Resistance development,cross-resistance,and fitness costs associated with Aphis gossypii resistance towards sulfoxaflor and acetamiprid in different geographical regions

Aphis gossypii has become increasingly difficult to manage due to its strong insecticide resistance.In the laboratory,we established sulfoxaflor-resistant and acetamiprid-resistant strains in two A.gossypii populations with different basal insecticide resistance levels,and evaluated the effects of basal insecticide resistance on the resistance development and cross-resistance,as well as differences in fitness.Under the same selection pressure,Yarkant A.gossypii(with low basal insecticide resistance)evolved resistance to sulfoxaflor and acetamiprid more quickly than Jinghe A.gossypii(with high basal insecticide resistance),and the evolution of A.gossypii resistance to sulfoxaflor developed faster than acetamiprid in both Yarkant and Jinghe,Xingjiang,China.The sulfoxaflor-resistant strains selected from Yarkant and Jinghe developed significant cross-resistance to acetamiprid,imidacloprid,thiamethoxam and pymetrozine;while the acetamiprid-resistant strains developed significant cross-resistance to sulfoxaflor,imidacloprid,thiamethoxam,pymetrozine,and chlorpyrifos.The relative fitness of A.gossypii decreased as the resistance to sulfoxaflor and acetamiprid developed.The relative fitness levels of the sulfoxaflor-resistant strains(Yarkant-SulR and Jinghe-SulR)were lower than those of the acetamipridresistant strains(Yarkant-AceR and Jinghe-AceR).In addition,the relative fitness levels of sulfoxaflor-and acetamiprid-resistant strains were lower in Jinghe than in Yarkant.In summary,basal insecticide resistance of A.gossypii and insecticide type affected the evolution of resistance to insecticides in A.gossypii,as well as cross-resistance to other insecticides.The sulfoxaflor-and acetamiprid-resistant A.gossypii strains had obvious fitness costs.The results of this work will contribute to the insecticide resistance management and integrated management of A.gossypii.

Oxidative Stress:Role in Acetamiprid-Induced Impairment of the Male Mice Reproductive System

Acetamiprid has a wide range of influence on physiological functions in mammals.The objective of this study was to examine the effect of acetamiprid on the reproductive function of male mice,and to study the role of oxidative stress in acetamiprid-induced damage to the testes.Fifty adult Kunmin male mice （25-30 g） were divided into five groups （n=10 per group）,i.e.,control,blank,acetamiprid alone,acetamiprid and vitamin E,and vitamin E alone.All groups were treated for 35 d.The results showed that acetamiprid significantly decreased the body weight and the weight of testosterone-responsive organs,such as the testis,epididymis,seminal vesicle,and prostate.Furthermore,acetamiprid also significantly reduced the serum testosterone concentration,and decreased sperm count,viability,motility,and the intactness of the acrosome （P〈0.05 for each parameter）.The mice treated with acetamiprid had damaged seminiferous tubules and Leydig cells based on the histological structure of testes;there was degeneration of the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum of Leydig cells.These deleterious effects of acetamiprid may be mediated by increasing oxidative stress,as acetamiprid increased malondialdehyde and nitric oxide in the testes,reduced the activity of catalase,glutathione peroxidase,superoxide dismutase,and activated p38.The concentration of acetamiprid in the testes was lower than that in liver,so did the concentrations of liver function tests,including aspartate transaminase （AST）,alanine transaminase （ALT） and alkaline phosphatase （ALP）,which suggest that male reproductive function may be affected through the indirect action of its metabolites.Vitamin E significantly ameliorated the effects of acetamiprid.We conclude that acetamiprid damages male reproductive function through inducing oxidative stress in the testes.

