Structure and corrosion behavior of FeCoCrNiMo high-entropy alloy coatings prepared by mechanical alloying and plasma spraying

FeCoCrNiMox composite powders were prepared using the mechanical alloying technique and made into high-entropy alloy(HEA)coatings with the face-centered cubic phase using plasma spraying to address the element segregation problem in HEAs and pre-pare uniform HEA coatings.Scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy,and X-ray diffractometry were employed to characterize these coatings’microstructure and phase composition.The hardness,elastic modulus,and fracture toughness of coatings were tested,and the corrosion resistance was analyzed in simulated seawater.Results show that the hardness of the coating is HV0.1606.15,the modulus of elasticity is 128.42 GPa,and the fracture toughness is 43.98 MPa·m^(1/2).The corrosion potential of the coating in 3.5wt%NaCl solution is-0.49 V,and the corrosion current density is 1.2×10^(−6)A/cm^(2).The electrochemical system comprises three parts:the electrolyte,the adsorption and metallic oxide films produced during immersion,and the FeCoNiCrMo HEA coating.Over in-creasingly long periods,the corrosion reaction rate increases first and then decreases,the corrosion product film comprising metal oxides reaches a dynamic balance between formation and dissolution,and the internal reaction of the coating declines.

Maximizing the potential applications of plasma electrolytic oxidation coatings produced on Mg-based alloys in anti-corrosion,antibacterial,and photocatalytic targeting through harnessing the LDH/PEO dual structure

There is an increasing interest in the development of Mg alloys,both for industrial and biomedical applications,due to their favorable characteristics such as being lightweight and robust.However,the inadequate corrosion resistance and lack of antibacterial properties pose significant challenges in the industrial and biomedical applications,necessitating the implementation of advanced coating engineering techniques.Plasma electrolytic oxidation(PEO)has emerged as a preferred coating technique because of its distinctive properties and successful surface modification results.However,there is a continuous need for further enhancements to optimize the performance and functionalities of protective surface treatments.The integration of layered double hydroxide(LDH)into PEO coatings on Mg alloys presents a promising approach to bolstering protective properties.This thorough review delves into the latest developments in integrating LDH into PEO coatings for corrosion-related purposes.It particularly emphasizes the significant improvements in corrosion resistance,antibacterial effectiveness,and photocatalytic performance resulting from the incorporation of LDH into PEO coatings.The two key mechanisms that enhance the corrosion resistance of PEO coatings containing LDH are the anion exchangeability of the LDH structure and the pore-sealing effect.Moreover,the antibacterial activity of PEO coatings with LDH stemmed from the release of antibacterial agents stored within the LDH structure,alterations in pH levels,and the photothermal conversion property.Furthermore,by incorporating LDH into PEO coatings,new opportunities emerge for tackling environmental issues through boosted photocatalytic properties,especially in the realm of pollutant degradation.

Spark Plasma Sintering of Mg-based Alloys:Microstructure,Mechanical Properties,Corrosion Behavior,and Tribological Performance

Within the past ten years,spark plasma sintering(SPS)has become an increasingly popular process for Mg manufacturing.In the SPS process,interparticle diffusion of compressed particles is rapidly achieved due to the concept of Joule heating.Compared to traditional and additive manufacturing(AM)techniques,SPS gives unique control of the structural and microstructural features of Mg components.By doing so,their mechanical,tribological,and corrosion properties can be tailored.Although great advancements in this field have been made,these pieces of knowledge are scattered and have not been contextualized into a single work.The motivation of this work is to address this scientific gap and to provide a groundwork for understanding the basics of SPS manufacturing for Mg.To do so,the existing body of SPS Mg literature was first surveyed,with a focus on their structural formation and degradation mechanisms.It was found that successful Mg SPS fabrication highly depended on the processing temperature,particle size,and particle crystallinity.The addition of metal and ceramic composites also affected their microstructural features due to the Zener pinning effect.In degradative environments,their performance depends on their structural features and whether they have secondary phased composites.In industrial applications,SPS'd Mg was found to have great potential in biomedical,hydrogen storage,battery,automotive,and recycling sectors.The prospects to advance the field include using Mg as a doping agent for crystallite size refinement and using bulk metallic Mg-based glass powders for amorphous SPS components.Despite these findings,the interactions of multi-composites on the processing-structure-property relationships of SPS Mg is not well understood.In total,this work will provide a useful direction in the SPS field and serve as a milestone for future Mg-based SPS manufacturing.

