Relations Between Photosynthetic Parameters and Seed Yields of Adzuki Bean Cultivars (Vigna angularis)

The study comparatively examined the leaf photosynthetic capacities of different adzuki bean cultivars, high-yield 2000-75 and Jihong 9218, and low-yield Hongbao 1 and Wanxuan 1 from flowering to ripening. It showed that after flowering, the leaves of the cultivars gradually aged, the leaf chlorophyll （Chl.）, soluble protein （SP） contents, net photosynthetic rates （Pn）, transpiration rates （Tr） and stomatal conductance （G） of the cultivars tended to decline, but the leaf intercellular CO2 concentration （Ci） of the cultivars tended to rise. The leaf photosynthetic capacities of the cultivars decreased gradually from the lower to the upper nodes. The dry seed yields of the cultivars were positively correlated with their leaf Chl., SP, Pn, and Tr and Gs, and negatively associated with their leaf Ci. At the late growth stages, the high-yield cultivars maintained higher leaf Chl. contents, SP contents, Pn, Tr, and Gs than the low-yield cultivars, indicating that leaf photosynthetic capacity was one of important yield-affecting factors of adzuki bean. Therefore, it was important for a crop at the crucial stage of yield formation to maintain a high leaf chlorophyll content and a high leaf photosynthetic capacity and delay leaf aging.

Allelopathic Effects of Aqueous Extracts of Different Tissues and Rhizosphere Root of Adzuki Bean on Growth of Wheat Seedlings

Seedlings of wheat were used as receptor plants to study the allelopathic effects of Adzuki Bean aqueous extracts from different organs and rhizosphere soil at different concentrations （0, 10, 40 and 160 g/L） using sand culture of pot method. The results indicated that root aqueous extract of adzuki bean presented promotion effects at low concentrations and inhibition effects at the high concentra- tion on the growth of height and young leaf length of wheat seedlings, but inhibition effects at low concentrations and promotion effects at the high concentration on the growth of root length, the number of lateral roots and dry weigh of underground part of wheat seedlings. With the concentrations of rhizosphere soil, root, stem and leaf aqueous extracts of adzuki bean increasing, their inhibitory allelopathic effects on the growth of height and young leaf of wheat seedlings increased; the physiological parameters of wheat seedlings studied at the low concentrations of aqueous extracts, indicated that root and rhizosphere soil aqueous extracts of adzuki bean improved the activities of hyperoxid dismutase （SOD） and peroxide enzyme（POD）, but reduced the contents of chlorophyll and malonaldehyde （MDA）; the physiological parameters of wheat seedlings studied at the high concentration of aqueous extracts indicated that the leaf aqueous extract of adzuki bean inhibited root vigor, and reduced the contents of Chlorophyll and MDA, but it was found that the aqueous extract significantly improved the activities of SOD and POD; and as to the synthetic allelopathic effect （SE）, the allelopathic effects of different tissues and rhizosphere soil of adzuki bean on wheat seedlings were in order of leaf〉stem〉soil〉root.

Effects of drought stress on root morphology and spatial distribution of soybean and adzuki bean

Due to global climate change,Korea is facing severe droughts that affect the planting and early vegetative periods of upland crops.Soybean and adzuki bean are important legume crops in Korea,so it is critical to understand their adaptations to water stress.This study investigated the changes in root morphological properties in soybean and adzuki bean and quantified the findings using fractal analysis.The experiment was performed at the National Institute of Crop Science in Miryang,Korea.Soybeans and adzuki beans were planted in test boxes and grown for 30 days.The boxes were filled with bed soil with various soil moisture treatments.Root images were obtained and scanned every two days,and the root properties were characterized by root length,depth and surface area,number of roots,and fractal parameters(fractal dimension and lacunarity).Root depth,length and surface area and the number of roots increased in both crops as the soil moisture content increased.The fractal dimension and lacunarity values increased as the soil moisture content increased.These results indicated that the greater the soil moisture,the more heterogeneous the root structure.Correlation analysis of the morphological properties and fractal parameters indicated that soybean and adzuki bean had different root structure developments.Both soybean and adzuki bean were sensitive to the amount of soil moisture in the early vegetative stage.Soybean required a soil moisture content greater than 70%of the field capacity to develop a full root structure,while adzuki bean required 100%of the field capacity.These results would be useful in understanding the responses of soybean and adzuki bean to water stress and managing irrigation during cultivation.