Response of Superoxide Dismutase,Catalase,and ATPase Activity in Bacteria Exposed to Acetamiprid

Objective To investigate how acetamiprid, a new insecticide, affects the activity of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, catalase （CAT）, and ATPase and the SOD isozyme patterns in two G-bacteria, E. coli K12 anti Pse.FH2, and one G^＋ bactemm, B. subtilis. Methods The SOD, CAT, and ATPase specific activities of cell lysates were determined spectrophotometrically at 550 nm, 240 nm, and 660 nm, respectively, with kits A001, A016, and A007. SOD isozyme patterns were detected by native PAGE analysis. Results SOD and CAT activities in the tested bacteria increased significantly in a concentration-dependent manner after different concentrations of acetamiprid were applied. The activity of SOD in B. subtilis and Pse.FH2 was stimulated and reached the highest level after treatment with 100 mg/L acetamiprid for 0.5 h. For Pse.FH2, there was another stimulation of SOD activity after acetamiprid application for about 8.0 h and the second stimulation was stronger than the first. The stimulation by acetamiprid showed a relative lag for E. coli K12. Acetamiprid seemed to exhibit a similar effect on CAT activity of the two G bacteria and had an evident influence on ATPase activity in the three bacteria within a relatively short period. Only one SOD isozyme was detectable in Pse.FH2 and B. subtilis, while different isozyme compositions in E. coli could be detected by native PAGE analysis. Conclusion Acetamiprid causes a certain oxidative stress on the three bacteria which may not only elevate SOD and CAT activities but also generate new SOD isozymes to antagonize oxidative stress. However, this oxidative stress lasts for a relatively short time and does not cause a long-term damage.

Isolation, characterization and phylogenetic analysis of a bacterial strain capable of degrading acetamiprid

An aerobic bacterium, capable of degrading the new chloronicotine pesticide acetamiprid, was isolated from the sludge of pesticide factory after successive enrichment cultures and named strain FH2 which is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, obligate aerobic organism with （（0.5-0.7）×（l.5-3.0））μm of cell size and with monotrichous flagellum. It was identified as a member of Pseudomonas sp. based on morphology, physio-biochemical properties, Biolog GN2, 16S rDNA sequence and phylogenetic characteristic analysis. The isolate could grow optimally at pH 7.0 and 30℃ in acetamiprid-mineral medium with 800 mg/L concentration. About 53.3% acetamiprid was degraded by strain FH2 after incubation for 14 d in acetamiprid-mineral medium and nearly 96.7% degraded when incubated in acetamiprid-yeast mineral medium at 30℃ for 14 d. This paper describes phylogenetic and degradation characterization of a pure bacterium being able to mineralize acetamiprid for the first time.

In vitro acute cytotoxicity of the neonicotinoid insecticide acetamiprid to FG cells, the gill cell line of flounder Paralichthy olivaceus

The in vitro acute cytotoxicity of the neonicotinoid insecticide acetamiprid to FG cell line, derived from the gill of flounder Paralichthys olizaceus, was tested by the three widely used endpoint bioassays-neutral red （NR） assay, tetrazolium （MTT） assay and cell protein assay. It was found that acetamiprid was increasingly toxic to FG cells at concentrations of 1 μg/cm^3 or above, and the inhibitory concentration 50% values for NR, MTF, and cell protein assays were 38.38, 36.27 and 32.03 μg/cm^3, respectively. This appeared to be the first report on the in vitro cytotoxicity of acetamiprid to non-mammalian vertebrate cells. Ultrastructural examination revealed that for the cells exposed to 60 μg/cm^3 acetamiprid for 48 h, their mitochondria were severely damaged with the cristae swelled up or disrupted, while their nuclei and rough endoplasmic reticlum （RER） appeared to be still normal. This suggests that mitochondria are possibly the primary target of acetamiprid.

Synthesis and Characterization of Nano-Acetamiprid—New Plant Safeguard Nanomaterial

In present days many types of materials are used to reduce the environmental pollution in the world which includes nanomaterials. Nanopesticides increase the efficacy, durability and reduction in the amount of active constituent. The potential applications of nanotechnology in pesticides are quick decomposition in soil or plant, targeted delivery, apparent solubility and controlled release. In this communication the author reported a neonicatonoid insecticide called as Nano-acetamiprid and it is widely used to control fungal infections in different crops like cotton, leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, pome etc. The author reported a facile method i.e. a new Nano-acetamiprid for plant disease control and its subsequent characterization of encapsulated complex using polycaprolactone as an encapsulated agent. Nano-acetamiprid encapsulated particles were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), ultraviolet spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). To ascertain the formation and the stability of nanoencapsulated acetamiprid pesticide, the maximum absorption spectra formulated at 421 nm and unformulated pesticide at 520 nm were observed. The size distribution was noted at 40 - 50 nm. The bioactivity study was conducted against various Aspergillus niger. The performance of nano particles was many fold times effective when compared to the original parental particles. The bio-assay of Nano-acetamiprid shows better results when compared to the normal commercial acetamiprid.

