Mepiquat chloride increases the Cry1Ac protein content of Bt cotton under high temperature and drought stress by regulating carbon and amino acid metabolism

The effects of mepiquat chloride(DPC)on the Cry1Ac protein content in Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)cotton boll shells under high temperature and drought stress were investigated to provide a theoretical reference for Bt cotton breeding and high-yield and-efficiency cotton cultivation.This study was conducted using Bt cotton cultivar‘Sikang 3'during the 2020 and 2021 growing seasons at Yangzhou University Farm,Yangzhou,Jiangsu Province,China.Potted cotton plants were exposed to high temperature and drought stress,and sprayed with either 20 mg L^(-1)DPC or water(CK).Seven days after treatment,the Cry1Ac protein content,α-ketoglutarate content,pyruvic acid content,glutamate synthase activity,glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase activity,soluble protein content,and amino acid content were measured,and transcriptome sequencing was performed.DESeq was used for differential gene analysis.Under the DPC treatment,the Cry1Ac protein content increased by 4.7-11.9% compared to CK.Theα-ketoglutarate content,pyruvic acid content,glutamate synthase activity,glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase activity,soluble protein content,and amino acid content all increased.Transcriptome analysis revealed 7,542 upregulated genes and 10,449 downregulated genes for DPC vs.CK.Gene ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genomes(KEGG)analyses showed that the differentially expressed genes were mainly involved in biological processes,such as carbon and amino acid metabolism.For example,genes encoding 6-phosphofructokinase,pyruvate kinase,glutamic pyruvate transaminase,pyruvate dehydrogenase,citrate synthase,isocitrate dehydrogenase,2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase,glutamate synthase,1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase,glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase,amino-acid N-acetyltransferase,and acetylornithine deacetylase were all significantly upregulated.The DPC treatment increased pyruvate,α-ketoglutarate,and oxaloacetate by increasing the operational rate of the glycolytic pathway of the citric acid cycle.It also significantly upregulated the genes encoding glutamate synthase,pyrrolidine-5-carboxylic acid dehydrogenase,glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase,and N-acetylglutamate synthetase,while it downregulated the genes encoding glutamine synthetase.Therefore,the synthesis of aspartic acid,glutamic acid,pyruvate,and arginine increased after treatment with DPC,and the Cry1Ac protein content was increased by regulating carbon and amino acid metabolism.

Hepatic protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 3G alleviates obesity and liver steatosis by regulating the gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism

Intestinal dysbiosis and disrupted bile acid(BA)homeostasis are associated with obesity,but the precise mechanisms remain insufficiently explored.Hepatic protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 3G(PPP1R3G)plays a pivotal role in regulating glycolipid metabolism;nevertheless,its obesity-combatting potency remains unclear.In this study,a substantial reduction was observed in serum PPP1R3G levels in high-body mass index(BMI)and high-fat diet(HFD)-exposed mice,establishing a positive correlation between PPP1R3G and non-12a-hydroxylated(non-12-OH)BA content.Additionally,hepatocyte-specific overexpression of Ppp1r3g(PPP1R3G HOE)mitigated HFD-induced obesity as evidenced by reduced weight,fat mass,and an improved serum lipid profile;hepatic steatosis alleviation was confirmed by normalized liver enzymes and histology.PPP1R3G HOE considerably impacted systemic BA homeostasis,which notably increased the non-12-OH BAs ratio,particularly lithocholic acid(LCA).16S ribosomal DNA(16S rDNA)sequencing assay indicated that PPP1R3G HOE reversed HFD-induced gut dysbiosis by reducing the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and Lactobacillus population,and elevating the relative abundance of Blautia,which exhibited a positive correlation with serum LCA levels.A fecal microbiome transplantation test confirmed that the anti-obesity effect of hepatic PPP1R3G was gut microbiotadependent.Mechanistically,PPP1R3G HOE markedly suppressed hepatic cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase(CYP7A1)and sterol-12a-hydroxylase(CYP8B1),and concurrently upregulated oxysterol 7-a hydroxylase and Takeda G protein-coupled BA receptor 5(TGR5)expression under HFD conditions.Furthermore,LCA administration significantly mitigated the HFD-induced obesity phenotype and elevated non-12-OH BA levels.These findings emphasize the significance of hepatic PPP1R3G in ameliorating diet-induced adiposity and hepatic steatosis through the gut microbiota-BA axis,which may serve as potential therapeutic targets for obesity-related disorders.

