Numerical Study of Air Chamber for Oscillating Water Column Wave Energy Convertor

Oscillating Water Column （OWC） wave energy converting system is one of the most widely used facilities all over the world. The air chamber is utilized to convert the wave energy into the pneumatic energy. The numerical wave tank based on the two-phase VOF model is established in the present study toinvestigate the operating performance of OWC air chamber. The RANS equations, standard k-ε turbulence model and dynamic mesh technology are employed in the numerical model. The effects of incident wave conditions and shape parameters on the wave energy converting efficiency are studied and the capability of the present numerical wave tank on the corresponding engineering application is validated.

Research on characteristics of water motion and influencing factors for the flexible air chamber jig body

The air bag deformation data were obtained by high-speed dynamic videos experiments. Based on gas–liquid flow VOF model, dynamic mesh technique and deformation data, numerical simulations for different structure models were achieved, and the law of water motion and influencing factors were analyzed.The results show that the flow in the length direction of the jig is smooth, and second pulsation appears in the separation time and forms the secondary separation. The installation position of screen and the number of air bags have a great influence on the uniformity of flow and velocity. The screen height cannot be too low to avoid forming the unstable flow. At the same time, the screen height cannot be too high, otherwise water velocity will be too small and was unable to provide enough power. At the height of 1.4m,velocity unevenness is minimum and the best uniform flow can be obtained. Compared with double air bags, there are the following features of single air bag: water flow is not smooth, the time achieving the maximum velocity is too long, maximum velocity is smaller, and overall effect is worse than double air bags.

Measurements of Air-kerma in Mammography X-Ray Standard Using Free-air Chamber

Mammography x-rays standard is required to improve the quality of mammary machine and reduce the dose for w omen and staff. The molybdenum target x-rays machine is used as the radiation source and free-air cylindrical chamber is designed for detecting photon. Four standard radiation qualities are established w ith international standard documents as references. The Correction factors including air attenuation,scattered radiation,fluorescence,w all transmission,electron loss are studied in the four radiation quality. The uncertainty in absolute measurement of air-kerma includes air volume measurement of ionization chambers,current measurement,measurement of temperature and pressure,measurement of correction factors,physical constants and orientation of the reference distance. The relative combined standard uncertainty is 0.24%.

Water hammer in the pump-rising pipeline system with an air chamber

Water hammer following the tripping of pumps can lead to overpressure and negative pressure. Reduction in overpressure and negative pressure may be necessary to avoid failure, to improve the efficiency of operation and to avoid fatigue of system components. The field tests on the water hammer have been conducted on the pump rising pipeline system with an air chamber. The hydraulic transient was simulated using the method of characteristics. Minimizing the least squares problem representing the difference between the measured and predicted transient response in the system performs the calibration of the simulation program. Among the input variables used in the water hammer analysis, the polytropic exponent, the discharge coefficient and the wave speed were calibrated. The computer program developed in this study will be useful in designing the optimum parameters of an air chamber for the real pump pipeline system. The correct selection of air chamber size and the effect of the inner diameter of the orifice to minimize water hammer have been investigated by both field measurements and numerical modeling.

OWC air chamber performance prediction under impulse turbine damping effects

Oscillating water columns(OWCs)are most widely used in coastal wave energy conversion.The air duct opens into the atmosphere through the air turbine,which is the power take-off device,and this results in a pressure drop across the air chamber.However,because of the complex configure of the impulse turbine and its high rotation speed,it is difficult to install it in the experimental simulator and numerical model.Therefore,the turbine damping effects on the operation of the OWC air chamber are induced to predict its performance more accurately.Orifice plates are used as a substitute for the impulse turbine as it generates a similar pressure drop and power output;the experimental and numerical pressure drops and output powers are compared.A 3D numerical wave tank based on the two-phase VOF model is established using the commercial CFD code Fluent,which can predict air flow and pressure variations in the chamber and duct.Water surface elevations,air flow velocity and pressure variation inside the chamber with the orifice plate are studied numerically,and validated by the corresponding experimental data.The air chamber of the Yongsoo OWC pilot plant is used as the engineering project case.The operating performance of the air chamber installed with a 0.428D orifice plate as the substitute for the designed impulse turbine is computed and analyzed.It is found that the turbine damping effects will cause around 30%reduction in the peak values of the pneumatic energy output of the OWC air chamber in the resonant wave domain.

NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THERMAL DISTRIBUTION INSIDE AIR-CONDITIONED AUTOMOBILE CHAMBER

A study of the fluid and temperature fields inside the air conditioned automobile chamber is carried out with numerical calculation. Combined with buoyancy, a k ε model is adopted to solve the turbulent flow in a typical air conditioned automobile chamber. During the calculation, the solar radiation energy is also considered by means of the Monte Carlo method. Human body is regarded as an important component during the calculation. To verify the numerical calculation, experiments have been carried out under a series of working conditions and the results are acceptable. In order to meet the demand of industrial engineering, software CAAC was provided with a convenient interface. Finally, most of the factors were analyzed to evaluate their importance.

Effect of Sealing Air on Oil Droplet and Oil Film Motions in Bearing Chamber

Beating chamber is one of important components that support aero-engine rotors and research on oil droplet and oil film motions is an important part of bearing chamber lubrication and heat transfer design. Consid- ering the pressure of sealing air is an important operating condition that affects the oil droplet and oil film mo- tions, the effect of sealing air pressure on airflow in bearing chamber is investigated in this paper firstly ; and then based on the air velocity and air/wall shear force, the oil droplet moving in core air, deposition of oil droplet im- pact on wall as well as velocity and thickness of oil film are analyzed secondly; the effect of sealing air pressure on oil droplet velocity and trajectory, deposition mass and momentum, as well as oil film velocity and thickness is discussed. The work presented in this paper is conducive to expose the oil/air two phase lubrication mechanism and has certain reference value to guide design of secondary air/oil system.

气吸双行错置式玉米密植精量排种器设计与试验

针对大豆-玉米复合密植播种模式下传统气吸式排种器单行种盘高转速作业导致充种时间短、气流稳定性差,难以实现高速精量密植播种的问题,设计了一种气吸双行错置式玉米密植精量排种器,阐述了排种器结构与工作原理,对其工作过程及关键部件进行理论分析,构建充种和投种环节的种子力学模型,确定排种盘内外环型孔排布、投种轮、气室等关键结构参数,并开展单、双气道内负压分布、型孔内气流场特性分析,基于DEM-CFD耦合方法对排种器的排种过程进行仿真分析,以作业速度、气室结构和负压为试验因素,充种合格指数、重充指数和漏充指数为评价指标,优选出最优气室结构。通过台架试验开展不同气吸式排种器排种性能对比试验。试验结果表明,在作业速度为5~10 km/h的高速密植工况下,气吸双行错置式密植精量排种器排种合格指数均大于88.7%,且作业速度为10 km/h时,相较于常用单圆环气吸式排种器合格指数提高5.5个百分点,漏播指数降低5.6个百分点;田间试验结果表明,在作业速度为5 km/h下,播种合格指数为95.7%,重播指数为1.6%,漏播指数为2.8%。提出的气吸双行错置式玉米密植精量排种器在高速作业时拥有良好的排种性能,能够满足大豆-玉米高速精量密植播种要求。

Experimental Study on Purification Efficiency of Air Purifier for the Indoor Total Volatile Organic Compounds

By using total volatile organic compounds （TVOC） as the objective volatile pollutant, the purification efficiency of some representative air purifiers bought in the market was determined under the relatively independent and stable environmental conditions supplied by the self-made multi- functional environmental test chamber. Various evaluation parameters of TVOC were calculated based on the tested results, such as purification ef- ficiency and removal rate. The results showed that the TVOC purification efficiency increased with enhancing the temperature or lessening the rela- tive humidity, but this effect is not obvious. The air purifiers which use photocatalytic technology have higher TVOC purification efficiency than those which only use some adsorption technology. The purification efficiency and removal rate can be more accurate to evaluate the purification efficiency of air purifiers.

Generation of a Controlled Polluted Atmosphere for Vehicles’ Cabins Air Quality Characterization

Air pollution induces significant health risks to individuals exposed to high levels of pollutants concentration. For ground vehicles, pollutants infiltrate the car cabin through the ventilation system, leading to potential health issues. To address this problem, a project was undertaken to develop a protocol for characterizing in-cabin air quality. The study involved a closed chamber (the bubble) where its internal multiphase flow has been optimized to create controlled polluted atmospheres. Experiments were conducted to optimize the positioning of the stirring fan and particle generation source, ensuring a homogeneous distribution of fine and ultrafine particles. This study demonstrated the feasibility of implementing a platform dedicated to characterizing the vehicles’ in-cabin air quality under controlled conditions. It allows a better understanding of the dynamics of particle infiltration and the establishment of an optimized protocol for simultaneous measurements of indoor and outdoor concentrations.