Determination of Acute Lethal Doses of Acetamiprid and Cypermethrin for the Native Bee <i>Apis mellifera</i>(Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Cameroon

Honey bees are important pollinators and are essential in agriculture;as such they get exposed to a wide range of pesticides while foraging in contaminated fields or during the spray of chemical on crops. It is therefore important to know the toxicity and evaluate the impacts of bees’ exposure to these molecules. Acetamiprid and cypermethrin are two pesticides widely used in Cameroon and other countries. The objective of this study was to determine the toxicity of acetamiprid and cypermethrin on the native subspecies of Apis mellifera L. in agricultural areas in Adamaoua-Cameroon and to evaluate the impact on honeybee foragers exposed to lethal and sublethal doses of these two insecticides. The results obtained in laboratory conditions show that acetamiprid and cypermethrin are toxic to A. mellifera. The symptoms of neurotoxicity and first mortality appear 15 min after the ingestion of the high concentrations and about 30 to 45 min after the inoculation of the pesticides through contact route and the mortality increases with the concentration and time. The LC50 of acetamiprid obtained after 24 h are respectively 5.26 ng/μl for the topical application and 4.70 μg/μl by the oral route. At the same time, the LC50 of cypermethrin are respectively 2.27 ng/μl for topical application and 2.68 ng/μl for oral toxicity. For a sustainable agriculture and beekeeping, it is, therefore, important to establish quality measures on these insecticides in the ecosystem and to set up a phyto-pharmacovigilance and awareness system to the population.

LETHAL AND SUBLETHAL EFFECTS OF ACETAMIPRID ON THE LARVAE OF CULEX PIPIENS PALLENS

Acetamiprid is a novel neonicotinoid insecticide invented by Nippon Soda Co., Ltd.. To explore the possibility of acetamiprid as larvicide of mosquitoes, lethal and sublethal effects of acetamiprid on the larvae of Culex pipiens pallens were studied by immersion method in the laboratory. The results indicated that the larvae of Culex pipiens pallens were sensitive to acetamiprid. The mortality of larvae peaked at 72 h after treatment. The 1st instar larvae was the most susceptible to acetamiprid, and the 4th instar larvae was the most tolerant to acetamiprid, the LC 50 values were 0.020 mg/L and 0.296 mg/L at 72 h after treatment, respectively. Sublethal concentrations of acetamiprid could delay the development of larvae and decrease the weight of pupa. We suggested that acetamiprid is a safe and effective substitute for the using larvicides of mosquitoes.

不同剂型啶虫脒与枸杞品质相关性研究

以“宁杞7号”为研究对象,考察不同剂型啶虫脒对枸杞品质的影响。试验结果发现,枸杞上啶虫脒的残留量均未超过国家限量标准。随着采样时间的增加,枸杞中黄酮、甜菜碱、胡萝卜素和多糖含量逐渐积累增多,而总糖和微量元素(钙、镁、铁、铜、锰、锌)的含量变化不大,且随着时间的变化各组分差异显著。喷施剂型对各组分的含量影响显著。试验结果表明,啶虫脒在枸杞病虫害的防治上起到了较好的效果,可为枸杞提供施药安全间隔期后最佳的采摘时间,也可为枸杞合理用药和膳食风险评估提供参考。

吡虫啉和啶虫脒胶体金免疫层析法试纸条性能评估及应用效果探究

目的研究吡虫啉和啶虫脒胶体金免疫层析法试纸条在不同基质中残留量检测的应用效果。方法实验考察了市场上主要流通的5种不同品牌的胶体金免疫层析法试纸条在蔬菜、水果和茶鲜叶基质中的检出限、灵敏度、交叉反应率、特异性、假阳性和假阴性率。结果各品牌胶体金试纸条在3种不同类型基质(白菜、苹果和茶鲜叶)中,检出限浓度水平有假阴性出现,其余浓度水平灵敏度较好;特异性和交叉反应性,结果均为阴性;假阳性率和假阴性率考察中,假阳性率为0%,但有假阴性情况出现。结论胶体金免疫层析法在检测吡虫啉、啶虫脒农药残留时具有简便快捷的特点,在蔬菜、水果基质的检测中,判定结果较为准确可靠;在茶叶基质中,由于基质效应的影响,出现假阴性的机率较高。

