Zonal activation of molecular carbon dioxide and hydrogen over dual sites Ni-Co-MgO catalyst for CO_(2) methanation:Synergistic catalysis of Ni and Co species

An in-depth mechanism in zonal activation of CO_(2)and H2molecular over dual-active sites has not been revealed yet.Here,Ni-Co-MgO was rationally constructed to elucidate the CO_(2)methanation mechanism.The abundant surface nickel and cobalt components as active sites led to strong Ni-Co interaction with charge transfer from nickel to cobalt.Notably,electron-enriched Coδ-species participated in efficient chemisorption and activation of CO_(2)to generate monodentate carbonate.Simultaneously,plentiful available Ni0sites facilitated H2dissociation,thus CO_(2)and H2were smoothly activated at zones of Coδ-species and Ni0,respectively.Detailed in situ DRIFTS,quasi situ XPS,TPSR,and DFT calculations substantiated a new formate evolution mechanism via monodentate carbonate instead of traditional bidentate carbonate based on synergistic catalysis of Coδ-species and Ni0.The zonal activation of CO_(2)and H2by tuning electron behaviors of double-center catalysts can boost heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation performance.

面向汽车Zonal架构的TSN轻量级认证与授权通信框架

汽车智能化需求推动了汽车电子电气(electrical/electronic,E/E)架构向基于时间敏感网络(time-sensitive networking,TSN)的区域(Zonal)架构演进,但网联化发展给数据传输带来了严重的信息安全问题。TSN标准所提供的流过滤器、流控门和流计量器3层信息防护模块本质上是一种边界防火墙技术,一旦边界被攻破,整个架构将暴露并因此瘫痪;此外,这种防护技术因存在多层处理而产生过多的计算和通信开销。本文提出一种面向汽车Zonal架构的TSN轻量级认证与授权通信框架,以去边界的方式实现了防劫持、防篡改及防监听的一体化防护方案。基于NXP车规级TSN交换芯片SJA1105Q(作为中央控制器)与NXP车规级SoC LS1028A(作为区域控制器)构建了Zonal架构原型平台,并将所开发的框架部署该原型平台,通过ProVerif工具验证了框架的安全性;基于原型平台的评估结果表明,所提框架在计算和通信开销方面均优于现有汽车信息安全通信框架。

Recent Enhancement in Co-Variability of the Western North Pacific Summer Monsoon and the Equatorial Zonal Wind

The western North Pacific summer monsoon(WNPSM)is an important subcomponent of the Asian summer monsoon.The equatorial zonal wind(EZW)in the lower troposphere over the western Pacific may play a critical role in the evolution of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO).The possible linkage between the EZW over the western Pacific and the offequatorial monsoonal winds associated with the WNPSM and its decadal changes have not yet been fully understood.Here,we find a non-stationary relationship between the WNPSM and the western Pacific EZW,significantly strengthening their correlation around the late 1980s/early 1990s.This observed shift in the WNPSM–EZW relationship could be explained by the changes in the related sea surface temperature(SST)configurations across the tropical oceans.The enhanced influence from the springtime tropical North Atlantic,summertime tropical central Pacific,and maritime continent SST anomalies may be working together in contributing to the recent intensified WNPSM–EZW co-variability.The observed recent strengthening of the WNPSM–EZW relationship may profoundly impact the climate system,including prompting more effective feedback from the WNPSM on subsequent ENSO evolution and bolstering a stronger biennial tendency of the WNPSM–ENSO coupled system.The results obtained herein imply that the WNPSM,EZW,ENSO,and the tropical North Atlantic SST may be closely linked within a unified climate system with a quasi-biennial rhythm occurring during recent decades,accompanied by a reinforcement of the WNPSM–ENSO interplay quite possibly triggered by enhanced tropical Pacific–Atlantic cross-basin interactions.These results highlight the importance of the tropical Atlantic cross-basin influences in shaping the spatial structure of WNPSM-related wind anomalies and the WNPSM–ENSO interaction.

N-S EQUATION CALCULATIONS ON MULTI-ELEMENT AIRFOILS WITH ZONAL PATCHED GRIDS

For a complex flow about multi-element airfoils a mixed grid method is set up. C-type grids are produced on each element′s body and in their wakes at first, O-type grids are given in the outmost area, and H-type grids are used in middle additional areas. An algebra method is used to produce the initial grids in each area. And the girds are optimized by elliptical differential equation method. Then C-O-H zonal patched grids around multi-element airfoils are produced automatically and efficiently. A time accurate finite-volume integration method is used to solve the compressible laminar and turbulent Navier-Stokes (N-S) equations on the grids. Computational results prove the method to be effective.