Spark plasma sintering of tungsten-based WTaVCr refractory high entropy alloys for nuclear fusion applications

W-based WTaVCr refractory high entropy alloys (RHEA) may be novel and promising candidate materials for plasma facing components in the first wall and diverter in fusion reactors. This alloy has been developed by a powder metallurgy process combining mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering (SPS). The SPSed samples contained two phases, in which the matrix is RHEA with a body-centered cubic structure, while the oxide phase was most likely Ta2VO6through a combined analysis of X-ray diffraction (XRD),energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). The higher oxygen affinity of Ta and V may explain the preferential formation of their oxide phases based on thermodynamic calculations. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) revealed an average grain size of 6.2μm. WTaVCr RHEA showed a peak compressive strength of 2997 MPa at room temperature and much higher micro-and nano-hardness than W and other W-based RHEAs in the literature. Their high Rockwell hardness can be retained to at least 1000°C.

NaF assisted preparation and the improved corrosion resistance of high content ZnO doped plasma electrolytic oxidation coating on AZ31B alloy

In the present research,the NaF assisted plasma electrolytic oxidation(PEO)is designed to fabricate the high-content ZnO nanoparti-cles doped coating on AZ31B alloy.The microstructure,phase constituents and corrosion behavior of the PEO coatings are investigated systematically.The results reveal that the introduction of NaF promotes the formation of MgF2 nanophases in the passivation layer on Mg alloy,decreasing the breakdown voltage and discharge voltage.As a result,the continuous arcing caused by high discharge voltage is alleviated.With the increasing of NaF content,the Zn content in the PEO coating is enhanced and the pore size in the coating is decreased correspondingly.Due to the high-content ZnO doping,the PEO coating protected AZ31B alloy demonstrates the better corrosion resistance.Compared with the bare AZ31B alloy,the high-content ZnO doped PEO coated sample shows an increased corrosion potential from-1.465 V to-1.008 V,a decreased corrosion current density from 3.043×10^(-5) A·cm^(-2) to 3.960×10^(-8) A·cm^(-2) and an increased charge transfer resistance from 1.213×10^(2) ohm·cm^(2) to 2.598×10^(5) ohm·cm^(2).Besides,the high-content ZnO doped PEO coated sample also has the excellent corrosion resistance in salt solution,exhibiting no obvious corrosion after more than 2000 h neutral salt spraying and 28 days’immersion testing.The improved corrosion resistance can be ascribed to the relative uniform distribution of ZnO in PEO coating which can transform to Zn(OH)2 and form a continuous protective layer along the corrosion interface.

Twinning behaviors of Mg-Sn alloy with basal or prismatic Mg_(2)Sn

The Mg-Sn alloys,with basal or prismatic Mg_(2)Sn laths,were employed to reveal the effect of precipitate orientation on twinning behavior quantitatively.The Mg-5wt.%Sn alloys with basal or prismatic Mg_(2)Sn were compressed to study the twinning behaviors.Subsequently,an Orowan strengthening model was developed to quantitatively investigate the critical resolved shear stress(CRSS)increment of precipitates on twinning.The results revealed that the prismatic precipitates hindered the transfer and growth of tensile twins more effectively compared with the basal precipitates.The decreased proportion of tensile twins containing prismatic Mg_(2)Sn might be attributed to a larger CRSS increment for tensile twins compared with that for basal precipitates.The obvious decreased twinning transfer in the alloy with prismatic Mg_(2)Sn could be due to its higher geometrically necessary dislocation and enhanced CRSS of tensile twins.Notably,the prismatic precipitates have a better hindering effect on tensile twins during compression.