油菜薹中啶虫脒残留质控样品的制备与评价

为保障油菜薹中啶虫脒农药残留快速检测结果的准确性和可靠性,建立油菜薹中啶虫脒质控样品的制备方法并进行评价。采用基质加标、真空冷冻干燥的方法制备冻干质控样品。采用液相色谱质谱串联的检测方法对质控样品中的啶虫脒含量进行测定,通过随机抽样检验以评估样品的均匀性,通过观察质控样品在一个月内啶虫脒含量变化以评估样品的稳定性。该方法制备的油菜薹中啶虫脒农药残留质控样品均匀性和稳定性良好,便于储存和运输,适用于快检产品验证、盲样考核等快速检测领域。本研究建立了一种流程简单的油菜薹冻干粉质控样品制备方法,为蔬菜中农药残留质控样品制备共性关键技术研究提供了数据参考。

一种基于表面增强拉曼光谱技术的环境水中啶虫脒现场快速检测试剂盒

啶虫脒(acetamiprid,AC)在环境中的蓄积可对生态系统和人体健康产生不利影响。本研究利用表面增强拉曼光谱(Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy,SERS)技术,构建了一种快速定性及定量检测环境水中啶虫脒的检测试剂盒。采用化学合成法制备了粒径为40~60 nm的纳米金溶胶作为SERS活性基底,以包覆铝箔的24孔板为反应平台,将一定量的聚沉盐负载到反应孔中诱导信号热点,并与便携式拉曼光谱仪集成为适用于现场检测的试剂盒。通过对聚沉盐负载量、聚沉时间等条件进行优化,在浓度为25~750 ng·mL^(-1)范围内,啶虫脒浓度与SERS信号强度呈现良好的线性关系,R2=0.988。试剂盒检出限低至15.56 ng·mL^(-1),平均加标回收率为90.04%~106.10%,在5 min内实现了环境水中啶虫脒的现场检测。与传统方法相比,该试剂盒便携、操作简单、快速、成本低廉、可同时进行多样本检测,为环境水体中啶虫脒的现场检测分析提供了新选择。

表面增强拉曼光谱法同时检测果汁中的啶虫脒和福美双

目的:基于优化的金银合金纳米颗粒基底的表面增强拉曼光谱(surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy,SERS)同时检测果汁中啶虫脒和福美双。方法:对不同质量浓度的啶虫脒和福美双标准溶液及其混合物采集拉曼光谱并进行峰位归属分析,选择苹果汁作为代表果汁样本,对不同质量浓度梯度的混合农药残留进行检测分析,利用两种农药的拉曼特征峰强度与农药残留质量浓度分别建立校正曲线。最后通过回收率实验评估此方法的准确性和精密度。结果:631 cm^(-1)处的拉曼特征峰作为啶虫脒的识别峰,1380 cm^(-1)处的拉曼峰作为福美双的识别峰,同时检测苹果汁中混合农药残留,得到啶虫脒和福美双的检测限分别为0.42231 mg/L和0.03556 mg/L,均低于国家规定的苹果中啶虫脒(0.8 mg/L)和福美双(5 mg/L)的农药残留限量。回收率实验显示苹果汁中福美双和啶虫脒的平均回收率分别为81.67%~101.25%和98.70%~119.36%,相对标准偏差范围分别为2.72%~7.68%和5.44%~15.15%。结论:利用SERS技术的峰尖锐、峰宽窄的特点,结合金银合金纳米颗粒基底可实现果汁中啶虫脒和福美双的同时定量检测。此方法可以进一步应用于其他多种污染物的现场同时快速检测。