Effects of Exogenous Phthalic and Cinnamic Acids on Enzyme Activities and Microbial Community Structures in Rhizosphere Soil of Adzuki Bean

The aim of this study was to find out the effects of exogenous phenolic acids on soil microbes and enzymes in rhizosphere soil of adzuki bean. In the pot experiment of adzuki bean, phthalic and cinnamic acids were added at four concentrations, 0 （control）, 0.1, 1 and 10 mmol/L, to investigate the changes in the mi- croflora and enzyme activities in rhizosphere soil of adzuki bean as well as relations between them. The results showed that both phthalic and cinnamic acids could inhibit the activities of soil enzymes, including catalase, sucrase, phosphatase and urease. Higher concentrations （10 mmol/L） of phthalic and cinnamic acids showed more significant effects. In addition, the application of phthalic and cinnamic acids reduced the populations of bacteria and actinomycetes and significantly increased the population of fungi. Correlations analysis showed that phosphatase activity had an extremely significant positive correlation with bacterial population, a significant positive correlation with actinomycete population, and a significant negative correlation with fungal population. Phthalic and cinnamic acids could result in imbalanced microbe compositions, reduce enzyme activities and present evident allelopathy in rhizosphere soil.

Analysis of an Applied Core Collection of Adzuki Bean Germplasm by Using SSR Markers

Genetic diversity of 158 accessions of an applied core collection of adzuki bean （Vigna angularis） and 18 wild genotypes were assessed by using 85 microsatellite markers. With an average of 5.81 alleles per locus, 493 alleles were detected, and their distribution frequencies lower than 5% accounted for 73.02% of the total number. The distributions of alleles between the cultivated and the wild adzuki bean germplasm are different, with a higher allelic diversity in the wild germplasm than that of the cultivated ones. An obvious genetic differentiation was also observed between the wild and the cultivated adzuki beans, and SSR markers may be useful in study identification and classification of them. Among cultivated adzuki bean, the genetic similarity coefficient varied from 0.366 to 0.939. Genetic structure analysis can clearly separate the wild genotypes from the cultivated adzuki bean, and also can divide the cultivated ones into different populations, as these populations are closely agreeable with the ecological regions where they originally grow. The results of this study will be useful in arranging local breeding programs, especially in the aspect of parental combinations or identification of progenies. These SSR markers can also provide important information to explain the genetic relationship between the cultivated and wild adzuki beans, and to accelerate the wild gene resources in broadening the gene pool in breeding program.

The Sequence Variations of Intron-3 of the α-Amylase Gene in Adzuki Bean

This study describes variation of intron-3 of α-amylase gene from 156 breeds of adzuki beans using SSCP(single-strand conformation polymorphism)analysis. Based on α-amylase gene structure and sequence, A pair of PCR primers, F (CCTACATTCTAACACACCCT) and R (GCATATTGTGCCAGTACAAT) were designed to amplify intron-3 fragments of α-amylase gene. 14 variant types were detected, including 13, 9, 10, 4 variant types in the wild, weed, locally cultivated and modern brought-up adzuki beans respectively, 9, 8, 7 variant types of the wild adzuki beans from Japan, China and Korea respectively, and some other variant types in the local adzuki beans from China and Bhutan. 60% of subjects of cultivated races were found to be EE type in the experiment. In addition, sequence analysis of intron-3 of α-amylase gene from 8 variant types reveals the evolution process of various variant types in adzuki beans.