Analysis of Gardening Based on the Unique Zonal Water System of Slender West Lake

Yangzhou Slender West Lake is narrow in shape. It is 4.3 km in total length with the width of about 100 m. It is a typical zonal water system. Through the research of its spatial structure, space sequence and view borrowing the garden bridges of Yangzhou Slender West Lake, the unique gardening method of zonal water system was expatiated.

室内气流模拟方法比较及一种新的Zonal模型方法研究

比较了室内气流分布模拟的常用方法及其优缺点 ,指出 Zonal模型方法是一种有前途的方法 .研究了一种基于网格基准压力差概念的 Zonal模型方法 .通过对多种通风条件的模拟表明 ,该方法应用简单 ,节省计算机机时 。

Dynamic mechanism of interannual zonal displacements of the eastern edge of the western Pacific warm pool

The eastern edge of the western Pacific warm pool （WPWP） in the upper layer （shallower than 50m） exhibits significant zonal displacements on interannual scale. Employing an intermediate ocean model, the dynamic mechanism for the interannual zonal displacement of the WPWP eastern edge in the upper layer is investigated by diagnosing the dynamic impacts of zonal current anomalies induced by wind, waves （Kelvin and Rossby waves）, and their boundary reflections. The interannual zonal displacements of the WPWP eastern edge in the upper layer and the zonal current anomaly in the equatorial Pacific west of ll0~W for more than 30 years can be well simulated. The modeling results show that zonal current anomalies in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific are the dominant dynamic mechanism for the zonal displacements of the eastern edge of the upper WPWP warm water. Composite analyses suggest that the zonal current anomalies induced by waves dominate the zonal displacement of the WPWP eastern edge, whereas the role played by zonal wind-driven current anomalies is very small. A sensitivity test proves that the zonal current anomalies associated with reflected waves on the western and eastern Pacific boundaries can act as a restoring force that results in the interannual reciprocating zonal motion of the WPWP eastern edge.

Zonal overturning circulation and heat flux induced by heaving modes in the world oceans

Zonal overturning circulation （ZOC） and its associated zonal heat flux （ZHF） are important components of the oceanic circulation and climate system, although these conceptions have not received adequate attentions. Heaving induced by inter-annual and decadal wind stress perturbations can give rise to anomalous ZOC and ZHF. Based on a simple reduced gravity model, the anomalous ZOC and ZHF induced by idealized heaving modes in the world oceans are studied. For example, in a Pacific-like model basin intensified equatorial easterly on decadal time scales can lead to a negative ZOC with a non-negligible magnitude （-0.3×10^6 m^3/s） and a considerable westward ZHF with an amplitude of -11.2 TW. Thus, anomalous ZOC and ZHF may consist of a major part of climate signals on decadal time scales and thus play an important role in the oceanic circulation and climate change.

Intensity Evolution of Zonal Shear Line over the Tibetan Plateau in Summer:A Perspective of Divergent and Rotational Kinetic Energies

Based on the ERA5 reanalysis datasets during 1980-2019,a total of eleven zonal shear lines(ZSLs)that caused heavy precipitation and lasted more than 60 hours over the Tibetan Plateau in summer are selected for composite analysis.By decomposing the kinetic energy(K)near the ZSL into divergent and rotational kinetic energies(K_(D)and K_(R))and the kinetic energy of interaction between the divergent wind and the rotational wind(K_(R)D),the influence of the rotational and divergent winds on the evolution of the ZSL intensity is investigated from the perspective of K_(D)and K_(R).The main results are as follows.The ZSL is a comprehensive reflection of rotation and convergence.The intensity evolution of ZSL is essentially synchronized with those of K,K_(R),and K_(RD)but lags behind K_(D)by about three hours.The enhancement of K is mainly contributed by K_(R),which is governed by the conversion from K_(D)to K_(R).Furthermore,the increase in the conversion from K_(D)to K_(R)is controlled by the geostrophic effect term Af,which is determined by the joint enhancement of the zonal rotational and meridional divergent wind components(u_(R)and v_(D)).Therefore,the joint enhancement of u_(R)and v_(D)controls the increase of the ZSL intensity,leading to increased precipitation.