啶虫脒在豇豆腌制过程中的生物转化

本研究通过测定在豇豆腌制过程中啶虫脒的消散和转化行为,同时通过毒理学软件ECOSAR和毒性评估软件工具T.E.S.T.进一步预测了啶虫脒及其转化产物(transformation products,TPs)的毒性。结果表明在豇豆腌制过程中啶虫脒发生明显的降解行为,其降解速率常数为0.96761,半衰期为(34.95±0.78)d。在豇豆腌制过程中鉴定出了4种啶虫脒的TPs,其中TP1和TP2的大鼠口服致死剂量分别为358.17 mg/kg和385.7 mg/kg,属于“有害”等级,且其发育毒性较母体明显增加。此外,在实际样品检测过程中,所有样品中啶虫脒以及转化产物TP1、TP2和TP3均有检出,啶虫脒的最高质量浓度为473.8μg/L,中位质量浓度为41.1·μg/L。这些研究结果揭示了啶虫脒在豇豆腌制过程中的降解及生物转化情况,有助于更好地了解腌制食品可能存在的健康风险。

啶虫脒在食用百合中的残留、消解规律及膳食风险评估

为明确啶虫脒在食用百合上的残留和膳食风险,采用液相色谱-质谱联用检测江苏、湖南、湖北和四川等地鲜百合和干百合中啶虫脒的残留量和消解动态,并对膳食风险进行评估。结果表明,啶虫脒在江苏和湖南食用百合上的降解半衰期分别为6.2 d和5.5 d,其消解动态符合一级反应动力学方程。最后1次药后7、10和14 d,啶虫脒在四地鲜百合和干百合中的最终残留量均小于0.01 mg/kg,低于啶虫脒在我国鲜百合和干百合中最大残留限量(MRL)0.02和0.05 mg/kg。慢性膳食暴露风险评估显示,啶虫脒对膳食风险贡献小。因此,根据推荐方式规范施药,啶虫脒在食用百合上的残留符合国家农药残留相关标准,且残留量不会对居民健康产生不利影响。

吡虫啉和啶虫脒对东亚小花蝽捕食行为和能力的影响

为明确吡虫啉和啶虫脒对天敌东亚小花蝽捕食行为和能力的影响,通过玻璃管药膜法用田间推荐使用剂量处理东亚小花蝽雌成虫,分析了这两种安全性较高的杀虫剂对东亚小花蝽雌成虫捕食行为、捕食量和捕食功能反应方程参数的影响。结果表明,经吡虫啉和啶虫脒处理后,东亚小花蝽雌成虫捕食行为中的搜寻、行走和取食时间分别显著减少了100.0 s和332.5 s、775.0 s和500.0 s、1117.5 s和1145.0 s;对棉铃虫卵的日捕食量分别为(4.89±1.36)和(3.56±0.73)粒,分别显著减少了1.55和2.88粒。各处理组对棉铃虫卵的捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ模型,但模型的各项参数均发生了变化,吡虫啉和啶虫脒处理后的捕食效能(分别为10.7363和7.0280)与最大寻找效应(分别为0.6139和0.4021)均显著低于对照(26.1909和0.7929)。因此,在田间推荐使用剂量下,吡虫啉和啶虫脒均可干扰东亚小花蝽捕食行为,减少其捕食量,并显著降低东亚小花蝽雌成虫捕食效能和寻找效应,对东亚小花蝽有显著的负面影响,这为协调天敌与杀虫剂科学使用、促进烟田害虫的可持续治理提供理论依据。

多光谱法研究啶虫脒与牛血清白蛋白的相互作用

啶虫脒(acetamiprid,ACE)是一种广泛使用的新烟碱类杀虫剂,其在环境介质中的残留积累,对哺乳动物产生神经毒性作用,成为一种备受关注的环境污染物。为清晰认识啶虫咪在生物体中的作用过程,本研究利用荧光、紫外可见光(UV-vis)、圆二色光谱法及分子对接技术,探究了ACE和牛血清白蛋白(bovine serum albumin,BSA)的相互作用机制。结果表明:在不同温度下,BSA和ACE的荧光猝灭机制主要为静态猝灭,能够形成基态复合物,且存在至少1个结合位点;热力学研究表明,二者结合过程中的吉布斯自由能(ΔG)为负值,说明ACE与BSA的结合是一个自发过程;焓(ΔH)和熵(ΔS)为负值,表明ACE与BSA相互作用的驱动力是氢键或范德华力;通过荧光光谱法和UV-vis光谱法算出结合距离小于7 nm,表明ACE与BSA之间能发生非辐射能量转移;同步荧光光谱显示ACE对BSA的构象产生影响,主要是对其中酪氨酸残基的影响更为显著;圆二色光谱结果显示ACE使BSA的构象发生一定变化,增加了α-螺旋结构的稳定性和蛋白整体的有序性,使蛋白质的微环境比其天然状态更具疏水性。综上所述,ACE与BSA在环境介质和生物体中能够自发结合,形成稳定的基态复合物,且结合后会影响BSA的结构。本研究为探究ACE在生物体中的致毒过程提供了基础数据。

