Multivariate Aggregated NOMA for Resource Aware Wireless Network Communication Security

NonorthogonalMultiple Access(NOMA)is incorporated into the wireless network systems to achieve better connectivity,spectral and energy effectiveness,higher data transfer rate,and also obtain the high quality of services(QoS).In order to improve throughput and minimum latency,aMultivariate Renkonen Regressive Weighted Preference Bootstrap Aggregation based Nonorthogonal Multiple Access(MRRWPBA-NOMA)technique is introduced for network communication.In the downlink transmission,each mobile device’s resources and their characteristics like energy,bandwidth,and trust are measured.Followed by,the Weighted Preference Bootstrap Aggregation is applied to recognize the resource-efficient mobile devices for aware data transmission by constructing the different weak hypotheses i.e.,Multivariate Renkonen Regression functions.Based on the classification,resource and trust-aware devices are selected for transmission.Simulation of the proposed MRRWPBA-NOMA technique and existing methods are carried out with different metrics such as data delivery ratio,throughput,latency,packet loss rate,and energy efficiency,signaling overhead.The simulation results assessment indicates that the proposed MRRWPBA-NOMA outperforms well than the conventional methods.

CONSERVATIVE ESTIMATING FUNCTION IN THE NONLINEAR REGRESSION MODEL WITH AGGREGATED DATA

The purpose of this paper is to study the theory of conservative estimating functions in nonlinear regression model with aggregated data. In this model, a quasi-score function with aggregated data is defined. When this function happens to be conservative, it is projection of the true score function onto a class of estimation functions. By constructing, the potential function for the projected score with aggregated data is obtained, which have some properties of log-likelihood function.

Wavelet-Aggregated Signal in Earthquake Prediction

The concept of aggregated signal is introduced. Quantitatively, an aggregated signal can be defined as the scalar signal: it accumulates in its own variations only those spectral components that are presented simultaneously in each scalar time series of the multidimensional signal to be analyzed. Moreover, an algorithm of aggregation is proposed to suppress the spectral components that are present in any of the scalar components but absent in others (these components can be called local disturbance signals, for instance of technogenic nature). The main purpose of constructing the aggregated signal is to make clearer the common tendency of low-frequency data-flow in geophysical networks, which indicates an increase in collective behavior.It is known that almost all models of the process of earthquake preparation have pointed out an increase in collective behavior of components of geophysical fields in the region of preparation when the coming geocatastrophe has entered its long- and mid-term stages.

THE INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON STRUCTURES OF THE AGGREGATED STATE OF POLYAMIDE-1010

The structural parameters of the aggregated state of polyamide (PA)-1010 annealed at various temperatures were computed by means of the desmearing intensity from Smalt Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) measurements and by using the concept of the distance distribution function. The results indicated that the structural parameters of the aggregated state were strongly dependent upon heat treatment conditions and the maximum values of the structural parameters were obtained for the samples annealed at T = 175 degrees C. The particle size Z annealed at different temperature was ranged between 8.1-12.8nm, and the values of the distance distribution function P-max(Z) were obtained when Z = 4.0-6.8 nm. Using one dimension electron density correlation function (1D EDCF) method long period (L) and thickness of the lamellar (d(0)) were estimated and were found to increase with the increase of the degree of crystallinity.

A Method for Directly Counting and Quantitatively Comparing Aggregated Structures during Cluster Formation

Assembling of a few particles into a cluster commonly occurs in many systems.However,it is still challenging to precisely control particle assembling,due to the various amorphous structures induced by thermal fluctuations during cluster formation.Although these structures may have very different degrees of aggregation,a quantitative method is lacking to describe them,and how these structures evolve remains unclear.Therefore a significant step towards precise control of particle self-assembly is to describe and analyze various aggregation structures during cluster formation quantitatively.In this work,we are motivated to propose a method to directly count and quantitatively compare different aggregated structures.We also present several case studies to evaluate how the aggregated structures during cluster formation are affected by external controlling factors,e.g.,different interaction ranges,interaction strengths,or anisotropy of attraction.

