Residual stress and welding distortion of Al/steel butt joint by arc-assisted laser welding-brazing

The thermo-elastic.plastic finite element method(FEM)is used to simulate the thermo-mechanical behavior of Al/steel tungsten inert gas(TIG)arc-assisted laser welding-brazing(A-LWB)butt joint.The influence of material nonlinearity,geometrical nonlinearity and work hardening on the welding process is studied,and the differences in the welding temperature field,residual stress and welding distortion by A-LWB and by single laser welding-brazing(SLWB)are analyzed.The results show that the thermal cycle,residual stress distribution and welding distortion by the numerical simulation are in good agreement with the measured data by experiments,which verifies the effectiveness of FEM.Compared with the SLWB,A-LWB can make the high-temperature distribution zone of weld in width direction wider,decrease the transverse tensile stress in the weld and reduce the distribution range of longitudinal tensile stress.And the welding deformation also decreases to some extent.

Effects of Ni on microstructure and properties of aluminum- stainless steel TIG welding-brazing joint with AI-Si filler

Effects of Ni on microstructure and properties of aluminum-stainless steel TIG welding-brazing joint with Al-Si filler were studied. Different mass percentage of Ni powder was added in the flux separately. Results of tensile tests show that a significant improvement on mechanical properties of the butt joint is obtained using the modified flux. Moreover, obvious differences on microstructures of the interfaces were observed with Ni addition, that two intermetallic compound （IMC） layers at the interface change to one layer and the IMC thickness also decreases. Finally, effect mechanism of Ni was analyzed and discussed. Ni addition leads to an enrichment of element Si at the brazing interface, and furthermore suppresses the formation of intermetaUic compound. The reduction of IMC thickness is the main reason for the improvement of joint properties.

Experimental study on dissimilar TIG welding-brazing of 5A06 aluminum alloy to SUS321 stainless steel

Dissimilar metals TIG welding-brazing of 5A06 aluminum alloy to SUS321 stainless steel has been carried out with Al-Sil2 eutectic filler metal and modified non-corrosive flux. The surface appearance and microstructures of the joint were analyzed and the average tensile strength of the joint was estimated. The results show that a sound dissimilar metals joint is obtained by TIG welding-brazing. Slag and residual flux on steel surface can be removed by sanding easily. The joint has dual characteristics： in aluminum alloy side, it is a welded joint, while in stainless steel side, it is a brazed joint. The whole interface layer, unequal in thickness at different position, ranges from 5 μm to 25 μm. The average tensile strength of the butt joint reaches 120 MPa and the fracture occurs at the interface layer.

TIG welding-brazing joint of aluminum to stainless steel with hot wire

TIG welding-brazing process with high frequency induction hot wire technology was presented to create joints between 5A06 aluminum alloy and SUS32! stainless steel using ER1100 filler wire with different temperature. The joints were evaluated by mechanical test and microstructural analyses. The welding procedure using hot fiUer wire （400 ℃ ） significantly increases strength stability by 71% and average value of tensile strength by 30. 8 % of the joints, compared with cold wire. The research of microstructures in interfaces and welded seams reveals that using 400 ℃ hot filler wire can decrease the thickness of intermetallic compounds （ IMCs ） from 6 to 3.5 txm approximately, which is the main reason of mechanical property improvement.

Analysis on interfacial layer of aluminum alloy and non-coated stainless steel joint made by TIG welding-brazing

Dissimilar metals TIG welding-brazing of aluminum alloy and non-coated stainless steel was investigated. The resultant joint was characterized in order to identify the phases and the brittle intermetallic compounds （IMCs） in the interracial layer by optical metalloscope （OM）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and energy dispersive spectrometer （ EDS） , and the cracked joint was analyzed in order to understand the cracking mechanism of the joint. The results show that the microfusion of the stainless steel can improve the wetting and spreading of liquid aluminum base filler metal on the steel suuface and the melted steel accelerates the formation of mass of brittle IMCs in the interracial layer, which causes the joint cracking badly. The whole interfacial layer is 5 -7 μm thick and comprises approximately 5μm-thickness reaction layer in aluminum side and about 2 μm-thickness diffusion layer in steel side. The stable Al-rich IMCs are formed in the interfacial layer and the phases transfer from （ Al ＋ FeAl3 ） in aluminum side to （ FeAl3 ＋ Fe2Al5 ） and （ α-Fe ＋ FeAl） in steel side.