啶虫脒自由饮水暴露对雄性小鼠睾丸的损伤作用

目的 通过建立啶虫脒致雄性小鼠睾丸损伤模型,探究啶虫脒对雄性生殖系统的损伤作用。方法 选取SPF级C57BL6N雄性小鼠24只,将其随机分成4组,每组6只,分别设置为对照组(纯水)、低剂量组(0.64 mg·kg^(-1))、中剂量组(9.1 mg·kg^(-1))、高剂量组(18.2 mg·kg^(-1))。对雄性小鼠进行饮水染毒造模,持续染毒28 d。隔天称重,观察各组小鼠体质量的变化情况以及睾丸脏器系数的变化情况;通过精子涂片观察小鼠精子质量的变化情况;通过HE染色观察小鼠睾丸组织病理学变化情况。结果 啶虫脒染毒前后,各组小鼠体质量差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。与对照组相比,低、中、高剂量组小鼠睾丸脏器系数差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。通过小鼠的精子涂片,观察到随着染毒剂量的增加,精子数量逐渐减少,精子形态发生改变。HE染色结果显示,与对照组相比,低、中、高剂量组随着染毒剂量的增加可见精曲小管内细胞排列疏松,管腔内精子密度减小,且有部分细胞脱落。结论 啶虫脒染毒后可引起雄性小鼠睾丸生精细胞损伤,并导致精子数量减少,精子形态改变。

基于还原氧化石墨烯-聚苯胺/纳米金复合纳米材料的阻抗型电化学适配体传感器检测啶虫脒

基于纳米金(Aunanoparticles,AuNPs)/还原氧化石墨烯(reduced graphene oxide,rGO)-聚苯胺(polyaniline,PANi)复合材料制备一种高灵敏、高选择性的啶虫脒(acetamiprid,ACE)电化学适配体传感器(6-巯基-1-己醇(6-mercapto-1-hexanol,MCH)/Apt/AuNPs/rGO-PANi)。采用透射电镜、X射线衍射和扫描电镜/能谱等多种技术对所合成的纳米材料及电极的修饰界面进行了表征,确证了形貌及结构。使用电化学技术研究不同电极的电化学性能,发现AuNPs/rGO-PANi复合材料修饰电极具有较大的电化学活性面积和优异的电子传输能力,可为适配体的固定及电化学检测ACE提供一个理想的平台。在最优条件下,MCH/Apt/AuNPs/rGO-PANi对ACE检测的线性范围为1.0~100000.0 ng/L,检出限为0.15 ng/L(信噪比=3)。100倍的常见共存农药分子不会对ACE的检测产生明显干扰,将该适配体传感器用于青瓜和红薯叶样品检测,回收率为94.5%~98.5%,结果的准确性也得到了液相色谱-质谱法的验证。

20%啶虫脒可溶性液剂对杞柳瘿蚊的防效研究

为有效控制杞柳瘿蚊危害,筛选出防治杞柳瘿蚊的理想药剂和最佳的施药剂量,本试验采用茎叶喷雾法研究20%啶虫脒可溶性液剂及其与3种化学混合农药对杞柳瘿蚊的防治效果。结果表明:20%啶虫脒可溶性液剂单剂及其与3种农药混合对杞柳瘿蚊均有很好的防治效果,其中以20%啶虫脒可溶性液剂525 mL/hm^(2)对杞柳瘿蚊的综合防治效果最好,其次是20%啶虫脒可溶性液剂375 mL/hm^(2)和20%啶虫脒可溶性液剂150 mL/hm^(2)+40%毒死蜱乳油750 g/hm^(2)。从生产成本、防治效果等因素综合考虑,推荐使用20%啶虫脒可溶性液剂375 mL/hm^(2)或20%啶虫脒可溶性液剂150 mL/hm^(2)+40%毒死蜱乳油750 g/hm^(2)防治杞柳瘿蚊。