Oligomeric procyanidins combined with Parabacteroides distasonis ameliorate high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis by regulating lipid metabolism,inflammation reaction and bile acid metabolism in ApoE^(-/-)mice

Atherosclerosis(AS)is the main pathological basis of cardiovascular diseases.Hence,the prevention and treatment strategies of AS have attracted great research attention.As a potential probiotic,Pararabacteroides distasonis has a positive regulatory effect on lipid metabolism and bile acids(BAs)profile.Oligomeric procyanidins have been confirmed to be conducive to the prevention and treatment of AS,whose antiatherosclerotic effect may be associated with the promotion of gut probiotics.However,it remains unclear whether and how oligomeric procyanidins and P.distasonis combined(PPC)treatment can effectively alleviate high-fat diet(HFD)-induced AS.In this study,PPC treatment was found to significantly decrease atherosclerotic lesion,as well as alleviate the lipid metabolism disorder,inflammation and oxidative stress injury in ApoE^(-/-)mice.Surprisingly,targeted metabolomics demonstrated that PPC intervention altered the BA profile in mice by regulating the ratio of secondary BAs to primary BAs,and increased fecal BAs excretion.Further,quantitative polymerase chain reaction(qPCR)analysis showed that PPC intervention facilitated reverse cholesterol transport by upregulating Srb1 expression;In addition,PPC intervention promoted BA synthesis from cholesterol in liver by upregulating Cyp7a1 expression via suppression of the farnesoid X receptor(FXR)pathway,thus exhibiting a significant serum cholesterol-lowering effect.In summary,PPC attenuated HFD-induced AS in ApoE^(-/-)mice,which provides new insights into the design of novel and efficient anti-atherosclerotic strategies to prevent AS based on probiotics and prebiotics.

The biosynthesis of alarm pheromone in the wheat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi is regulated by hormones via fatty acid metabolism

Aphids are major insect pests in agriculture and forestry worldwide.Following attacks by natural enemies,many aphids release an alarm pheromone to protect their population.In most aphids,the main component of the aphid alarm pheromone(AAP)is the sesquiterpene hydrocarbon(E)-β-farnesene(EβF).However,the mechanisms behind its biosynthesis and regulation remain poorly understood.In this study,we used the bird cherry–oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi,which is an important wheat aphid,to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of EβF biosynthesis.Our results showed that EβF biosynthesis occurs during the mature embryo period and the molting period of the 1st-and 2nd-instar nymphs.Triglycerides provide the prerequisite material for EβF production and release.Based on transcriptome sequencing,RNAi analysis,hormone treatments,and quantitative measurements,we found that the biosynthesis of EβF utilizes acetyl coenzyme A produced from fatty acid degradation,which can be suppressed by juvenile hormone but it is promoted by 20-hydroxyecdysone through the modulation of fatty acid metabolism.This is the first systemic study on the modulation of EβF production in aphids.The results of our study provide insights into the molecular regulatory mechanisms of AAP biosynthesis,as well as valuable information for designing potential aphid control strategies.