Pulsed TIG welding-brazing butt joints of aluminum-stainless steel thin plates with different fillers

Aluminum and stainless steel plates with 1.5 mm thickness are joined by pulsed TIG welding-brazing process with ER1100, ER4043 and ER2319 fillers, separately. Good weld formation can be obtained by adjusting appropriate pulse parameters. The effects of the fillers on that the thickness of the intermetallic compound （ IMC ） and tensile strength of the joints are investigated. SEM results indicate layer with ER2319 filler is about 2 ~m, which is thinner than 2. 5 p^m of ER1100 filler and 3.5 txm of ER4043 filler. Moreover, the element distribution in both IMCs and welded seams with three fillers are different because of the different compositions of fillers. The results of mechanical property tests suggest that the joint strength with ER2319 filler is the highest, while the joint impact energy is the lowest. The joint with ERllOO filler exhibits the best comprehensive mechanical pet.formanee.

Effect of process parameters on microstructure and properties of laser welded joints of aluminum/steel with Ni/Cu interlayer

The effects of laser parameters and interlayer material on the microstructure and properties of the welded joint between 6061 aluminum alloy and stainless steel were studied.The results show that the density and microstructure of the welded joint can be optimized by changing the laser power with 0.05 mm Cu foil and 0.1 mm Ni foil as interlayer.A large number of new Cu-Al binary phases were found near the aluminum alloy,which effectively inhibited the formation of the binary brittle phase of Fe-Al.The maximum shear force of 1350.96 N was obtained with laser power of 2200 W.The shear force of the welded joint increased to 1754.73 N when the thickness of the Cu foil thickness changed to 0.02 mm.

Research on the properties of laser welded joints of aluminum killed cold rolled steel

Aluminum killed cold rolled steel used for automobiles was welded in this paper by using CO 2 laser with wavelength 10.6μm.The experiment shows that high quality of welding can be realized at welding speed of 4 500mm/min by optimizing the parameters.The strength and hardness of laser welded joints for aluminum killed cold rolled steel increased compared to those of the base metal while the formability decreased.Forming limit diagram of joint material indicated that the laser weld seam should avoid the maximum deformation area of automobile parts during the designing period for the position of weld seam.

Improving pulsed laser weldability of duplex stainless steel to 5456 aluminum alloy via friction stir process reinforcing of aluminum by BNi-2 brazing alloy

Effects of laser pulse distance and reinforcing of 5456 aluminum alloy were investigated on laser weldability of Al alloy to duplex stainless steel (DSS) plates. The aluminum alloy plate was reinforced by nickel-base BNi-2 brazing powder via friction stir processing. The DSS plates were laser welded to the Al5456/BNi-2 composite and also to the Al5456 alloy plates. The welding zones were studied by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, micro-hardness and shear tests. The weld interface layer became thinner from 23 to 5 μm, as the laser pulse distance was increased from 0.2 to 0.5 mm. Reinforcing of the Al alloy modified the phases at interface layer from Al-Fe intermetallic compounds (IMCs) in the DSS/Al alloy weld, to Al-Ni-Fe IMCs in the DSS/Al composite one, since more nickel was injected in the weld pool by BNi-2 reinforcements. This led to a remarkable reduction in crack tendency of the welds and decreased the hardness of the interface layer from ~950 HV to ~600 HV. Shear strengths of the DSS/Al composite welds were significantly increased by ~150%, from 46 to 114 MPa, in comparison to the DSS/Al alloy ones.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of pulsed laser welded Al/steel dissimilar joint

Pulsed laser welding was used in joining pure aluminum to stainless steel in a lap joint configuration. It is found that the mechanical properties of the laser joints were closely correlated with the bead geometry, i.e., penetration depth. In order to study the correlation, two typical laser welds with different penetration depths were analyzed. In high penetration depth (354 μm) joint, Al-rich Fe?Al IMCs with microcracks were formed at the Al/fusion zone (FZ) interface. The joint strength was found to be (27.2±1.7) N/mm and three failure modes were observed near the Al/FZ interface. In low penetration depth (108 μm) joint, Fe-rich Fe?Al IMCs without any defect were formed at the Al/FZ interface. The joint strength was found to be (46.2±1.9) N/mm and one failure mode was observed across the FZ.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar joint between aluminum and aluminum-coated steel by cold metal transfer process

Two dissimilar materials, aluminum alloy and aluminum-coated steel, were joined by cold metal transfer process using AlSi5 filler wire. To this end, the steel was coated with Al-Si. The steel did not melt and aluminum was melt to form the joint during the process, it was actually cold metal transfer welding-brazing. The macrostructure, microstructure, alloy element distribution, and inter-metallic compounds were analyzed by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy. It was found that the Al-Si coating dissolved into the weld metal. The pre-existing thin Fe-Al- Si ternary inter-metallic compounds in the interface between the Ak-Si coating layer and base metal steel also partially dissolved into the weld zone, tending to reduce the thickness of inter-metallic compounds. Approximate 3 μm thick undissolved intermetallic compound was found at the interface after welding which could guarantee sound bonding strength in dissimilar materials joining. The sample was fractured at the fusion zone near the aluminum side in the tensile test. The ultimate tensile strength was about 156 MPa, and the fracture mode is ductile failure in nature according to its morphology.

