩中存在有少量镁铁质微粒包体,其成分为闪长质,与寄主岩石接触关系从渐变到截然。在包体周围的寄主岩石中存在黑云母、角闪石自身的包含结构,角闪石包含黑云母,斜长石发育明显的溶蚀结构,核部斜长石被溶蚀成筛状,边部环带状斜长石溶蚀不明显,是基性岩浆注入到酸性岩浆中导致岩浆混合的结果。黑云母二长花岗岩具有更高的轻重稀土分异系数,闪长质包体轻重稀土分异系数较低,黑云母二长花岗岩和暗色闪长质微粒包体具有明显相似性的微量元素特征。寄主岩黑云母二长花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄为236±1.9Ma,闪长质包体为235±3.9Ma,二者形成年代在误差范围内基本一致,可能为甘孜-理塘洋向西俯冲过程中,俯冲洋壳部分熔融形成的玄武质岩浆上涌底侵于壳-幔边界导致地壳的部分熔融形成酸性的黑云母二长花岗岩岩基。

川西义敦岛弧中生代典型花岗岩体矿物学、地球化学特征及岩浆来源探讨

义敦岛弧是位于松潘—甘孜褶皱带和羌塘地体之间的三叠纪火山岛弧。稻城岩体和海子山岩体分别为义敦岛弧上出露的晚三叠世和白垩纪花岗质岩体。结合岩石地球化学,以及偏光显微镜和电子探针(EPMA)、扫描电镜(SEM)对上述岩体进行了系统的矿物学研究,结果表明:两个岩体的主要造岩矿物为斜长石(中长石—更长石),钾长石(正长石)、石英和黑云母(铁叶云母—铁质黑云母),副矿物为锆石、榍石、磁铁矿和磷灰石等;黑云母的成分表明两个岩体的源区均为壳幔混源。稻城岩体属高钾钙碱性系列,具过铝质特征的花岗岩,海子山岩体为高钾钙碱性—钾玄岩系列,同样具过铝质特征。根据锆元素饱和浓度温度计和稀土元素饱和浓度温度计对两个岩体进行了温度限定,稻城岩体岩浆形成的平均上限温度为783℃,海子山岩体岩浆形成时的平均上限温度为844℃。结合前人研究结果,笔者等认为稻城岩体为高分异I型花岗岩,可能为与扬子克拉通有关的晚古元古代至早中元古代的下地壳物质,在甘孜—理塘洋向西俯冲和闭合之后的弧—陆同碰撞背景下,因幔源岩浆的底侵作用而发生部分熔融,同时伴有少量的亏损地幔成分加入,因密度上升至中上—上地壳深度侵位,并且侵位后经历了快速的冷却过程,在侏罗纪之初冷却至300℃以下;海子山岩体为与俯冲有关的造山后伸展环境下形成的白垩纪A2型花岗岩,岩浆来源同样为地壳物质伴有少量地幔物质混合而成,且在地壳中侵位深度较浅,之后经历快速的冷却过程。

义敦岛弧带弧后区板内岩浆作用的时代及意义

通过对义敦岛弧夏囊沟一带酸性火山岩的岩石地球化学和Rb -Sr同位素研究 ,首次在该岛弧弧后区确立了一条板内火山岩带。这些火山岩属钾玄岩系列 ,以高K2 O ,低CaO ,富Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf,贫Sr、Eu为特点 ,具标准的“V”型稀土元素配分型式 ,构造环境判别图解显示其形成于板内裂陷环境。由 4个全岩样品给出的Rb -Sr等时线年龄t=189.2± 5 .0Ma ,相关系数R =0 .99982 4 ,ISr=0 .714 5 78。认为火山岩的成分分异受斜长石在岩浆源区熔融残留和岩浆形成后黑云母的结晶分离双重控制。位于该带东侧弧后扩张盆地中的晚三叠世勉戈组双峰火山岩的形成年龄为 2 13.1Ma,说明该岛弧仅仅在 2 4Ma左右时限内就完成了从俯冲造弧到板内裂陷的重大转换 。