Preliminary Study on Geographical Distribution and Evolutionary Relationships Between Cultivated and Wild Adzuki Bean (Vigna angular is var. angularis and var. nipponensis) by AFLP Analysis

A set of representative 146 adzuki (Vigna angular is var. angularis, and var. nipponensis) germplasm from 6 Asian countries traditionally for adzuki bean production, together with an out group standard rice bean (Vigna umbellata), were analyzed by AFLP methodology using 12 informative primer pairs. 313 unambiguous polymorphic bands were created. According to the dendrogram by cluster analysis based on AFLP banding, 143 of the accessions were distinct and revealed enough genetic diversity for identification and classification of accessions within Vigna angularis. A neighbor joining tree was generated using newly developed Innan's nucleotide diversity estimate from the AFLP data. From analysis, 7 distinct evolutionary groups, named as "Chinese cultivated", "Japanese cultivated", "Japanese complex-Korean cultivated", "Chinese wild", "China Taiwan wild", "Nepal-Bhutan cultivated" and "Hymalayan wild", were detected. Nucleotide diversity with geographical distribution of each group is discussed, regarding the evolutionary relationships between wild and cultivated adzuki beans. The preliminary results indicated that cultivated adzuki bean should be domesticated from at least 4 progenitors in at least 3 geographical origins.

Allelopathic Effect of Adzuki Bean Root Aqueous Extracts on Four Crops

For choosing suitable summer-planting adzuki bean crop, this experiment adopted the method of indoor petri dish bioassay to study the allelopathy effect of adzuki bean, radish, cabbage and wheat under different concentrations of adzuki bean root aqueous extracts. The result showed that the adzuki bean had a strong inhibition towards its germination rate and germination index. With the increasing concentration of the adzuki bean root aqueous extract, the seed germination rate and germination index of the three kinds of receptor crops presented a decreasing trend. From the root length, spire length, the number of lateral roots, plant height, fresh mass and other morphological indexes of seedlings, it was concluded that with the increase of concentration of adzuki bean root aqueous extract, only wheat pre- sented a promotion effect while the other two kinds of receptor crops showed an inhibition effect, which were not significant at low concentrations. With the increase of concentration of adzuki bean root extracts, the SOD and POD activities of radish and wheat also increased, while the two kinds of enzyme activities of cabbage showed a decreasing trend. The MDA contents in seedlings of radish and wheat decreased, while the MDA content in cabbage increased significantly, which showed that wheat could be used as a rotation crop of adzuki bean, and radish also had a great application potential in adzuki bean crop rotation.

Technical Regulations for Production of Green Food--Adzuki Beans

According to the experiment and production practice,this paper brings forward the technical regulations on the production technology,the environmental conditions of production area,the output index,the site selection and land preparation,the variety selection and seed quality,the fertilization,the sowing,the field management,the pest and disease control,the harvesting,the storage,the filing etc. about the adzuki beans in Qingyang City.

Antioxidant and ACE inhibitory activities of peptides prepared from adzuki bean by semi-solid enzymatic hydrolysis

In this study,adzuki bean peptides were prepared by semi-solid enzymatic hydrolysis(SEH)and their antioxidant and Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme(ACE)inhibitory activities and internal absorption were studied.By modifying different enzymatic hydrolysis times and enzyme additions,the optimal enzymatic hydrolysis condition for SEH could be obtained as adzuki bean powder:water=4:1(w/w),alcalase:neutrase=2:1(w/w),enzyme addition 3.75%(w/w),4 h enzymatic hydrolysis at 50℃ and pH=8.Within these hydrolysis conditions,the content of adzuki bean peptides was 11.37%,the OH−scavenging rate of 1 mg/mL peptides was 72.75%,the total antioxidant capacity was 0.88±0.02 mmol/L FeSO4,the ACE inhibition rate was 77.49%.In vivo absorption test proved that the peptides prepared by SEH were absorbed faster and exhibited higher antioxidant activity compared with liquid enzymatic hydrolysis.In conclusion,the process of SEH can improve not only the efficiency of hydrolysis,but also the antioxidant and ACE inhibitory activity as well as the internal absorption of adzuki bean peptides.