SMA碟簧群的循环受压性能及简化模型

该研究提出将多个形状记忆合金(SMA)碟簧片并联排列形成碟簧组,然后在碟簧组间加入垫片分隔、串联排列形成碟簧群,以提供更高的承载力及变形能力。采用有限元软件ABAQUS建立了一系列SMA碟簧群的三维精细化有限元模型,并进行非线性循环受压分析。结果表明:与钢碟簧的“三角形”荷载-位移曲线相比,SMA碟簧群的荷载-位移曲线呈现鲜明的“旗帜形”特性,具有明显的正向及反向转变平台。随着碟簧片数的增加,碟簧组的总可恢复变形量基本不变,极限承载力及割线刚度近似成比例增加,而随着碟簧组数的增加,碟簧群的总可恢复变形量增加,极限承载力不变,割线刚度近似成比例降低。因此,可根据碟簧群总极限承载力及变形能力的需要,灵活调整碟簧片及碟簧组的数量及布置方式。碟簧组的各层碟簧片由于边界条件不同,应力分布存在明显差异,而变形量亦呈现两端大中间小的哑铃形分布模式,其中加载端碟簧片变形量最大,若超过极限变形量可能发生翻转失效,值得注意。提出了SMA碟簧群的简化模型,通过简化及精细模型的非线性循环受压分析,发现该简化模型的循环受压荷载-位移曲线与精细模型吻合良好,而计算效率提高约38倍。将SMA碟簧群应用于自复位NZ梁柱节点中,并对自复位钢框架进行了验证性的滞回分析。结果表明:采用SMA碟簧群的自复位钢框架最大侧移为4%时可完全复位,且二次刚度相比采用预应力钢绞线的传统自复位钢框架提高近100%,极限承载力提高70%。

高速公路SMA沥青混凝土路面施工技术分析

近年来随着交通流量的增加及车辆荷载的加重,传统沥青混凝土材料在耐久性方面逐渐显现出不足,容易出现车辙和裂缝等问题,SMA(Stone Mastic Asphalt)沥青混凝土应运而生。源自欧洲的SMA技术已在全球范围内得到广泛应用,核心在于通过改性沥青与优化骨料结构,显著提升了混合料的高温稳定性、抗滑性及抗老化能力。随着交通工程技术的不断发展及施工工艺的进步,SMA沥青混凝土在提升道路性能、延长使用寿命及降低维护成本方面展现出了显著的优势,这些特性使SMA沥青混凝土成为应对现代交通需求及环境挑战的关键解决方案。

高速公路改性沥青SMA上面层施工技术及应用效果

为研究高速公路改性沥青SMA上面层施工技术,提高沥青路面行车的舒适性和安全性,依托实际工程,介绍了改性沥青SMA上面层原材料的各项指标要求,研究了改性沥青SMA上面层的施工技术要点,并进行严格的施工质量检测。

基于Arduino的SMA丝材智能修复损伤钢筋混凝土梁试验研究

为修复钢筋混凝土梁在使用阶段中由于材料老化、裂缝开展等原因造成的损伤,提出一种基于Arduino智能平台和形状记忆合金(Shape Memory Alloy,SMA,具有形状记忆效应和超弹性特性)的智能修复控制系统,根据挠度及裂缝控制原理,设计智能修复控制装置。该装置由输入模块、处理模块和输出模块组成,当检测到钢筋应变超过限值时,输出模块升高SMA丝材温度对梁体进行修复。为验证该智能修复装置的修复性能,设计对比梁A(无修复装置)与试验梁B(加装智能修复控制装置),在加载过程中对试验梁B进行3次修复,对2根梁的跨中挠度、钢筋应变及裂缝宽度等进行对比分析。结果表明:破坏时试验梁B的跨中挠度、裂缝宽度均小于对比梁A,并且在3次修复中试验梁B的跨中挠度、裂缝宽度和钢筋应变最大回复率分别为31.0%、47.0%和71.5%。说明该智能修复控制装置可以监测试验梁受损情况并激发SMA材料对试验梁实施修复,实现钢筋混凝土梁的智能修复。

“Smart”micro/nano container-based self-healing coatings on magnesium alloys:A review