On use of the alpha stable self-similar stochastic process to model aggregated VBR video traffic

The alpha stable self-similar stochastic process has been proved an effective model for high variable data traffic. A deep insight into some special issues and considerations on use of the process to model aggregated VBR video traffic is made. Different methods to estimate stability parameter a and self-similar parameter H are compared. Processes to generate the linear fractional stable noise （LFSN） and the alpha stable random variables are provided. Model construction and the quantitative comparisons with fractional Brown motion （FBM） and real traffic are also examined. Open problems and future directions are also given with thoughtful discussions.

Resonance Raman Study of Aggregated Meso-tetra（4-pyridinium）porphyrin Diacid

Resonance Raman spectra of aggregated meso-tetra（4-pyridinium）porphyrin diacid （H8TPyP^6＋） were studied with excitation near the exciton absorption bands of 470 nm. The UV-Vis absorption and resonance light scattering spectra of HsTPyP^6＋ monomers and aggregates were also measured. The observed Raman bands of monomeric and aggregated HsTPyP^6＋ were assigned on the basis of the observed deuteration shifts and by comparing with the Raman spectra of analogous porphyrin diacids. Aggregation causes moderate downshifts （2-6 cm^-1） for high-frequency modes involving the in-plane CC/CN stretches of the porphyrin core and a dramatic upshift （12 cm^-1） for the out-of-plane saddling mode of the porphyrin ring. The structural changes induced by aggregation and the possible hydrogen bonding interaction between the HsTPyP^6＋ molecules in the aggregate are discussed based on the spectral observations.

Aggregated morphodynamic modelling of tidal inlets and estuaries

Aggregation is used to represent the real world in a model at an appropriate level of abstraction.We used the convection-diffusion equation to examine the implications of aggregation progressing from a three-dimensional(3D)spatial description to a model representing a system as a single box that exchanges sediment with the adjacent environment.We highlight how all models depend on some forms of parametric closure,which need to be chosen to suit the scale of aggregation adopted in the model.All such models are therefore aggregated and make use of some empirical relationships to deal with sub-scale processes.One such appropriately aggregated model,the model for the aggregated scale morphological interaction between tidal basin and adjacent coast(ASMITA),is examined in more detail and used to illustrate the insight that this level of aggregation can bring to a problem by considering how tidal inlets and estuaries are impacted by sea level rise.

COMMUNITY ANALYSIS OF AGGREGATED BACTERIA IN SOUTHERN LAKE BAIKAL

[KG(0.01mm]This study focuses on the community structure of aggregated bacteria in Lake Baikal and relationships with free-living bacteria. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) methods were used in samples of bacteria taken in April, 2001. Bacterial counts of free-living bacteria by DAPI staining ranged from 0.2×10 6 to 3.2×10 6 cells·mL -1, decreasing with depth, whereas aggregated bacterial numbers dramatically increased with depth, ranging from 0.4×10 4 to 3.3×10 4 cells·mL -1. Ratios of EUB probe binding cells to DAPI counts ranged from 52.3 to 74.1% in free-living bacteria and from 39.6 to 66.7% in aggregated bacteria, respectively. Community composition of aggregated bacteria was very different from free-living bacteria, especially at 25m depth where highest phytoplankton numbers were observed. The vertical profile of aggregated bacteria community was very characteristic. Beta-Proteobacteria increased with depth down to 100m. At 250m, gamma-Proteobacteria was 44% of DAPI bound cells, while other groups were less than 1%. We conclude that community structures of free-living and aggregated bacteria were different, and they may sustain the ecosystem in independent ways.

Component Carrier Selection and Beamforming on Carrier Aggregated Channels in Heterogeneous Networks

In this paper, component carrier selection and beamforming on carrier aggregated channels in Heterogeneous Networks are proposed. The scheme jointly selects the component carrier and precoding (i.e. beamforming) vectors with the cooperation of the other cells to deal with the interference between Macro cell and Pico cell. The component carrier selection and beamforming is achieved by optimizing the multi-cell downlink throughput. This optimization results in shutting down a subset of the component carrier in order to allow for a perfect interference removal at the receive side in the dense low power node deployment scenario. Additionally, algorithm based on Branch and Bound Method is used to reduce the search complexity of the algorithm. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can achieve high cell-average and cell-edge throughput for the Pico cell in the Heterogeneous Networks.