基于CFD的YJ17卷烟机风室流场分析与优化设计

目的针对ZJ17卷接机YJ17供丝系统中烟丝堵塞、竹节烟和烟支标偏大的现象进行改进。方法采用流体仿真分析软件Solidworks Simulation模拟分析、正交实验及试验验证的方法,设计优化YJ17供丝系统的风室装置,通过模拟仿真不同正压风入口形状、数量、位置对设备运行效率、产品质量的影响,找到三者最优的参数组合。模拟分析发现,在正压风入口形状为圆形,正压风入口数量为3个,正压风入口距离气室边缘的距离为15mm时,风室气流分布更均匀,同时烟丝在离开抛丝辊后受到的下吹风力最大,可使烟丝快速到达吸丝带。结果气室经改进后烟丝堵塞次数降低了39.3%,SD值(20支烟支质量标偏)降低了25%,有效提升了设备的运行效率和卷烟产品的质量。结论基于仿真及正交实验结果,优化了风速出风口位置和直径,气室的流场分析结果可为烟丝吸丝成型及风室结构优化提供一定技术支持。

Probe Selection for Over-the-Air Test in 5G Base Stations with Massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output

In 5G systems, massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) has been adopted in base stations (BSs) to improve spectral efficiency and coverage. The traditional conductive performance test techniques are challenging due to the unaffordable cost and high complexity when testing a large number of antennas. To solve this problem, the over-the-air (OTA) test has been presented, in which probe selection is the key to reduce the number of channel emulators and probes. In this paper, a novel artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm is introduced to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of probe selection procedure. A sectoring- based multi-probe anechoic chamber (MPAC) is built to evaluate the throughput performance of massive MIMO equipped in 5G BS. In addition, link level simulation is carried out to evaluate the proposal’s performance gain under the commercial network assumptions, where the average throughput of three velocity is given with different SNR region. The results suggest that OTA chamber and multi-probe wall are available not only for 5G BSs, but also for user equipments (UEs) with end-to-end communication.

The Influence of Contact Space on Arc Commutation Process in Air Circuit Breaker

In this paper, a 3D magneto-hydrodynamic （MHD） arc simulation model is applied to analyze the arc motion during current interruption in a certain air circuit breaker （ACB）. The distributions of pressure, temperature, gas flow and current density of the arc plasma in the arc region are calculated, and the factors influencing the commutation process are analyzed according to the calculated results. Based on the airflow in the arc chamber, the causes of arc commutation asynchrony and the back commutation are investigated. It indicates that a reasonable contact space design is crucial to a successful arc commutation process. To verify the simulation results, the influence of contact space on arc voltage and arc commutation is tested. This research can provide methods and references to the optimization of ACB design.

Design and Characterization of an Aerosol Test Chamber for Emergency Response Patient Contamination Control Simulation and Research

Contaminated or infected patients present a risk of cross-contamination for emergency responders, attending medical personnel and medical facilities as they enter a treatment facility. The controlled conditions of an aerosol test chamber are required to examine factors of contamination, decontamination, and cross-contamination. This study presents the design, construction, and a method for characterizing an aerosol test chamber for a full-sized manikin on a standard North Atlantic Treaty Organization litter. The methodology combined air velocity measurements, aerosol particle counts and size distributions, and computational fluid dynamics modeling to describe the chamber’s performance in three dimensions. This detailed characterization facilitates future experimental design by predicting chamber performance for a variety of patient-focused research.

压缩空气储能系统地下人工硐室技术及其评价技术研究

压缩空气储能是大规模长时间的新型物理储能形式。储气库是压缩空气储能系统中至关重要的组成部分。对常用储气装置特点进行分析与总结,针对地下人工硐室进行比较详细的讨论;对压缩空气储能系统地下人工硐室相对于其他类型储气库的优势进行了归纳;对地下人工硐室承载结构、密封系统、传热管理系统等自身设计因素进行了分析;分析讨论了影响地下人工硐室运行过程中的选址、埋深以及压力设计准则等关键技术;对影响人工硐室稳定运行的相关因素提出了评价方法以及评价指标。在此基础上,对压缩空气储能地下人工硐室未来发展方向进行了展望,为地下人工硐室的结构合理性设计与稳定性运行提供参考。