Dietary Enteromorpha polysaccharide-Zn supplementation regulates amino acid and fatty acid metabolism by improving the antioxidant activity in chicken

Background:Enteromorpha prolifera(E.prolifera)polysaccharide has become a promising feed additive with a variety of physiological activities,such as anti-oxidant,anti-cancer,anti-diabetic,immunomodulatory,hypolipidemic,and cation chelating ability.However,whether Enteromorpha polysaccharide-trace element complex supplementation regulates amino acid and fatty acid metabolism in chicken is largely unknown.This study was conducted to investigate the effects of E.prolifera polysaccharide(EP)-Zn supplementation on growth performance,amino acid,and fatty acid metabolism in chicken.Methods:A total of 184 one-day-old Ross-308 broiler chickens were randomly divided into two treatment groups with 8 replicates,12 chickens per replicate,and fed either the basal diet(control group)or basal diet plus E.prolifera polysaccharide-Zinc(400 mg EP-Zn/kg diet).Results:Dietary EP-Zn supplementation significantly increased(P<0.05)the body weight,average daily gain,muscle antioxidant activity,serum HDL level,and reduced serum TG and LDL concentration.In addition,dietary EPZn supplementation could modulate ileal amino acid digestibility and upregulate the mRNA expression of amino acid transporter genes in the jejunum,ileum,breast muscle,and liver tissues(P<0.05).Compared with the control group,breast meat from chickens fed EP-Zn had higher(P<0.05)Pro and Asp content,and lower(P<0.05)Val,Phe,Gly,and Cys free amino acid content.Furthermore,EP-Zn supplementation upregulated(P<0.05)the mRNA expressions of mTOR and anti-oxidant related genes,while down-regulated protein degradation related genes in the breast muscle.Breast meat from EP-Zn supplemented group had significantly lower(P<0.05)proportions ofΣn-3 PUFA,and a higher percentage ofΣn-6 PUFA and the ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFA.Besides,EP-Zn supplementation regulated lipid metabolism by inhibiting the gene expression of key enzymes involved in the fatty acid synthesis and activating genes that participated in fatty acid oxidation in the liver tissue.Conclusions:It is concluded that EP-Zn complex supplementation regulates apparent ileal amino acid digestibility,enhances amino acid metabolism,and decreases oxidative stress-associated protein breakdown,thereby improving the growth performance.Furthermore,it promotes fatty acid oxidation and restrains fat synthesis through modulating lipid metabolism-related gene expression.

A Preliminary Study of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) in the Endangered Aquatic Quillwort Isoetes sinensis Palmer in China

Isoetes sinensis Palmer (Isoetaceae) is an aquatic or amphibious plant that is critically endangered in China. Previous studies have revealed the crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)-like photosynthetic pathway occurs commonly in submerged leaves in genusIsoetes. Water chemistry parameters and the titratable acidity content of the plant extract were measured from samples obtained in the early morning (7∶00) and late afternoon (15∶00) from twoI. sinensis populations in China. One population occurs in the eulittoral zone of a freshwater tidal river at low elevation (134 m) and another occurs in a densely vegetated, high elevation (1 100 m) alpine shallow pool. Significant differences in pH and titratable acidity of the plant extract were detected between the morning and afternoon samples. These changes are associated with diurnal changes in water chemistry. Our results provide the first evidence for the existence of the CAM pathway in the East Asian endemicIsoetes sinensis Palmer. The magnitude of fluctuations in the titratable acidity of the plant extract may be correlated with the severe carbon limitation imposed on the plants by its aquatic habitat.

Protective effects of dioscin against Parkinson's disease via regulating bile acid metabolism through remodeling gut microbiome/GLP-1 signaling