Coating technologies are a commonly used way to protect metals against corrosion.However,with more and more severe service environments of materials,many protective coating systems often are not environmentally friendly or toxic as in the case of chromates.Based on the world’s abundant ideal magnesium(Mg)and its alloy,the smart self-healing anticorrosive coating can autonomously restore the damaged part of the coating according to the environmental changes,strengthen the corrosion protection ability,and prolong its service life.This paper reviews the research progress of smart self-healing coatings on Mg alloys.These coatings mostly contain suitable corrosion inhibitors encapsulated into micro/nano containers.Moreover,the different self-healing mechanisms and functionalities of micro/nano containers are discussed.The micro/nano containers range from inorganic nanocontainers such as mesoporous nanoparticles(silica(SiO_(2)),titanium dioxide(TiO_(2)),etc.),over inorganic clays(halloysite,hydrotalcite-like,zeolite),to organic nanocontainers such as polymer microcapsules,nanofibers,chitosan(CS)and cyclodextrin(CD),as well as,carbon materials such as graphene and carbon nanotubes and hybrids such as metal organic frameworks.The functioning of micro/nano containers can be divided in two principal groups:autonomous(based on defect filling and corrosion inhibition)and non-autonomous(based on dynamic bonds and shape memory polymers).Moreover,multi functionalities and composite applications of various micro/nano containers are summarized.At present,significant progress has been made in the preparation methods and technologies of micro/nano containers.Achieving long-term self-healing properties of coatings sensing of coating failure and early warning after self-healing function failure can be expected as the main development direction of self-healing corrosion protection coatings in the future.

预应变SMA⁃TMD对钢框架结构抗震性能影响研究

针对钢结构在地震激励下加速度响应过大的问题,介绍了一种将形状记忆合金(SMA)应用到调谐质量阻尼器(TMD)装置中的解决方案,利用SMA的特性实现有效的自复位和稳定的阻尼,将预应变SMA棒应用到TMD中,提高装置的阻尼性能。通过试验测试及有限元模拟,研究安装施加预应变SMA-TMD的钢框架抗震性能。结果表明:预应变SMA棒不仅有助于自复位,而且还能大大提高SMA-TMD的等效黏滞阻尼比;经过优化的SMA-TMD装置可以大大降低钢框架的地震动响应,并加快地震能量消耗。

The mechanism for tuning the corrosion resistance and pore density of plasma electrolytic oxidation(PEO)coatings on Mg alloy with fluoride addition

Here we prepared PEO coatings on Mg alloys in silicate-NaOH-phosphate electrolyte containing different concentrations of NaF addition.The detailed microstructural characterizations combining with potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectra(EIS)were employed to investigate the roles of fluoride in the growth and corrosion properties of PEO coating on Mg.The result shows the introduction of NaF led to a fluoride-containing nanolayer(FNL)formed at the Mg/coating interface.The FNL consists of MgO nanoparticles and insoluble MgF_(2)nanoparticles(containing rutile phase and cubic phase).The increase in the NaF concentration of the electrolyte increases the thickness and the MgF_(2)content in the FNL.When anodized in the electrolyte containing 2 g/L NaF,the formed FNL has the highest thickness of 100-200 nm along with the highest value of x of∼0.6 in(MgO)_(1-x)(MgF_(2))x resulted in the highest corrosion performance of PEO coating.In addition,when anodized in the electrolyte containing a low NaF concentration(0.4-0.8 g/L),the formed FNL was thin and discontinuous,which would decrease the pore density and increase the coating's uniformness simultaneously.

Preparation and property of self-sealed plasma electrolytic oxide coating on magnesium alloy

Plasma electrochemical oxidation (PEO) is a surface modification technology to form ceramic coatings on magnesium alloys However,its application is limited due to its defects.This work reports a novel preparation of in-situ sealing of PEO coatings by four-layer voltage and sol addition.The morphology and structure were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM),energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS),and X-ray diffractometer (XRD).Image-Pro Plus 6.0 was used to determine the porosity of the coating,which was decreased from 8.53%to 0.51%.Simultaneously,the coating thickness was increased by a factor of four.The anti-corrosion performance of each sample was evaluated using electrochemical tests,and the findings revealed that the corrosion current density of coatings (i_(corr)) of the samples were lowered from 9.152×10^(-2) to 6.152×10^(-4) mA·cm^(-2),and the total resistance (R_(T)) of the samples were enhanced from 2.19×10^(4) to 2.33×10^(5)Ω·cm^(2).The salt spray test used to simulate the actual environment showed that corrosion points appeared on the surface of the coating only at the 336 h.In addition,the mechanism of PEO self-sealing behavior was described in this article.