Distribution of the tropical Pacific surface zonal wind anomaly and its relation with two types of El Nio

E1 Nino events with an eastern Pacific pattern （EP） and central Pacific pattern （CP） were first separated using rotated empirical orthogonal functions （REOF）. Lead/lag regression and rotated singular value decomposition （RSVD） analyses were then carried out to study the relation between the surface zonal wind （SZW） anomalies and sea surface temperature （SST） anomalies in the tropical Pacific. A possible physical process for the CP E1 Nifio was proposed. For the EP E1 Nino, strong westerly anomalies that spread eastward continuously produce an anomalous ocean zonal convergence zone （ZCZ） centered on about 165°W. This SZW anomaly pattern favors poleward and eastward Sverdrup transport at the equator. For the CP E1Nino, westerly anomalies and the ZCZ are mainly confined to the western Pacific, and easterly anomalies blow in the eastern Pacific. This SZW anomaly pattern restrains poleward and eastward Sverdrup transport at the equator; however, there is an eastward Sverdrup transport at about 5°N, which favors the wanning of the north-eastern tropical Pacific. It is found that the slowness of eastward propagation of subsurface warm water （partly from the downwelling caused by Ekman convergence and the ZCZ） is due to the slowdown of the undercurrent in the central basin, and vertical advection in the central Pacific may be important in the formation and disappearance of the CP E1 Nifio.

Modular zonal fluid sampling and pressure testing technology for production well

To accurately obtain development dynamic data such as zonal pressure and fluid parameters of each oil layer in the late development stage of a high water-cut old oilfield, a modular zonal sampling and testing technology with the characteristics of modularization, full electronic control and rapidity was proposed and developed. Lab testing and on-site testing was carried out. The modular zonal sampling and testing system is composed of 10 functional modules, namely ground control system, downhole power supply module, drainage pump, electronically controlled anchor, electronically controlled packer, electronically controlled sampler, magnetic positioning sub, terminal sub, adapter cable, and quick connector. Indoor tests have confirmed that the performance parameters of each module meet the design requirements. The downhole function modules of the system can withstand pressures up to 35 MPa and temperatures up to 85 ℃. The rubber cylinder of the electronically controlled packer can withstand a pressure difference of more than 10 MPa. The electronically controlled anchor has an anchoring force of greater than 6.9 t, and can be forcibly detached in the event of an accident. The discharge pump has a displacement of 0.8 m;/d and a head of 500 m. The electronically controlled sampler can meet the requirement of taking 500 mL of sample in each of the 3 chambers. Field tests in Jilin Oilfield show that the system can realize rapid isolation and self-check of isolation of a certain production interval downhole, as well as layer-by layer pressure build-up test. The drainage pump can be used to discharge the mixed liquid between the upper and lower packers and near the wellbore to obtain real fluid samples of the tested formation interval. The data obtained give us better understanding on the pay zones in old oilfields, and provide important basis for development plan adjustment, reservoir stimulation, and EOR measures.

Observational Zonal Mean Flow Anomalies:Vacillation or Poleward Propagation?

North-south displacements and meridional vacillations of the eddy-driven jet are widely accepted as the dominant cause of variability of the observational zonal-mean zonal wind anomalies(denoted [u]').In this study,a new idea regarding the primary variability of the observational [u]' in the middle latitude troposphere is presented.It is hypothesized that there are two different classes of primary variability of the observational [u]':the poleward propagation of the [u]'(abbreviated as PP) and meridional vacillations.To validate this hypothesis,one-point correlation maps of [u]' at 200-hPa during the boreal cold season(November-April) of every year from 1957-2002 are used as a criterion.Twelve PP years,in which the PP events are dominant in the variability of [u]',and 15 no_PP years,in which the PP events are recessive and the meridional vacillations are dominant in the variability of [u]',are examined.The results show that the variabilities of [u]' are different in the chosen PP and no_PP years.In the PP years,the PP events dominate the variability of [u]';however,the meridional vacillations are prevalent in the no_PP years.