It is necessary to explore potent therapeutic agents via regulating gut microbiota and metabolism to combat Parkinson's disease(PD).Dioscin,a bioactive steroidal saponin,shows various activities.However,its effects and mechanisms against PD are limited.In this study,dioscin dramatically alleviated neuroinflammation and oxidative stress,and restored the disorders of mice induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine(MPTP).16 S rDNA sequencing assay demonstrated that dioscin reversed MPTP-induced gut dysbiosis to decrease Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio and the abundances of Enterococcus,Streptococcus,Bacteroides and Lactobacillus genera,which further inhibited bile salt hydrolase(BSH)activity and blocked bile acid(BA)deconjugation.Fecal microbiome transplantation test showed that the anti-PD effect of dioscin was gut microbiota-dependent.In addition,non-targeted fecal metabolomics assays revealed many differential metabolites in adjusting steroid biosynthesis and primary bile acid biosynthesis.Moreover,targeted bile acid metabolomics assay indicated that dioscin increased the levels of ursodeoxycholic acid,tauroursodeoxycholic acid,taurodeoxycholic acid and bmuricholic acid in feces and serum.In addition,ursodeoxycholic acid administration markedly improved the protective effects of dioscin against PD in mice.Mechanistic test indicated that dioscin significantly up-regulated the levels of takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5(TGR5),glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor(GLP-1R),GLP-1,superoxide dismutase(SOD),and down-regulated NADPH oxidases 2(NOX2)and nuclear factor-kappaB(NF-kB)levels.Our data indicated that dioscin ameliorated PD phenotype by restoring gut dysbiosis and regulating bile acid-mediated oxidative stress and neuroinflammation via targeting GLP-1 signal in MPTP-induced PD mice,suggesting that the compound should be considered as a prebiotic agent to treat PD in the future.

Effects of adding sodium dichloroacetate to low-protein diets on nitrogen balance and amino acid metabolism in the portaldrained viscera and liver of pigs

Background:Identifying regulatory measures to promote glucose oxidative metabolism while simultaneously reducing amino acid oxidative metabolism is one of the foremost challenges in formulating low-protein(LP)diets designed to reduce the excretion of nitrogen-containing substances known to be potential pollutants.In this study,we investigated the effects of adding sodium dichloroacetate(DCA)to a LP diet on nitrogen balance and amino acid metabolism in the portal-drained viscera(PDV)and liver of pigs.To measure nitrogen balance,18 barrows(40±1.0 kg)were fed one of three diets(n=6 per group):18%crude protein(CP,control),13.5%CP(LP),and 13.5%CP+100 mg DCA/kg dry matter(LP-DCA).To measure amino acid metabolism in the PDV and liver,15 barrows(40±1.0 kg)were randomly assigned to one of the three diets(n=5 per group).Four essential amino acids(Lys,Met,Thr,and Trp)were added to the LP diets such that these had amino acid levels comparable to those of the control diet.Results:The LP-DCA diet reduced nitrogen excretion in pigs relative to that of pigs fed the control diet(P<0.05),without any negative effects on nitrogen retention(P>0.05).There were no differences between the control and LP-DCA groups with respect to amino acid supply to the liver and extra-hepatic tissues in pigs(P>0.05).The net release of ammonia into the portal vein and production rate of urea in the liver of pigs fed the LP-DCA diet was reduced relative to that of pigs fed the control and LP diets(P<0.05).Conclusion:The results indicated that addition of DCA to a LP diet can efficiently reduce nitrogen excretion in pigs and maximize the supply of amino acids to the liver and extra-hepatic tissues.

Response of Tomato Sugar and Acid Metabolism and Fruit Quality under Different High Temperature and Relative Humidity Conditions