Effect of fermentation with Monascus pilosus on the antioxidant activities and phenolic acid contents of adzuki bean(Vigna angularis)

Objective:To enhance physiological activities of adzuki bean(Vigna angularis)via fermentation with Monascus pilosus(M.pilosus).Methods:The adzuki bean fermentation conditions with M.pilosus were optimized,and the effect of Monascus-fermentation on the antioxidant capacity and phenolic acid contents of adzuki bean was investigated.Results:Optimal fermentation conditions were determined by the production of monacolin K.The highest monacolin K production was observed in 5%inoculum sized on day 15 in fermentation.Free and bound phenolic acids were isolated from native and fermented adzuki bean.A 1.9-fold decrease was observed in bound p-coumaric acid content,whereas the contents of bound ferulic and sinapic acids were increased by 28-and 1.7-fold,respectively.However,the contents of free phenolic acids such as p-coumaric,ferulic,and sinapic acids were increased by 2.6-,5.2-,and 7.2-fold,respectively.The fermentation of adzuki bean by M.pilosus enhanced the activities of DPPH■radical scavenging,ferrous ion-chelating,nitric oxide scavenging,and ferric antioxidant reducing activities 2.2-,1.7-,1.2-,and 1.8-fold,respectively.Conclusions:Results from our study suggest that the contents of p-coumaric,ferulic,and sinapic acids in adzuki bean were highly increased by fermentation with M.pilosus,resulting in enhanced various antioxidant activities.

富含γ-氨基丁酸的萌发红小豆对T2DM小鼠肠道菌群的影响

为了研究富含GABA萌发红小豆对2型糖尿病(Diabetes Mellitus Type 2,T2DM)小鼠血糖水平及肠道菌群的影响,采用C57BL/6J小鼠为研究对象,通过高脂膳食+链脲菌素(Streptozocin,STZ)注射构建T2DM模型,选择不同剂量的富含GABA萌发红小豆对T2DM小鼠连续膳食干预6周,并利用16S rRNA测序技术对T2DM小鼠盲肠内容物的菌群结构和分布进行鉴定。结果显示:不同剂量富含GABA红小豆膳食干预可使T2DM小鼠FBG值明显下降,其中高剂量富含GABA红小豆(TF3)组FBG值为8.36±0.78 mmol/L,相比模型组(M)下降54.09%,干预效果最好。此外,TF3膳食可引起T2DM小鼠肠道菌群丰度发生显著(P<0.05)改变,门水平上Firmicutes丰度为35.96%,比M模型组下降53.17%,并可显著上调Bacteroidetes、Verrucomicrobia的菌群丰度(P<0.05)。表明TF3膳食改善糖脂代谢与Bacteroidetes、Verrucomicrobia优势菌丰度呈正相关,暗示高剂量富含GABA红小豆膳食可通过增加有益菌来缓解T2DM小鼠高血糖症状,为进一步解释T2DM与肠道菌群的关系提供参考。

低氧联合酸胁迫红小豆/绿豆萌发富集GABA及富含GABA芽豆复配米饭的工艺优化

为了研究低氧联合酸胁迫对红小豆和绿豆GABA富集的作用,采用单因素对萌发时间、萌发温度、低氧时间和L-谷氨酸浓度进行考察,在确定高GABA芽豆的胁迫条件基础上,将富含GABA红小豆、绿豆与大米进行复配,利用D-混料设计优化芽豆米饭配方工艺。结果显示,低氧联合酸胁迫对红小豆、绿豆富集GABA有积极促进作用,在萌发时间48 h、萌发温度40℃、低氧时间15 h和L-谷氨酸浓度2.5 mg/mL条件下,萌发红小豆中GABA高达158.32±3.24 mg/100 g。绿豆胁迫条件为萌发时间24 h、萌发温度35℃、低氧时间15 h和L-谷氨酸浓度2.5 mg/mL时,其中GABA含量最高为141.57±4.35 mg/100 g。在此基础上,通过D-混料设计优化确定了复配芽豆米饭的最佳配方为:大米76%、萌发绿豆11%、萌发红小豆13%,此条件下,芽豆米饭GABA含量为23.73±1.03 mg/100 g,感官评分均值为88.76±2.47,制得的芽豆米饭口感、色泽、香味均在可接受范围内,且积累了GABA活性成分,提升了芽豆米饭的营养及功能特性,为进一步开发杂粮复配米饭提供理论参考。