Convective Models of Jupiter’s Zonal Jets with Realistic and Hyper-Energetic Excitation Source

Numerical simulations of Jupiter’s zonal jets are presented, which are generated with realistic and hyper energetic source. The models are three dimensional and nonlinear, applied to a gas that is convective, stratified and compressible. Two solutions are presented, one for a shallow 0.6% envelope, the other one 5% deep. For the shallow model (SM), Jupiter’s small energy flux was applied with low kinematic viscosity. For the deep model (DM), the energy source and viscosity had to be much larger to obtain a solution with manageable computer time. Alternating zonal winds are generated of order 100 m/s, and the models reproduce the observed width of the prograde equatorial jet and adjacent retrograde jets at 20°latitude. But the height variations of the zonal winds differ markedly. In SM the velocities vary radially with altitude, but in DM Taylor columns are formed. The dynamical properties of these divergent model results are discussed in light of the computed meridional wind velocities. With large planetary rotation rate Ω, the zonal winds are close to geostrophic, and a quantitative measure of that property is the meridional Rossby number, Rom. In the meridional momentum balance, the ratio between inertial and Coriolis forces produces Rom = V2/ΩLU, U zonal, V meridional winds, L horizontal length scale. Our analysis shows that the meridional winds vary with the viscosity like ν1/2. With much larger viscosity and meridional winds, the Rossby number for DM is much larger, Rom(DM) >> Rom(SM). Compared to the shallow model with zonal winds varying radially, the deeper and more viscous model with Taylor columns is much less geostrophic. The zonal winds of numerical models in the literature tend to be independent of the energy source, in agreement with the present results. With 104 times larger energy flux, the zonal winds for DM only increase by a factor of 3, and the answer is provided by the zonal momentum budget with meridional winds, VU/L = ΩV, yielding U = ΩL, independent of the source. The same relationship produces the zonal Rossby number, Roz = U/ΩL, of Order 1, which is commonly used as a dimensionless measure of the zonal wind velocities.

ZONAL DISINTEGRATION MECHANISM OF DEEP CRACK-WEAKENED ROCK MASSES UNDER DYNAMIC UNLOADING

Size and quantity of fractured zone and non-fractured zone are controlled by cracks contained in deep rock masses. Zonal disintegration mechanism is strongly dependent on the interaction among cracks. The strong interaction among cracks is investigated using stress superposition principle and the Chebyshev polynomials expansion of the pseudo-traction. It is found from numerical results that crack nucleation, growth and coalescence lead to failure of deep crack- weakened rock masses. The stress redistribution around the surrounding rock mass induced by unloading excavation is studied. The effect of the excavation time on nucleation, growth, interaction and coalescence of cracks was analyzed. Moreover, the influence of the excavation time on the size and quantity of fractured zone and non-fractured zone was given. When the excavation time is short, zonal disintegration phenomenon may occur in deep rock masses. It is shown from numerical results that the size and quantity of fractured zone increase with decreasing excavation time, and the size and quantity of fractured zone increase with the increasing value of in-situ geostress.

Zonal distribution features of high frequency planetary waves in the oceans derived from satellite altimeter data

Based on TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) and ERS-1 and 2 satellite altimeter data between October 1992 and December 2000, high frequency oscillations with periods less than 150 d are analyzed and their spatial distributions are described. The ratio, instead of the energy itself, of the energy corresponding to certain frequency band from power spectrum relative to the total energy in the 20～143 d range is analyzed. The results show that the period of the most energetic oscillations in this band increases with latitude from about 1 month near the tropics to about 4 months near 30°, in agreement with the latitudinal dependency of the phase speed of westward propagating long Rossby waves,which dominate the variability in those latitudes.As a result,the global spatial distributions of the period of the dominant oscillations are largely zonal, with relatively small differences between different ocean basins. It suggests that the oscillations with periods around 60 d are mainly associated with planetary Rossby waves except the often regarded as tidal aliasing.

Intermodel Diversity in the Zonal Location of the Climatological East Asian Westerly Jet Core in Summer and Association with Rainfall over East Asia in CMIP5 Models

The East Asian westerly jet(EAJ), an important midlatitude circulation of the East Asian summer monsoon system,plays a crucial role in affecting summer rainfall over East Asia. The multimodel ensemble of current coupled models can generally capture the intensity and location of the climatological summer EAJ. However, individual models still exhibit large discrepancies. This study investigates the intermodel diversity in the longitudinal location of the simulated summer EAJ climatology in the present-day climate and its implications for rainfall over East Asia based on 20 CMIP5 models. The results show that the zonal location of the simulated EAJ core is located over either the midlatitude Asian continent or the western North Pacific(WNP) in different models. The zonal shift of the EAJ core depicts a major intermodel diversity of the simulated EAJ climatology. The westward retreat of the EAJ core is related to a warmer mid–upper tropospheric temperature in the midlatitudes, with a southwest–northeast tilt extending from Southwest Asia to Northeast Asia and the northern North Pacific, induced partially by the simulated stronger rainfall climatology over South Asia. The zonal shift of the EAJ core has some implications for the summer rainfall climatology, with stronger rainfall over the East Asian continent and weaker rainfall over the subtropical WNP in relation to the westward-located EAJ core.