送丝速度对铝/钢激光熔钎焊接头组织与性能的影响

采用ER2319焊丝进行了6061-T6铝合金/Q235镀锌钢光纤激光熔钎焊接,分析了送丝速度对接头成型、显微组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明:当激光功率为1.2 kW,焊接速度为1.2 m/min时,送丝速度在1.2~3.0 m/min范围内均可获得有效接头。接头的抗拉强度随着送丝速度的增加呈现先上升后减小的趋势,当送丝速度为2.4 m/min时平均抗拉强度达到最大值,为116.15 MPa。当送丝速度为1.8、2.4 m/min时,接头的上下表面的金属间化合物层可控制在10μm以内,而对接界面处的金属间化合物层厚度随着送丝速度的改变变化不明显,对接界面的IMC层主要由FeAl、FeAl_(2)、Fe_(4)Al_(13)相组成。接头的断裂形式为典型的解理断裂模式,而位于润湿铺展在钢表面的铝合金处则为韧性断裂。

激光增材含铝马氏体不锈钢的高温摩擦磨损性能研究

激光增材马氏体不锈钢可应用于600℃以下的高温部件,为了进一步提高其高温耐磨性能,制备了4种不同铝含量(0、1%、2%、3%,质量分数)的马氏体不锈钢试样,采用箱式电阻炉对4种马氏体不锈钢试样分别在25、200、400、600℃温度下进行热处理。采用OM、XRD、SEM、3D景深显微镜、高温摩擦磨损试验机等仪器和JMatPro软件研究了试样的金相组织与高温摩擦磨损性能。结果表明:随着铝含量的增加,试样的平均硬度从57.87 HRC降至42.46 HRC,随着600℃保温时间的延长,试样的硬度均快速下降并趋于稳定,其值从44.79 HRC降至28.70 HRC,铝含量的增加对试样在25℃下的摩擦系数的影响并不明显,其值均在0.8~0.9之间;当铝含量达到3%时,试样在600℃环境中的摩擦系数降至0.45左右,约为25℃下的52.94%,体积磨损量降至0.0214 mm^(3),约为25℃下的9%,试样主相为马氏体相及少量碳化物等析出相。添加3%铝可显著改善激光增材马氏体不锈钢的高温摩擦磨损性能。

焊接速度对铝钢异种金属激光填丝熔钎焊性能的影响

采用不同的焊接速度对铝合金E600及汽车车身用镀锌钢板DP590D+Z进行激光填丝熔钎焊试验,焊接材料选用ER4047焊丝,分别对不同焊接速度下的焊缝成形质量、金属间化合物层厚度及力学性能进行了分析研究。结果表明:选择适当的焊接参数时,利用激光填丝熔钎焊可获得成形良好且具有一定抗拉强度的熔钎焊接头。为保证焊缝接头的性能,需控制界面处主要成分为FeAl_(2)和FeAl_(3)的金属间化合物层的厚度,随着焊接速度的提升,线能量下降,金属间化合物层厚度随之减小。综合考虑接头的线载荷及生产效率,最优焊接速度为1.5 m/min,此时线载荷约为197 N/mm,换算成铝合金强度为219 MPa,相当于母材强度的81%。

不同热源作用下钢/铝异种金属对接接头的焊缝成形和性能分析

采用三种热源(激光-MIG复合、单MIG、单激光)实现2 mm厚的SUS304不锈钢板和6061铝合金板的对接连接,对比了不同热源下钢侧的湿润铺展情况、焊缝中心组织、钢/铝界面层化合物和接头的拉伸性能。结果表明,激光-MIG复合热源下焊缝的正背面铺展效果最好,而单激光热源下熔融金属很难铺展到钢侧。激光-MIG复合热源和单MIG热源下,焊缝中心组织为α-Al基体上分布着短棒状的Al-Si共晶体,钢/铝界面处有连续分布的锯齿状金属间化合物,界面层厚度分别约为3.6、3.3μm;单激光热源下焊缝中心组织为等轴晶上弥散分布着很多小块状的析出相,钢/铝界面层化合物呈针叶状并沿着铝焊缝生长,厚度约为5.7μm。复合热源下接头的抗拉强度最高,为226.5 MPa,达到铝合金母材的53.8%,断口有少量河流花样;单激光热源下的焊接接头的抗拉强度最低(67 MPa),断口大部分区域呈河流花样,属于典型的脆性断裂。