Effects of Conservation Tillage on Total and Aggregated Soil Organic Carbon in the Andes

Many Andisols of the Andes have been disturbed by traditional potato-based rotation agriculture disrupting soil structure, water retention capacity and organic matter content. This study was undertaken to investigate the contribution of conservation farming technology or reduced tillage in potato-based rotations in the Colombian Andes in order to rehabilitate total and aggregated soil organic C in disturbed organic matter-rich Andisols. Soils were sampled from farms with 7-year of reduced tillage and farms with conventional farming practices. Ultrasound energy was applied to samples to disrupt aggregation and total soil C was determined in order to investigate the amount of carbon held inside the aggregates of different soil size classes. Results indicated that reduced tillage in potato-based crop rotations increased the soil C concentration and average C content in the whole profile (≈117 cm depth) by 50 and 33% (1636 t C ha?1 vs. 1224 t C ha?1), respectively, as compared to conventional farming practices. Carbon content increased 177% in the subsoil (A2 horizon, 78 -117 cm depth, from 215 to 596 t?ha?1), although most of the soil C was in the A1 horizon (between 0 -78 cm average thickness, 1097 t?ha?1). These increases show that reduced tillage enhances C stores in Andisols which are already high in organic matter. In addition, C in aggregates represented more than 80% of the total organic matter and it was positively affected by conservation practices. The C increase was preferential in the smaller macroaggregates (

Mixed Contiguous and Aggregated Spectrum Allocation Algorithm for CR based TD-LTE System

Cognitive Radio (CR) is a promising technology to increase the efficiency of spectrum by opportunistic access. However, in many cases the sensed spectrum is so broken that it cannot be utilized sufficiently with traditional continuous spectrum allocation strategy. Spectrum aggregation can make full use of narrow spectrum fragments while the overhead it brings may reduce the overall performance of the system. This paper proposes a Mixed Contiguous and Aggregated Spectrum Allocation (MixCASA) algorithm for CR based TD-LTE Networks. This algorithm combines contiguous with discontiguous spectrum allocation together in order to guarantee the feasibility and efficiency of system. Simulation results show that the MixCASA algorithm can increase the number of allocated channels, and reduce the overhead brought by excessive spectrum aggregation as well.

Control over the aggregated structure of donor–acceptor conjugated polymerfilms for high-mobility organicfield-effect transistors

Donor–acceptor(D-A)conjugated polymers have demonstrated great potential in organicfield-effect transistors application,and their aggregated structure is a crucial factor for high charge mobility.However,the aggregated structure of D-A conjugated polymerfilms is complex and the structure–property relationship is difficult to understand.This review provides an overview of recent progress in controlling the aggregated structure of D-A conjugated polymerfilms for higher mobility,including the mechanisms,methods,and properties.Wefirst discuss the multilevel microstructures of D-A conjugated polymerfilms,and then summarize the current understanding of the relationship betweenfilm microstructures and charge transport properties.Subsequently,we review the theory of D-A conjugated polymer crystallization.After that,we summarize the common methods to control the aggregated structure of semi-crystalline and near-amorphous D-A conjugated polymerfilms,such as crystallites and aggregates,tie chains,film alignment,and attempt to understand them from the basic theory of polymer crystallization.Finally,we provide the current challenges in controlling the aggregated structure of D-A conjugated polymerfilms and in understanding the structure–property relationship.

Optimized Dispatching Method for Flexibility Improvement of AC-MTDC Distribution Systems Considering Aggregated Electric Vehicles

With the increasing use of renewable resources and electric vehicles(EVs), the variability and uncertainty in their nature put forward a high requirement for flexibility in AC distribution system incorporating voltage source converter(VSC) based multi-terminal direct current(MTDC) grids. In order to improve the capability of distribution systems to cope with uncertainty, the flexibility enhancement of AC-MTDC distribution systems considering aggregated EVs is studied. Firstly, the charging and discharging model of one EV is proposed considering the users' demand difference and traveling needs. Based on this, a vehicle-to-grid(V2G) control strategy for aggregated EVs to participate in the flexibility promotion of distribution systems is provided. After that, an optimal flexible dispatching method is proposed to improve the flexibility of power systems through cooperation of VSCs, controllable distributed generations(CDGs), aggregated EVs, and energy storage systems(ESSs). Finally, a case study of an AC-MTDC distribution system is carried out. Simulation results show that the proposed dispatching method is capable of effectively enhancing the system flexibility, reducing renewable power curtailment, decreasing load abandonment, and cutting down system cost.