Quantitative analysis of rockburst for surrounding rocks and zonal disintegration mechanism in deep tunnels

Rock masses without pre-existing macrocracks can usually be considered as granular materials with only microcracks.During the excavation of the tunnels,microcracks may nucleate,grow and propagate through the rock matrix;secondary microcracks may appear,and discontinuous and incompatible deformation of rock masses may occur.The classical continuum elastoplastic theory is not suitable for analyzing discontinuous and incompatible deformation of rock masses.Based on non-Euclidean model of the discontinuous and incompatible deformation of rock masses,the distribution of stresses in the surrounding rock masses in deep tunnels is fluctuant or wave-like.The stress concentration at the tips of microcracks located in vicinity of stress wave crest is comparatively large,which may lead to the unstable growth and coalescence of secondary microcracks,and consequently the occurrence of fractured zones.On the other hand,the stress concentration at the tips of microcracks located around stress wave trough is relatively small,which may lead to the arrest of microcracks,and thus the non-fractured zones.The alternate appearance of stress wave crest and trough thus may induce the alternate occurrence of fractured and non-fractured zones in deep rock masses.For brittle rocks,the dissipated energy of microcrack growth is small,but the elastic strain energy stored in rock masses may be larger than the dissipated energy growths of pre-existing microcracks and secondary microcracks.The sudden release of the residual elastic strain energy may lead to rockburst.Based on this understanding,the criteria of rockburst are established.Furthermore,the relationship between rockbursts and zonal disintegration in the surrounding rock masses around deep tunnels is studied.The influences of the in-situ stresses and the physico-mechanical parameters on the distribution of rockburst zones and the ejection velocity of rock fragments are investigated in detail.

Linkage Between the Northeast Mongolian Precipitation and the Northern Hemisphere Zonal Circulation

The long-term relationship between the tree-ring-reconstructed annual precipitation in northeastern Mongolia （PRM） and the Northern Hemisphere Zonal Circulation （NHZC）, defined as the normalized zonal mean sea-level pressure at 60°N in May-June-July, is examined in this study. A significant correlation coefficient （0.31） was found between the NHZC indices and PRM based on the dataset for the period of 1872-1995. The mechanisms responsible for the relationship are discussed through analyses of the atmospheric general circulation variability associated with NHZC. It follows that NHZC-related atmospheric circulation variability provides an anomalous southeast flow from the ocean to Northeast Mongolia （northwest flow from Northeast Mongolia to the ocean） in the middle and low troposphere in positive （negative） phase of NHZC, resulting in more （less） water vapor transport to the target region and more （less） precipitation in Northeast Mongolia.

Non-Acceleration Theorem in a Primitive Equation System: I. Acceleration of Zonal Mean Flow

Non-acceleration theorem in a primitive equation system is developed to investigate the influences of waves on the mean flow variation against external forcing. Numerical results show that mechanical forcing overwhelms thermal forcing in maintaining the mean flow in which the internal mechanical forcing associated with horizontal eddy flux of momentum plays the most important roles. Both internal forcing and external forcing are shown to be active and at the first place for the mean flow variations, whereas the forcing-induced mean meridional circulation is passive and secondary. It is also shown that the effects on mean flow of external mechanical forcing are concentrated in the lower troposphere, whereas those due to wave-mean flow interaction are more important in the upper troposphere. These act together and result in the vertically easterly shear in low latitudes and westerly shear in mid-latitudes. This vertical shear of mean flow is to some extent weakened by thermal forcing.

Optimal estimation of zonal velocity and transport through Luzon Strait using variational data assimilation technique

A P-vector method was optimized using variational data assimilation technique, with which the vertical structures and seasonal variations of zonal velocities and transports were investigated. The results showed that westward and eastward flowes occur in the Luzon Strait in the same period in a year. However the net volume transport is westward. In the upper level (0m -500m),the westward flow exits in the middle and south of the Luzon Strait, and the eastward flow exits in the north. There are two centers of westward flow and one center of eastward flow. In the middle of the Luzon Strait, westward and eastward flowes appear alternately in vertical direction. The westward flow strengthens in winter and weakens in summer. The net volume transport is strong in winter (5.53 Sv) but weak in summer (0.29 Sv). Except in summer, the volume transport in the upper level accounts for more than half of the total volume transport (0m bottom). In summer, the net volume transport in the upper level is eastward (1.01 Sv), but westward underneath.