不等厚铝/钢激光焊接接头组织与性能研究

为了改善铝/钢连接性能,采用激光技术通过调整工艺参数获得了拉伸强度达到铝母材40%的不等厚铝/钢对焊接头,并对接头焊缝组织、界面化合物、力学性能展开了分析。结果表明,焊接速率为1.8 m/min、激光向钢侧偏置0.3 mm、离焦量为0 mm、激光功率为3.0 kW时,接头抗拉强度达到38 MPa;保持其它焊接参数不变,离焦量为-2 mm时,接头抗拉强度进一步提升至57.7 MPa,焊缝截面形状由酒杯状变为束腰状,熔合线更加整齐,附近裂纹、气孔缺陷明显减少;焊缝界面区域物相衍射与能谱分析表明,沿熔合线垂直方向生长的化合物为脆韧程度不尽相同的FeAl、FeAl_(3)、Fe_(2)Al_(5)和Fe_(2)CrAl、Fe_(3)Al;接头整体拉伸断裂模式为脆性断裂,断口表面部分位置连接强度较好,呈凹陷状,检测发现Fe_(3)Al。此研究结果在提升车身铝/钢连接处性能、车身减重以及节能减排方面具有重要现实意义。

激光功率对铝/钢激光对接熔钎焊接头组织与性能的影响

以Er2319焊丝为钎料,在不同激光功率(1.0~1.4kW)下对6061-T6铝合金和Q235A镀锌钢进行激光对接熔钎焊,研究了激光功率对接头显微组织和拉伸性能的影响。结果表明:在1.1~1.3kW激光功率下均可实现铝合金和钢的有效连接,激光功率为1.2kW时的成形质量最好;1.1,1.2kW激光功率下焊缝区组织为大量的等轴晶以及少量的破碎枝晶,1.3kW激光功率下则以粗大的针状晶为主;1.2kW激光功率下接头界面处的金属间化合物层厚度小于1.1kW激光功率下;接头的抗拉强度随着激光功率的增加呈先升后降的趋势,1.2kW激光功率下的抗拉强度最大,为107.42 MPa,断裂类型为韧脆混合断裂。

超声振动辅助铝/钢激光–MIG熔钎焊外观成形、组织以及拉伸性能研究

目的利用超声振动改善铝/钢对接接头界面的微观结构,降低气孔缺陷并提高接头力学性能。方法通过超声振动辅助激光–MIG焊接方法实现铝/钢异种金属连接,采用光学显微镜观察焊缝形貌,采用金相显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察焊缝和界面微观结构,利用拉伸试验机测试接头的拉伸强度。结果超声振动的施加提高了熔融金属的润湿铺展性能,减少了焊缝中的气孔缺陷,并降低了界面层金属间化合物的厚度。带有余高和去除余高的接头拉伸强度由未加超声的175 MPa和154 MPa分别提高到189 MPa和172 MPa。结论利用超声振动的声流、空化效应有效改善了熔融金属的润湿铺展性能和界面微观结构,并在一定程度上消除了气孔缺陷,进而提高了接头的力学性能。

铝合金/钢异种金属激光熔钎焊技术研究进展

铝合金/钢异种金属激光熔钎焊技术具有能量密度高、升温和冷却速度快、熔化位置控制精确、焊后变形小、自动化程度高等优势,特别适用于汽车制造行业。从铝合金与钢界面润湿铺展、界面微观调控、熔钎焊接头性能评价三个方面对国内外铝合金/钢异种金属激光熔钎焊技术的研究成果进行了综述,重点介绍了金属镀层、钎剂、母材热场对铝合金与钢激光熔钎焊过程中的界面润湿铺展的影响,归纳了界面热场、辅助能场、坡口面角度、合金元素对铝合金与钢激光熔钎焊过程中的界面微观调控作用,总结了铝合金与钢激光熔钎焊接头性能的评价方法。并指出优质、高效、高可靠的铝合金/钢异种金属激光熔钎焊技术仍需要解决以下四方面的问题:钢母材表面钎料润湿铺展的精准可控;铝合金/钢激光熔钎焊界面反应的精确可调;铝合金/钢激光熔钎焊接头的高强韧设计;铝合金/钢熔钎焊接头性能的可靠性评价。

脉冲激光焊接铝/钢异种金属的研究进展

铝/钢复合结构具有强度高、耐腐蚀、质量轻等优点,是汽车制造、航空航天等行业最受关注的实现轻量化设计的方案之一。然而,铝合金与钢的物理和化学性能严重不匹配,很难通过传统熔焊技术实现连接。脉冲激光焊接技术具有热输入控制精准、加工速度快、灵活性高、能量密度高等优点,在焊接铝/钢异种金属上存在着更大的优势。从脉冲激光参数、脉冲激光复合焊接、对焊接母材进行预处理等多个角度梳理了国内外脉冲激光焊接铝/钢异种金属的研究进展,并给出了铝/钢脉冲激光焊接技术仍需开展的工作,旨在为后续相关研究提供参考。