富含γ-氨基丁酸红小豆对2型糖尿病小鼠糖脂代谢的调节作用

2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)是世界范围内最普遍代谢性疾病,已成为全球流行的健康问题。豆类为基础的饮食有助于预防和控制T2DM发生及发展。为了研究富含γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)红小豆的健康效应,该研究构建T2DM模型,对富含GABA红小豆膳食干预的小鼠糖脂代谢水平、肝功能相关指标进行分析。结果显示,高剂量富含GABA红小豆组(TF3)对抵抗超重具有一定效果,且可显著降低空腹血糖水平(P<0.05),恢复机体对血糖的调节能力,减轻胰岛素抵抗。与M组相比,各处理组不同程度降低T2DM小鼠血清中总胆固醇、甘油三酯、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、尿素和肌酐水平,其中TF3及阳性对照组平衡血糖及调节T2DM小鼠肝肾损伤效果更好,同时可缓解高脂饮食造成的肝脏、胰腺和盲肠组织病理性损伤。表明富含GABA红小豆膳食可改善T2DM小鼠糖脂代谢水平,并可缓解肝脏、胰腺和盲肠组织病理性损伤。该研究为富含GABA功能食品研发及应用提供理论依据。

红小豆提取物对α-葡萄糖苷酶和胰脂肪酶的抑制作用

采用体积分数70%乙醇对红小豆进行提取,提取物经水混旋,然后依次采用石油醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇溶剂萃取。正丁醇萃取相浓缩干燥后经AB-8大孔树脂吸附,以不同体积分数乙醇洗脱,测定洗脱相浓缩液中总三萜皂苷和总黄酮的含量,并探究洗脱相浓缩液对α-葡萄糖苷酶和胰脂肪酶的抑制作用。结果显示:体积分数70%和95%乙醇洗脱组分中的总三萜皂苷含量高于其他组分,且体积分数70%乙醇洗脱组分的总黄酮含量最高,为(181.83±3.09)mg/g;体积分数95%、70%、50%乙醇洗脱组分对α-葡萄糖苷酶和胰脂肪酶均具有较好的抑制活性;体积分数95%乙醇洗脱组分对2种酶的抑制类型均为混合型抑制。

13个红小豆品种对红叶螨抗性筛选及评价方法

为了筛选出对红叶螨Tetranychus pueraricola抗性强的红小豆Vigna angularis品种,本研究采用叶片被害指数、盆栽虫口密度、螨量比值、叶绿素含量和田间自然种群密度5种抗性鉴定方法对13个红小豆品种的抗螨性进行评价。5种抗性鉴定方法在评价红小豆品种抗螨性上具有较高的一致性,彼此间的相关性均达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。田间自然种群密度法与螨量比值法,相关系数的绝对值最大达0.971,田间自然种群密度法可作为红小豆对红叶螨抗性的最佳评价方法。利用5种抗螨性鉴定方法的抗性指标进行系统聚类,将13个红小豆品种分为5大类,综合判断农垦红和珍珠红为高抗品种,天津红和中红7号为高感品种。红小豆不同品种对红叶螨抗感性的评价结果可作为黑龙江省红小豆田间品种布局的参考,对黑龙江半干旱地区杂粮作物害虫治理具有重要指导意义。

硒胁迫对绿豆及小豆硒的富集及转运影响

通过不同浓度硒酸钠胁迫对不同品种小豆及绿豆形态指标的影响分析,确定最适胁迫浓度,测定该浓度胁迫下不同品种植株根、茎、叶中硒的富集、转运系数差异,来确定硒富集及转运力最强和最弱的绿豆或小豆品种。结果表明,对于绿豆和小豆,硒酸钠胁迫的最适浓度为20 mg/L。在该浓度胁迫下,小豆和绿豆叶子出现不同程度的变黄;小豆的7个品种中,吉红11号植株对硒的富集力最强,叶片及茎部硒的含量最高而根部较低,转运能力最强,京农红8号对硒的富集力较好但叶片部分最低,根部较高,转运能力最弱。而绿豆的7个品种中,冀绿10号叶片、茎部及根部硒的富集和转运能力都最强。苏拉2号除了叶片部分硒的富集稍高于保942-34,茎部和根部硒的富集及转运能力都最弱。综上所述,20 mg/L硒酸钠胁迫下,小豆吉红11号的耐受性最强,京农红8号的耐受性最弱;绿豆冀绿10号的耐受性最强,而苏拉2号的耐受性最弱;小豆各品种对硒的转运系数普遍高于绿豆各品种,但对硒的富集能力低于绿豆。