气垫压带输送机凸弧段分析研究

垂直气垫压带输送机的技术要点为压紧力的大小和凹凸弧段气膜的承载力。凹凸弧段气室提供的气膜承载力能否满足输送要求是凹凸弧段能否使用气室替代托辊的关键。文中通过对凸弧段进行受力分析,推导出输送带张力和气膜承载力的公式,改变气孔排数,选择正压区域5排、7排、9排气孔的双圆弧气室进行仿真,比较总压压力云图和正侧压承载力。结果表明:5排气孔的双圆弧气室内流量损失减少,气膜稳定,承载力较大。

空气罐在高扬程泵站水锤防护中的应用及影响

以甘肃某大型供水工程为研究背景,泵站供水管线起伏明显,泵站扬程高、流量大,事故停泵后管线负压严重,通过增设空气阀无法将负压消除。基于特征线法采用HAMMER软件对该泵站在采用二阶段关闭液控偏心半球阀及空气罐的组合下进行了事故停泵水力过渡过程仿真分析,另分析了空气罐的主要参数对水力过渡过程的影响。计算结果表明:设置空气罐后管线负压明显得到解决;空气罐容积越大、水头损失比率越高、水箱进水口直径相对偏小一点,其水锤防护效果越好;空气罐初次向管道补水和吸收管道水在水锤防护过程发挥重要作用;不同参数下空气罐首次向管道补水的时间几乎相同。

基于中间气压罐和罐前逆止阀的浮船泵站水锤防护

以云南省元谋县金沙江光伏提水工程的第一级浮船泵站供水系统为例,开展了浮船泵站水锤防护的研究。在参考相关设计规范的基础上,确定了停泵水锤防护标准;通过比较不同水源水位和停泵台数对过渡过程的影响,确定水锤防护的控制工况为水源水位最低、运行机组全部停泵的工况;根据管道沿线地形和浮船泵站的特点,在分析泵出口阀关闭程序、中间气压罐防护效果、罐前逆止阀作用的基础上,提出了“泵出口轴流式逆止阀+中间气压罐+罐前逆止阀”的水锤防护方案。该方案通过泵出口轴流式逆止阀完全防止机组倒转,通过中间气压罐控制管线中的正负水锤压力,通过罐前逆止阀防止倒泄水流对浮船和摇臂联络管的冲击。该防护措施对类似工程有较好的参考意义。

无脉冲微流控片上蠕动微泵研制及其性能研究

为解决微流体连续输送过程中存在的流动脉冲、精度低等问题,研制一种基于微流控技术的片上蠕动微泵。该微泵由微流控芯片和电机驱动系统组成,利用驱动系统中的滚子轴承连续挤压微流控芯片中的微流道,以实现微流体的精确泵送。为研究微泵的流量特性,设计具有气腔稳流功能的微流道,采用光固化3D打印技术与模塑法制作微流控芯片样件;开发电机驱动系统,测试微泵在不同电机转速下的平均流量、总流量和瞬时流量,并将其流量特性与商业蠕动泵的流量特性进行对比。研究结果表明:随着电机转速增加,微泵的平均流量逐渐增大,瞬时流量误差逐渐减小;当电机转速大于60 r/min时,瞬时流量误差可控制在5%以内,其流量精度显著高于商业蠕动泵的流量精度;片上蠕动微泵可有效抑制微流体脉冲,提升微流体控制精度,在精密微流体输送中具有广阔的工程应用前景。

基于NRBO优化的BP神经网络草莓农残检测系统

目前,我国草莓种植的主要方式为设施栽培,由于土壤连作、温湿度调控不当等问题极易造成病虫害发生,种植户用药明显增多,草莓中农药残留问题较为突出。为此,设计了一种快速检测草莓上残留农药的电子鼻系统。针对残留农药挥发气味浓度低且易受到草莓本身气味的影响,电子鼻识别效果差的问题,对电子鼻系统进行改进。结构上,借鉴人体鼻腔结构特点,设计了一款仿生气室。采用计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)模拟对仿生气室的结构进行了优化,保证采集端信号的质量。算法上,建立了基于陷阱规避算子(trap-avoidance operator,TAO)改进的牛顿-拉弗森优化算法(Newton-Raphson based optimizer,NRSR)优化反向传播(BP)神经网络的分类模型(NRBO-BP),提高分类算法对低浓度信号识别效果。采用电子鼻对含有多菌灵和吡虫啉及其混合农药的草莓进行检测实验。结果表明,基于仿生气室电子鼻的NRBO-BP分类模型的准确率为93.44%,召回率为94.16%,准确度总体高于粒子群算法(PSO)优化BP模型的88.33%和BP神经网络的83.33%,能够准确检测草莓上残留的农药,可以作为草莓质量安全的快速评价方法。