The combined stress of high temperature and high relative air humidity is one of the most serious agrometeorological disasters that restricts the production capacity of protected agriculture.However,there is little information about the precise interaction between them on tomato fruit quality.The objectives of this study were to explore the effects of the combined stress of high temperature and relative humidity on the sugar and acid metabolism and fruit quality of tomato fruits,and to determine the best relative air humidity for fruit quality under high temperature environments.Four temperature treatments(32℃,35℃,38℃,41℃),three relative air humidity(50%,70%,90%)and four duration(3,6,9,12 d)orthogonal experiments were conducted,with 28℃,50%as control.The results showed that under high temperature and relative air humidity,the activity of sucrose metabolizing enzymes in young tomato fruits changed,which reduced fruits soluble sugar content;in addition,enzyme activities involved phosphopyruvate carboxylase(PEPC),mitochondria aconitase(MDH)and citrate synthetase(CS)increased which increased the content of organic acids(especially malic acid).Eventually,vitamin C,total sugar and sugar-acid ratio decreased significantly,while the titratable acid increased,resulting in a decrease in fruit flavor quality and nutritional quality in ripe fruit.Specifically,a temperature of 32℃and a relative air humidity of 70%were the best cultivation conditions for tomato reproductive growth period under high temperature.Our results indicating that fruit quality reduced under high temperature at the flowering stage,while increasing the relative air humidity to 70%could alleviate this negative effect.Our results are benefit to better understand the interaction between microclimate parameters under specific climatic conditions in the greenhouse environment and their impact on tomato flavor quality.

Evaluation of fatty acid metabolism and innate immunity interactions between commercial broiler, F1 layer × broiler cross and commercial layer strains selected for different growth potentials

Background： The broiler industry has undergone intense genetic selection over the past 50 yr. resulting in improvements for growth and feed efficiency, however, significant variation remains for performance and growth traits. Production improvements have been coupled with unfavourable metabolic consequences, including immunological trade-offs for growth, and excess fat deposition. To determine whether interactions between fatty acid（FA） metabolism and innate immunity may be associated with performance variations commonly seen within commercial broiler flocks, total carcass lipid %, carcass and blood FA composition, as wel as genes involved with FA metabolism, immunity and cel ular stress were investigated in male birds of a broiler strain, layer strain and F1 layer × broiler cross at d 14 post hatch. Heterophil：lymphocyte ratios, relative organ weights and bodyweight data were also compared.Results： Broiler bodyweight（n = 12） was four times that of layers（n = 12） by d 14 and had significantly higher carcass fat percentage compared to the cross（n = 6; P = 0.002） and layers（P = 0.017） which were not significantly different from each other（P = 0.523）. The carcass and whole blood FA analysis revealed differences in the FA composition between the three groups indicating altered FA metabolism, despite al being raised on the same diet. Genes associated with FA synthesis andβ-oxidation were upregulated in the broilers compared to the layers indicating a net overal increase in FA metabolism,which may be driven by the larger relative liver size as a percentage of bodyweight in the broilers. Genes involved in innate immunity such as TLR2 and TLR4, as wel as organel e stress indicators ERN1 and XBP1 were found to be nonsignificant, with the exception of high expression levels of XBP1 in layers compared to the cross and broilers. Additional y there was no difference in heterophil： lymphocytes between any of the birds.Conclusions： The results provide evidence that genetic selection may be associated with altered metabolic processes between broilers, layers and their F1 cross. Whilst there is no evidence of interactions between FA metabolism, innate immunity or cel ular stress, further investigations at later time points as growth and fat deposition increase would provide useful information as to the effects of divergent selection on key metabolic and immunological processes.

Intrauterine growth retardation affects liver bile acid metabolism in growing pigs:effects associated with the changes of colonic bile acid derivatives