A super wear-resistant coating for Mg alloys achieved by plasma electrolytic oxidation and discontinuous deposition

Magnesium alloys are lightweight materials with great potential,and plasma electrolytic oxidation(PEO)is effective surface treatment for necessary improvement of corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys.However,the∼14µm thick and rough PEO protection layer has inferior wear resistance,which limits magnesium alloys as sliding or reciprocating parts,where magnesium alloys have special advantages by their inherent damping and denoising properties and attractive light-weighting.Here a novel super wear-resistant coating for magnesium alloys was achieved,via the discontinuous sealing(DCS)of a 1.3µm thick polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)polymer layer with an initial area fraction(A_(f))of 70%on the necessary PEO protection layer by selective spraying,and the wear resistance was exceptionally enhanced by∼5500 times in comparison with the base PEO coating.The initial surface roughness(Sa)under PEO+DCS(1.54µm)was imperfectly 59%higher than that under PEO and conventional continuous sealing(CS).Interestingly,DCS was surprisingly 20 times superior for enhancing wear resistance in contrast to CS.DCS induced nano-cracks that splitted DCS layer into multilayer nano-blocks,and DCS also provided extra space for the movement of nano-blocks,which resulted in rolling friction and nano lubrication.Further,DCS promoted mixed wear of the PTFE polymer layer and the PEO coating,and the PTFE layer(HV:6 Kg·mm^(−2),A_(f):92.2%)and the PEO coating(HV:310 Kg·mm^(−2),A_(f):7.8%)served as the soft matrix and the hard point,respectively.Moreover,the dynamic decrease of Sa by 29%during wear also contributed to the super wear resistance.The strategy of depositing a low-frictional discontinuous layer on a rough and hard layer or matrix also opens a window for achieving super wear-resistant coatings in other materials.

Fe-SMA主动加固钢桥面横隔板弧形切口疲劳裂纹实桥应用研究

为确定铁基形状记忆合金(Fe-SMA)主动加固正交异性钢桥面板横隔板弧形切口疲劳裂纹的可行性,以某在役钢箱梁斜拉桥为背景进行实桥加固研究。根据现场横隔板弧形切口的开裂特征,在对裂纹钻孔止裂的基础上,提出利用Fe-SMA材料对横隔板弧形切口裂纹进行粘贴加固的方案,并进行加固施工。通过现场测试得到Fe-SMA板条热激活过程的应变和温度变化,分析Fe-SMA板条和钢板之间的相互作用及加固机理。结果表明:粘贴Fe-SMA板利用Fe-SMA热驱动形状记忆效应可有效便捷地为结构施加预压应力,实现对受损部位的主动加固;经过Fe-SMA联合止裂孔修复后,热驱动作用下的Fe-SMA可以产生200~240 MPa的预拉应力,并在钢板止裂孔边缘施加43~90 MPa的压应力,可有效阻止裂纹进一步扩展;加固体系在加热激活过程完好可靠,当控制一侧加热区域中部温度为200℃时,热传导作用下非加热区域中部的温度为60℃以下,而背面总体温度基本在90℃以下。

Accelerated design of high-performance Mg-Mn-based magnesium alloys based on novel bayesian optimization