Grain erosion wear properties and grinding performance of porous aggregated cubic boron nitride abrasive wheels

Cubic boron nitride(cBN)superabrasive grinding wheels exhibit unique advantages in the grinding of difficult-to-cut materials with high strength and toughness,such as titanium alloys and superalloys.However,grinding with multilayered metallic cBN superabrasive wheels faces problems in terms of grain wear resistance,the chip storage capability of the working layers and the stability and controllability of the dressing process.Therefore,in this work,novel metallic cBN superabrasive wheels with aggregated cBN(AcBN)grains and open pore structures were fabricated to improve machining efficiency and surface quality.Prior to the grinding trials,the airborne abrasive blasting process was conducted and the abrasive blasting parameters were optimized in view of wear properties of cBN grains and metallic matrix materials.Subsequently,the comparative experiments were performed and then the variations in grinding force and force ratio,grinding temperature,tool wear morphology and ground surface quality of the multilayered AcBN grinding wheels were investigated during machining Ti-6Al-4V alloys.In consideration of the variations of grain erosion wear volume and material removal rate per unit of pure metallic matrix materials as the abrasive blasting parameters changes,the optimal abrasive blasting parameters were identified as the SiC abrasive mesh size of 60#and the abrasive blasting distance and time of 60 mm and 15 s,respectively.The as-developed AcBN grains exhibited better fracture toughness and impact resistance than monocrystalline cBN(McBN)grains because of the existence of metal-bonded materials amongst multiple cBN particles that decreased crack propagation inside whole grains.The metallic porous AcBN wheels had lower grinding forces and temperature and better ground surface quality than vitrified McBN wheels due to the constant layer-by-layer exposure of cBN particles in the working layer of AcBN wheels.

Aggregated carbon dots-loaded macrophages treat sepsis by eliminating multidrug-resistant bacteria and attenuating inflammation

Sepsis,caused by uncontrollable infection and inflammatory response,leads to more than 30 million infected patients and results in high morbidity worldwide every year.Currently,no efficient approaches have been developed for sepsis therapy due to antimicrobial resistance and inflammatory storm.Here,we report macrophages loaded with aggregated carbon dots(ACDs)in the lysosome,termed MCDs,to treat sepsis in immunosuppressive mice.The ACDs are constructed by negative CDs and amine-abundant polyethyleneimine(PEI),enabling them to bear the strong antibacterial ability and enhanced photoluminescent efficacy.The ACDs are specifically located in the macrophage lysosomes,efficiently enhancing the multidrug-resistant bacteria-killing ability of MCDs.More importantly,the MCDs possess superior anti-inflammatory effects such as reducing the number of pro-inflammatory(M1)and stimulating anti-inflammatory(M2)macrophages.These effects upregulate the inflammatory cytokines(TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-4,and IL-10),ultimately resulting in increased sepsis survival.Our work provides an intelligent approach to overcoming multidrug-resistant bacteria-induced infection from sepsis patients and paves a new avenue on employing nanoparticle-loaded cells for combating inflammation-related infection.

A novel forecasting approach to schedule aggregated electric vehicle charging

To be able to schedule the charging demand of an electric vehicle fleet using smart charging,insight is required into different charging session characteristics of the considered fleet,including the number of charging sessions,their charging demand and arrival and departure times.The use of forecasting techniques can reduce the uncertainty about these charging session characteristics,but since these characteristics are interrelated,this is not straightforward.Remarkably,forecasting frameworks that cover all required characteristics to schedule the charging of an electric vehicle fleet are absent in scientific literature.To cover this gap,this study proposes a novel approach for forecasting the charging requirements of an electric vehicle fleet,which can be used as input to schedule their aggregated charging demand.In the first step of this approach,the charging session characteristics of an electric vehicle fleet are translated to three parameter values that describe a virtual battery.Subsequently,optimal predictor variable and hyperparameter sets are determined.These serve as input for the last step,in which the virtual battery parameter values are forecasted.The approach has been tested on a real-world case study of public charging stations,considering a high number of predictor variables and different forecasting models(Multivariate Linear Regression,Random Forest,Artificial Neural Network and k-Nearest Neighbors).The results show that the different virtual battery parameters can be forecasted with high accuracy,reaching R^(2) scores up to 0.98 when considering 400 charging stations.In addition,the results indicate that the forecasting performance of all considered models is somehow similar and that only a low number of predictor variables are required to adequately forecast aggregated electric vehicle charging characteristics.