Background:Intrauterine growth retardation(IUGR)is associated with severely impaired nutrient metabolism and intestinal development of pigs.Our previous study found that IUGR altered intestinal microbiota and metabolites in the colon.However,the consequences of IUGR on bile acid metabolism in pigs remained unclear.The present study aimed to investigate the bile acid metabolism in the liver and the profile of bile acid derivatives in the colon of grow-ing pigs with IUGR using bile acid targeted metabolomics.Furthermore,we determined correlations between colonic microbiota composition and metabolites of IUGR and normal birth weight(NBW)pigs at different growth stages that were 7,21,and 28-day-old,and the average body weight(BW)of 25,50,and 100 kg of the NBW pigs.Results:The results showed that the plasma total bile acid concentration was higher(P<0.05)at the 25 kg BW stage and tended to increase(P=0.08)at 28-day-old in IUGR pigs.The hepatic gene expressions related to bile acid synthe-sis(CYP7A1,CYP27A1,and NTCP)were up-regulated(P<0.05),and the genes related to glucose and lipid metabolism(ATGL,HSL,and PC)were down-regulated(P<0.05)at the 25 kg BW stage in IUGR pigs when compared with the NBW group.Targeted metabolomics analysis showed that 29 bile acids and related compounds were detected in the colon of pigs.The colonic concentrations of dehydrolithocholic acid and apocholic acid were increased(P<0.05),while isodeoxycholic acid and 6,7-diketolithocholic acid were decreased(P<0.05)in IUGR pigs,when compared with the NBW pigs at the 25 kg BW stage.Moreover,Spearman’s correlation analysis revealed that colonic Unclassified_[Mogi-bacteriaceae],Lachnospira,and Slackia abundances were negatively correlated(P<0.05)with dehydrolithocholic acid,as well as the Unclassified_Clostridiaceae abundance with 6,7-diketolithocholic acid at the 25 kg BW stage.Conclusions:These findings suggest that IUGR could affect bile acid and glucolipid metabolism in growing pigs,especially at the 25 kg BW stage,these effects being paralleled by a modification of bile acid derivatives concentra-tions in the colonic content.The plausible links between these modified parameters are discussed.

Comprehensive analysis reveals an arachidonic acid metabolism-related gene signature in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC)is highly heterogeneous,making its prognosis prediction difficult.The arachidonic acid(AA)cascade is involved in carcinogenesis.Therefore,the metabolic enzymes of the AA cascade consist of lipoxygenases(LOXs),phospholipase A2s(PLA2s),and cyclooxygenases(COXs)along with their metabolic products,including leukotrienes.Nevertheless,the prognostic potential of AA metabolism-associated PDAC has not been explored.Herein,the mRNA expression patterns and the matching clinical information of individuals with PDAC were abstracted from online data resources.We employed the LASSO Cox regression model to develop a multigene clinical signature in the TCGA queue.The GEO queue and the ICGC queue were employed as the validation queue.There was differential expression of a significant number of AA metabolism-associated genes(56.8%)between PDAC and neighboring nonmalignant tissues in the TCGA queue.Univariate Cox regression demonstrated that 13 of the differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were linked to overall survival(OS)(p<0.05).A 6-gene clinical signature was developed for stratifying the PDAC patients into two risk groups,with the high-risk group patients exhibiting remarkably lower OS than the low-risk group patients(p<0.001 in the TCGA data set and the ICGC queue,and p=0.001 in the GEO data set).The multivariate Cox data revealed the risk score as an independent OS predictor(HR>1,p<0.01).The receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve verified the predictive potential of our signature.The expression and alteration of the six genes in PDAC were also validated using online databases.Functional analyses demonstrated that immune-linked cascades were enriched,and the immune status was remarkably different between the high-and low-risk groups.In summary,an AA metabolism-associated clinical gene signature can be applied for prognostic estimation in PDAC.

Correlation between amino acid metabolism and self-renewal of cancer stem cells: Perspectives in cancer therapy

Cancer stem cells(CSCs)possess self-renewal and differentiation potential,which may be related to recurrence,metastasis,and radiochemotherapy resistance during tumor treatment.Understanding the mechanisms via which CSCs maintain self-renewal may reveal new therapeutic targets for attenuating CSC resistance and extending patient life-span.Recent studies have shown that amino acid metabolism plays an important role in maintaining the self-renewal of CSCs and is involved in regulating their tumorigenicity characteristics.This review summarizes the relationship between CSCs and amino acid metabolism,and discusses the possible mechanisms by which amino acid metabolism regulates CSC characteristics particularly self-renewal,survival and stemness.The ultimate goal is to identify new targets and research directions for elimination of CSCs.