叶面喷施锌肥对小豆产量及籽粒锌含量的影响

为促进黑龙江省小豆产业提质增效,以龙红豆4号和冀红352为试验材料,分别于2022和2023年进行硫酸锌施用浓度和施用次数效果试验。2022年,设置5个ZnSO4浓度(质量百分数为0%,0.1%,0.2%,0.3%和0.4%),在结荚期进行叶面喷施处理,研究其对小豆产量因子及籽粒锌含量的影响,并筛选出最佳施用浓度(0.3%)。2023年,在结荚初期、结荚中期、结荚初期+结荚中期,进行叶面喷施0.3%的ZnSO4筛选出最佳喷施次数。2年研究结果表明,喷施外源ZnSO4可提高小豆单株有效荚数、单株粒重和百粒重。喷施0.3%的硫酸锌最为适宜,能有效提高小豆百粒重和籽粒锌含量,分别较CK提高6.68%~9.97%和16.17%~25.33%;在结荚初期+结荚中期叶面喷施2次浓度为0.3%的外源ZnSO4可显著提高小豆籽粒锌含量,龙红豆4号和冀红352较对照分别提高33.33%和48.16%,喷施2次与喷施1次相比,显著提高了冀红352的单株产量。

960g/L精异丙甲草胺乳油苗前封闭对小豆苗期生长发育和生理代谢以及杂草防效的影响

为了明确苗前除草剂960 g/L精异丙甲草胺乳油在小豆苗前封闭处理的适宜浓度,自然条件下,以辽红小豆2号为研究对象,设960 g/L精异丙甲草胺乳油有效用量486、648、778和972 g/hm^(2)计4个处理,以清水处理为对照(CK),研究了不同用量药剂处理对小豆苗期生长形态、光合生理指标、冠层结构、根系性状、杂草防除效果和产量的影响。结果表明:960 g/L精异丙甲草胺乳油有效用量为778 g/hm^(2)时,能够明显促进小豆幼苗生长发育;显著提高小豆苗期叶片的光合性状指标和抗氧化酶活性,增强小豆幼苗叶片的光合作用和抗氧化能力;促进小豆植株下部节位粗度增大,在一定程度上增强小豆的抗倒伏性;促进第4节位的叶柄长度增大,进而改善冠层结构;对小豆田杂草防效较高,其中对禾本科杂草的防效明显优于阔叶杂草,且小豆苗期药害症状最轻。960 g/L精异丙甲草胺有效用量为778 g/hm^(2)时,能增加小豆苗期叶片的光合生理指标和抗氧化酶活性,促进小豆生长以及干物质的积累,对小豆田杂草防效较好且对小豆幼苗安全,小豆产量最高。

SNP分子标记结合表型性状鉴别小豆种质资源

为建立科学可靠的小豆种质资源鉴定方法,本研究利用单核苷酸多态性(SNP)分子标记,对102份小豆种质资源进行聚类分析并构建指纹图谱,同时结合质量性状对小豆种质资源进行鉴定。结果发现,在102份小豆种质资源中26个SNP分子标记表现出多态性,平均多态信息含量为0.28。61份小豆种质资源的SNP指纹图谱具有唯一性,可以被准确鉴别,剩余41份小豆种质资源的SNP指纹图谱不唯一。进一步对102份小豆种质资源的6个质量性状进行遗传变异分析,平均遗传多样性指数为1.224 5,6个性状均具有丰富的多态性。结合以上6个性状,可对SNP指纹图谱相同的种质资源进行进一步区分。本研究开发的SNP分子标记结合表型性状的鉴别方法,可为小豆种质资源遗传鉴定和科学利用奠定基础。