Magnesium(Mg),being the lightest structural metal,holds immense potential for widespread applications in various fields.The development of high-performance and cost-effective Mg alloys is crucial to further advancing their commercial utilization.With the rapid advancement of machine learning(ML)technology in recent years,the“data-driven''approach for alloy design has provided new perspectives and opportunities for enhancing the performance of Mg alloys.This paper introduces a novel regression-based Bayesian optimization active learning model(RBOALM)for the development of high-performance Mg-Mn-based wrought alloys.RBOALM employs active learning to automatically explore optimal alloy compositions and process parameters within predefined ranges,facilitating the discovery of superior alloy combinations.This model further integrates pre-established regression models as surrogate functions in Bayesian optimization,significantly enhancing the precision of the design process.Leveraging RBOALM,several new high-performance alloys have been successfully designed and prepared.Notably,after mechanical property testing of the designed alloys,the Mg-2.1Zn-2.0Mn-0.5Sn-0.1Ca alloy demonstrates exceptional mechanical properties,including an ultimate tensile strength of 406 MPa,a yield strength of 287 MPa,and a 23%fracture elongation.Furthermore,the Mg-2.7Mn-0.5Al-0.1Ca alloy exhibits an ultimate tensile strength of 211 MPa,coupled with a remarkable 41%fracture elongation.

Relationship between the unique microstructures and behaviors of high-entropy alloys

High-entropy alloys(HEAs),which were introduced as a pioneering concept in 2004,have captured the keen interest of nu-merous researchers.Entropy,in this context,can be perceived as representing disorder and randomness.By contrast,elemental composi-tions within alloy systems occupy specific structural sites in space,a concept referred to as structure.In accordance with Shannon entropy,structure is analogous to information.Generally,the arrangement of atoms within a material,termed its structure,plays a pivotal role in dictating its properties.In addition to expanding the array of options for alloy composites,HEAs afford ample opportunities for diverse structural designs.The profound influence of distinct structural features on the exceptional behaviors of alloys is underscored by numer-ous examples.These features include remarkably high fracture strength with excellent ductility,antiballistic capability,exceptional radi-ation resistance,and corrosion resistance.In this paper,we delve into various unique material structures and properties while elucidating the intricate relationship between structure and performance.

SMA绞线预制梁-柱自复位耗能节点数值研究与参数优化

为了提高预制混凝土框架的抗震能力并控制震后残余变形,提出了一种新型的混合自复位预制混凝土梁柱节点(self-centring precast concrete beam-column connection,SC-PCBCC),其中采用了旋转摩擦阻尼器(rotational friction hinge damper,RFHD)和形状记忆合金(shape memory alloy,SMA)并联的结构。重点探讨了使用SMA绞线控制的自复位装置对SC-PCBCC进行改进。首先,介绍了SC-PCBCC的结构和工作原理;其次验证对比了1.0%、1.5%、2%和2.0%预应变下的超弹性1×7 SMA绞线、RFHD和SC-PCBCC的有限元模型,并进行了初步验证。研究结果表明,该节点具有较高的刚度、承载力、耗能能力以及较好的复位性能;最后对SC-PCBCC中SMA绞线的关键参数:SMA绞线预应变、直径和长度进行了参数分析,以优化其抗震性能。建议SC-PCBCC使用的SMA绞线初始预应变、直径和长度范围分别为1.5%~2.0%、15~18 mm和175~205 mm,以实现SC-PCBCC的优异承载性能、能量耗散和自复位性能。此外,节点中的SMA绞线和RFHD可在震后快速更换,实现高效灾后修复。总体而言,所提出的SC-PCBCC表现出了卓越的减震能力、自复位能力和可修复性。

SMA限位对铁路自复位桥墩地震反应的影响

为研究形状记忆合金(SMA)对铁路自复位桥墩地震反应的影响,在已验证的两弹簧模型上增加SMA限位单元,以某铁路桥墩为工程背景,基于OpenSees平台建立数值分析模型,通过输入3条强震记录,采用非线性时程分析方法进行SMA限位的桥墩影响分析。讨论SMA限位装置关键参数初始间隙、初始预加力变化对墩顶位移和墩底弯矩的影响规律,并与预应力钢筋限位进行比较。研究结果表明:在普通地震动El-Centro与Taft波下,自复位桥墩的墩顶位移随限位装置初始间隙δ减小而减小,墩底弯矩随初始间隙δ减小而增大;随SMA限位装置初始预加力增大,自复位桥墩的墩顶位移减小,墩底弯矩增大。在近断层地震动Northridge下,SMA限位对自复位桥墩地震反应的影响复杂。在3条强震记录下,与预应力筋限位相比,SMA限位会减小墩底弯矩,增大墩顶水平位移。