Characteristics of amino acid metabolism in colorectal cancer

In recent years,metabolomics research has become a hot spot in the screening and treatment of cancer.It is a popular technique for the quantitative characterization of small molecular compounds in biological cells,tissues,organs or organisms.Further study of the tumor revealed that amino acid changes may occur early in the tumor.The rapid growth and metabolism required for survival result in tumors exhibiting an increased demand for amino acids.An abundant supply of amino acids is important for cancer to maintain its proliferative driving force.Changes in amino acid metabolism can be used to screen malignant tumors and improve therapeutic outcomes.Therefore,it is particularly important to study the characteristics of amino acid metabolism in colorectal cancer.This article reviews several specific amino acid metabolism characteristics in colorectal cancer.

Effect of Phenolic Compounds on the Growth and L-Malic Acid Metabolism of Oenococcus oeni

The effect of some phenolic compounds recurrent in wines on technological features of Oenococcus oeni was studied in order to individuate those strains to be utilized as starter in the deacidification of aged red wines. For this purpose, the growth and the L-malic acid metabolism of 100O. oeni strains, previously isolated from different wines, was assayed in a synthetic medium added with ethanol, malic acid and phenol carboxylic （gallic, caffeic, p-coumaric and ferulic） acids or flavonoids （catechin and quercetin） at different concentrations. Results evidenced a different sensitivity of strains to each assayed compound. All the compounds restrained or stimulated the growth of 57 and 11 strains respectively, while no effect was detected on 6 strains. The remaining 26 strains showed a different behaviour： all were restrained by ferulic acid and stimulated by gallic acid and catechin. As for caffeic acid, 17 out of 26 strains were restrained, while 9 strains were stimulated. The main result obtained in this study was the establishment of a relationship between the effect of phenolic compounds on the O. oeni growth and the behaviour of the malolactic fermentation. This study may enrich the selection criteria of strains for the deacidification of aged red wines.

Interaction between peroxisomes and mitochondria in fatty acid metabolism

Peroxisomes and mitochondria are ubiquitously found organelles. They both are dynamic structures able to divide, to fuse and to undergo autophagic processes. Their activities are dependent on proteins that are, for most (mitochondria) or all (peroxisome) of them, synthesized in the cytosol from the nuclear genome. Nevertheless, the membrane structures and the DNA content differ between these two organelles. Mitochondria possess a small circular genome while peroxisomes don’t. The control of their dynamic is dependent on specific factors even if some of those are able to affect both. These two organelles are metabolically connected: they are both involved in lipid metabolism. They are both able to beta oxidize fatty acids and are implicated in ROS production. However, their precise function in these metabolic pathways and their physiological functions are different. While mitochondrial metabolism is closely related to energy production, peroxisome does not seem to be associated with energy production but with the production of bioactive molecules and in detoxification processes.

From the imbalance of tumor amino acid metabolism,the application of fuzheng detoxification method in interfering with the transformation of colitis cancer was discussed

Objective:From the perspective of tumor amino acid metabolism imbalance,the application of fuzheng detoxification method in intervening in the transformation of colitis cancer was discussed.Methods:By consulting CNKI's concept of tumor microenvironment,energy metabolism,amino acid metabolism,and colitis cancer transformation,it provides theoretical and data support for research purposes.Results:The study found that the transformation of colitis cancer refers to the metabolic imbalance of the tumor microenvironment under the condition of repeated stimulation of chronic inflammatory responses of colon tissue,which is mainly related to energy metabolism,sugar metabolism,fat metabolism,and amino acid metabolism imbalance,which promotes the transformation of the inflammatory microenvironment to the tumor microenvironment.Amino acids as an important source of nutrients for cells,its metabolic imbalance is an important cause of inflammation and cancer transformation.Conclusion:Chinese medicine believes that the transformation of inflammation and cancer is mainly related to the incurable treatment of evil in the internal organs,the loss of Qi,and the poison damage to the blood network.Colon cancer disease mechanism is always positive deficiency and stasis,the pathogenesis is based on the virtual standard,the virtual and real are mixed,and the clinical use of correct detoxification to adjust the balance of the body.