Extension of Paraconsistent Many-Valued Similarity Method to Group Decision

The Paraconsistent Many-Valued Similarity (PMVS) method for multi-attribute decision making will be incomplete as a decision model if it is not extended to the realm of group decision-making. Therefore, in this article, our primary objective is to show how the paraconsistent many-valued similarity method can be used to solve group decision-making problems involving choice making or ranking of a finite set of decision alternatives. Moreover, since weights are very important parameters in multi-attribute decision-making, we have introduced the Borda rule to calculate the weights of experts and that of every criterion under consideration. To demonstrate how the proposed method works, a numerical example on energy sources of an economy from the points of view of a group of experts is investigated. Further, we compare the results of this new approach with that of fuzzy TOPSIS group decision-making method to illustrate the robustness and effectiveness of the former.

Tau truncation in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease:a narrative review

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by two major neuropathological hallmarks—the extracellularβ-amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles consisting of aggregated and hyperphosphorylated Tau protein.Recent studies suggest that dysregulation of the microtubuleassociated protein Tau,especially specific proteolysis,could be a driving force for Alzheimer's disease neurodegeneration.Tau physiologically promotes the assembly and stabilization of microtubules,whereas specific truncated fragments are sufficient to induce abnormal hyperphosphorylation and aggregate into toxic oligomers,resulting in them gaining prion-like characteristics.In addition,Tau truncations cause extensive impairments to neural and glial cell functions and animal cognition and behavior in a fragment-dependent manner.This review summarizes over 60 proteolytic cleavage sites and their corresponding truncated fragments,investigates the role of specific truncations in physiological and pathological states of Alzheimer's disease,and summarizes the latest applications of strategies targeting Tau fragments in the diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Straw return increases crop production by improving soil organic carbon sequestration and soil aggregation in a long-term wheat-cotton cropping system

Straw return is a promising strategy for managing soil organic carbon(SOC)and improving yield stability.However,the optimal straw return strategy for sustainable crop production in the wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)-cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)cropping system remains uncertain.The objective of this study was to quantify the long-term(10 years)impact of carbon(C)input on SOC sequestration,soil aggregation and crop yields in a wheat-cotton cropping system in the Yangtze River Valley,China.Five treatments were arranged with a single-factor randomized design as follows:no straw return(Control),return of wheat straw only(Wt),return of cotton straw only(Ct),return of 50%wheat and 50%cotton straw(Wh-Ch)and return of 100%wheat and 100%cotton straw(Wt-Ct).In comparison to the Control,the SOC content increased by 8.4 to 20.2%under straw return.A significant linear positive correlation between SOC sequestration and C input(1.42-7.19 Mg ha^(−1)yr^(−1))(P<0.05)was detected.The percentages of aggregates of sizes>2 and 1-2 mm at the 0-20 cm soil depth were also significantly elevated under straw return,with the greatest increase of the aggregate stability in the Wt-Ct treatment(28.1%).The average wheat yields increased by 12.4-36.0%and cotton yields increased by 29.4-73.7%,and significantly linear positive correlations were also detected between C input and the yields of wheat and cotton.The average sustainable yield index(SYI)reached a maximum value of 0.69 when the C input was 7.08 Mg ha^(−1)yr^(−1),which was close to the maximum value(SYI of 0.69,C input of 7.19 Mg ha^(−1)yr^(-1))in the Wt-Ct treatment.Overall,the return of both wheat and cotton straw was the best strategy for improving SOC sequestration,soil aggregation,yields and their sustainability in the wheat-cotton rotation system.