Uridine dynamic administration affects the circadian variation of bile acid metabolism in high-fat-diet-fed mice

High-fat diet(HFD)is demonstrated to disturb the bile acid metabolism.The rhythm of bile acid metabolism can also be affected by uridine,whose metabolism exhibits a daily rhythm.However,the mechanism of dynamic uridine administration affecting bile acid during HFD remains unclear.In this study,C57BL/6J mice were fed HFD(the control group;CON)or HFD with oral administration of uridine in the daytime(DUR)and nighttime(NUR)to investigate the mechanism of the effect of uridine on the bile acid.This study showed that the mRNA expression of uridine transporters and circadian clock genes in the jejunum was affected by zeitgeber time(ZT)(P<0.001).Genes related to the metabolism of pyrimidines in the liver showed a high dependence on daily rhythm(P<0.01),and DUR remarkably up-regulated the expression of ribonucleotide reductase regulatory subunit M2(RRM2)(P<0.05)compared to the CON group.Importantly,the mRNA expression of bile acids nuclear receptors,bile acid synthesis,and transporters in the liver showed significantly rhythmically changed(P<0.05),and the expression of cholesterol 7-alpha-hydroxylase(CYP7A1),fibroblast growth factor receptor 4(FGFR4),Na^(+)/taurocholate co transporting polypeptide(NTCP),and bile salt export pump(BSEP)mRNAs of mice with uridine administration increased significantly(P<0.05).The mRNA expression of the transporters of cholesterol and bile acids in the ileum was also affected by ZT(P<0.01)and significantly dependent on uridine administration(P<0.05).The expression of FXR and SHP was significantly affected by ZT and uridine,respectively.In conclusion,dynamic administration of uridine could regulate the rhythm of gene expression of pyrimidine and bile acid metabolism in the liver and ileum of HFD-fed mice,which contributed to the further study of circadian rhythmic physiological and pathological changes of bile acids.

Lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and prostate cancer: a crucial metabolic journey

Prostate cancer(PCa)is one of the most common malignancies in males worldwide,and its development and progression involve the regulation of multiple metabolic pathways.Alterations in lipid metabolism affect the proliferation and metastatic capabilities of PCa cells.Cancer cells increase lipid synthesis and regulate fatty acid oxidation to meet their growth and energy demands.Similarly,changes occur in amino acid metabolism in PCa.Cancer cells exhibit an increased demand for specific amino acids,and they regulate amino acid transport and metabolic pathways to fulfill their proliferation and survival requirements.These changes are closely associated with disease progression and treatment response in PCa cells.Therefore,a comprehensive investigation of the metabolic characteristics of PCa is expected to offer novel insights and approaches for the early diagnosis and treatment of this disease.

When fats commit crimes: fatty acid metabolism, cancer stemness and therapeutic resistance

The role of fatty acid metabolism,including both anabolic and catabolic reactions in cancer has gained increas-ing attention in recent years.Many studies have shown that aberrant expression of the genes involved in fatty acid synthesis or fatty acid oxidation correlate with malignant phenotypes including metastasis,therapeutic resistance and relapse.Such phenotypes are also strongly associated with the presence of a small percentage of unique cells among the total tumor cell population.This distinct group of cells may have the ability to self-renew and propagate or may be able to develop resistance to cancer therapies independent of genetic alterations.Therefore,these cells are referred to as cancer stem cells/tumor-initiating cells/drug-tolerant persisters,which are often refractory to cancer treatment and difficult to target.Moreover,interconversion between cancer cells and cancer stem cells/tumor-initiating cells/drug-tolerant persisters may occur and makes treatment even more challenging.This review highlights recent findings on the relationship between fatty acid metabolism,cancer stemness and therapeutic resistance and prompts discussion about the potential mechanisms by which fatty acid metabolism regulates the fate of cancer cells and therapeutic resistance.