Argument Ambiguities Make Subject Relative Clause More Difficult to Process than Object Relative Clause in Mandarin

Relative clauses(RCs)processing has been a hot issue in decades.Studies from head-initial languages have found that SRCs were easier to comprehend than ORCs,and many different models were constructed to account for SRCs preference.Chinese are head-final languages and the head noun phrases are behind the internal-clause.Such a great difference in syntactic structure made Chinese to be the optimum material to test the models mentioned above.In the paper,two experiments were carried out using eye-movement tracking methods to explore the difficulty with RCs processing in mandarin,and results showed that:when the two noun phrases were both from animate category,SRCs were more difficult than ORCs,but when the noun phrases in the internal-relative-clause were inanimate and the noun phrases in the matrix were animate,the difficulties with SRCs were greatly reduced.Based on these findings,we hold that the linear syntactic distance between the gap and the filler was not the key reason to the difficulty with SRCs.On the contrary,the ambiguity in argument construction may be the most important.

Resolving Ambiguities in Ted Hughes' The Thought-Fox

In October, 1998, Ted Hughes, the great English poet and writer died of cancer at the age of 68. From 1957 to 1998, Hughes published numerous books of poetry and received various awards including the prestigious Whitbread Poetry Award. He was appointed Poet Laureate in 1984 and given Merit of Order shortly before his death. He was generally regarded, with Philip Larkin, as one of the two most important English poets since the Second

Identification and removal of block ambiguities in sea surface wind field with scatterometers

The solution of the current wind retrieval algorithm for scatterometers has several wind vector ambi-guities, due to the bi-harmonic relationship between normalized backscattering cross section and the relative wind direction and the existence of the measurement error. In order to remove the ambiguities for a unique wind field, a circular median filter approach (CMF) is usually adopted. But under the con-dition for clustering distribution of the false ambiguities in some local areas, the CMF fails and thus engenders block ambiguities, which degrade the precision of the retrieved wind field. For such a situation, a technique of identification and removal of the block ambiguities is presented to further optimize the retrieved wind field after CMF. It is demonstrated in experiment that this technique can identify and remove most of the block ambiguities.

Rational and Irrational Ambiguities in Julius Caesar

Shakespeare's Julius Caesar is remarkable for its rational mode as manifested in the use of language, style, action as well as its characterization. In this essay, I argue that the play is also striking with its numerous(ir)rational ambiguities. The same Latin word, ratio, is at the root of two words that are often used to explain human behaviors: reason and rationality. The fi rst related ambiguity is organized around the confl ict between reason and passion. The other is related to rational choice, which is opposed to the diverse forms of irrationality. This paper argues that Julius Caesar challenges the idea that a rational actor is one who acts only for sufficient reasons, and the play also subverts the conventional understanding of reason and rationality.

Trial application of the envelope method to the potential ambiguity problem

The optical potential ambiguity is a long-standing problem in the analysis of elastic scattering data.For a specific collid-ing system,ambiguous potential families can lead to different behaviors in the nearside and farside scattering components.By contrast,the envelope method can decompose the experimental data into two components with negative and positive deflection angles,respectively.Hence,a question arises as to whether the comparison between the calculated nearside(or farside)component and the derived positive-deflection-angle(or negative-deflection-angle)component can help analyze the potential ambiguity problem.In this study,we conducted a trial application of the envelope method to the potential ambiguity problem.The envelope method was improved by including uncertainties in the experimental data.The colliding systems of 16O+28Si at 215.2 MeV and 12C+12C at 1016 MeV were considered in the analyses.For each colliding system,the angular distribution experimental data were described nearly equally well by two potential sets,one of which is“surface transpar-ent”and the other is refractive.The calculated angular distributions were decomposed into nearside and farside scattering components.Using the improved envelope method,the experimental data were decomposed into the positive-deflection-angle and negative-deflection-angle components,which were then compared with the calculated nearside and farside components.The capability of the envelope method to analyze the potential ambiguities was also discussed.

Joint Design of ISAC Waveform Under PAPR Constraints

In this paper,we formulate the precoding problem of integrated sensing and communication(ISAC)waveform as a non-convex quadratically constrained quadratic programming(QCQP),in which the weighted sum of communication multi-user interference(MUI)and the gap between dual-use waveform and ideal radar waveform is minimized with peak-toaverage power ratio(PAPR)constraints.We propose an efficient algorithm based on alternating direction method of multipliers(ADMM),which is able to decouple multiple variables and provide a closed-form solution for each subproblem.In addition,to improve the sensing performance in both spatial and temporal domains,we propose a new criteria to design the ideal radar waveform,in which the beam pattern is made similar to the ideal one and the integrated sidelobe level of the ambiguity function in each target direction is minimized in the region of interest.The limited memory Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno(LBFGS)algorithm is applied to the design of the ideal radar waveform which works as a reference in the design of the dual-function waveform.Numerical results indicate that the designed dual-function waveform is capable of offering good communication quality of service(QoS)and sensing performance.

A Combined Antenna Array Deployment with High Positioning Accuracy and Low Angular Measurement Error

In this paper,an antenna array composed of circular array and orthogonal linear array is proposed by using the design of long and short baseline“orthogonal linear array”and the circular array ambiguity resolution design of multi-group baseline clustering.The effectiveness of the antenna array in this paper is verified by sufficient simulation and experiment.After the system deviation correction work,it is found that in the L/S/C/X frequency bands,the ambiguity resolution probability is high,and the phase difference system error between each channel is basically the same.The angle measurement error is less than 0.5°,and the positioning error is less than 2.5 km.Notably,as the center frequency increases,calibration consistency improves,and the calibration frequency points become applicable over a wider frequency range.At a center frequency of 11.5 GHz,the calibration frequency point bandwidth extends to 1200 MHz.This combined antenna array deployment holds significant promise for a wide range of applications in contemporary wireless communication systems.

Therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in a patient with asplenia-type heterotaxy syndrome:A case report

BACKGROUND Asplenia-type heterotaxy syndrome(HS)is rare and refers to visceral malposition and dysmorphism.It is associated with a high infant mortality rate due to cardiac anomalies,and related digestive endoscopic interventions are poorly understood.With the improved long-term prognosis of these individuals after modern cardiac surgery,intra-abdominal anomalies have become increasingly significant.CASE SUMMARY Herein,we report successful endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)in a 14-year-old male with asplenia-type HS that involved unique imaging findings and technical difficulties.His anatomic anomalies included complex congenital heart disease,midline liver placement,an absent spleen,a left-sided inferior vena cava,and dextroposition of the stomach and pancreas.He suffered from choledocholithiasis with obstructive jaundice,and the stone was successfully extracted with a basket following endoscopic papillary balloon dilation.CONCLUSION Although anatomic anomalies in HS increase the degree of technical difficulty when performing ERCP,they can be safely managed by experienced endosco-pists,as illustrated by the present case.Identifying these variations with imaging modalities and being aware of them before initiating an invasive intervention are crucial to preventing potential complications.

Low-Complexity Integrated Super-Resolution Sensing and Communication with Signal Decimation and Ambiguity Removal

Integrated sensing and communication(ISAC)is one of the main usage scenarios for 6G wireless networks.To most efficiently utilize the limited wireless resources,integrated super-resolution sensing and communication(ISSAC)has been recently proposed to significantly improve sensing performance with super-resolution algorithms for ISAC systems,such as the Multiple Signal Classification(MUSIC)algorithm.However,traditional super-resolution sensing algorithms suffer from prohibitive computational complexity of orthogonal-frequency division multiplexing(OFDM)systems due to the large dimensions of the signals in the subcarrier and symbol domains.To address such issues,we propose a novel two-stage approach to reduce the computational complexity for super-resolution range estimation significantly.The key idea of the proposed scheme is to first uniformly decimate signals in the subcarrier domain so that the computational complexity is significantly reduced without missing any target in the range domain.However,the decimation operation may result in range ambiguity due to pseudo peaks,which is addressed by the second stage where the total collocated subcarrier data are used to verify the detected peaks.Compared with traditional MUSIC algorithms,the proposed scheme reduces computational complexity by two orders of magnitude,while maintaining the range resolution and unambiguity.Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

Translation Strategies of Ambiguity in English Language and Literature

The translation of English language and literary works has always been crucial for cross-cultural communication.However,a key challenge in translating such works is the accurate communication of ambiguity,which refers to expressions deliberately used in English texts with unclear meanings.These expressions are often poetic and carry deep symbols and implications,adding a unique charm to literary works.This article explores the manifestations of ambiguity in English language and literature and the translation strategies that can be employed to optimize the translation of ambiguity in the English language and literature.

Optimal Insurance with Background Risk under the Ambiguity and Belief Heterogeneity Structure

In this paper, we discuss the optimal insurance in the presence of background risk while the insured is ambiguity averse and there exists belief heterogeneity between the insured and the insurer. We give the optimal insurance contract when maxing the insured’s expected utility of his/her remaining wealth under the smooth ambiguity model and the heterogeneous belief form satisfying the MHR condition. We calculate the insurance premium by using generalized Wang’s premium and also introduce a series of stochastic orders proposed by [1] to describe the relationships among the insurable risk, background risk and ambiguity parameter. We obtain the deductible insurance is the optimal insurance while they meet specific dependence structures.

基于Radon-Ambiguity变换的多分量LFM信号检测与参数估计

介绍了Radon -Ambiguity变换 (RAT)的定义和基本性质 ,结合解线调技术提出了一种基于RAT的线性调频 (LFM )信号检测与参数估计方法 ,该方法能用较少的计算量完成对LFM信号的检测与参数估计。为解决多分量条件下LFM信号分量之间交叉项的影响 ,基于逐次消去思想 ,提出了一种基于RAT的多分量LFM信号检测与参数估计算法 ,它可以有效地解决强度相差较大的多分量LFM信号的检测和参数估计问题。仿真实验结果验证了该算法的有效性。

Method for integer ambiguity resolution in GPS network RTK

A method for integer ambiguity resolution in the global positioning system （GPS） multi-reference station network real time kinematic （RTK） is proposed. First, the barycenter of the triangle of reference stations for ambiguity resolution is taken as a reference point. The satellite which has the largest elevation angle with the reference point is selected as a reference satellite. The parameters for constructing the weight matrix of carrier phase observation and the criteria for checking the correctness of integer ambiguity resolution of a network are obtained. Then, the wide ambiguity is calculated by a linear combination method of dualband observation. And the LI ambiguity is obtained by a nonionosphere combination method. The Kalman filter is introduced to refine the floating-point solution of ambiguity and estimate the real-time tropospheric delay. Finally, the cofactor matrix of ambiguity is de-correlated by Z-transformation to reduce the searching space of the integer ambiguity solution and improve the efficiency of the least-squares ambiguity decorrelation adjustment （LAMBDA） algorithm. The experimental results show that this method can reliably obtain the integer ambiguity solution among multi-reference stations with 40 epochs.

新截获模型下的对称三角LFMCW信号的检测与参数估计

针对现有参数估计方法需要以信号的调频周期起点为截获时间起点的假设,结合"连续波"信号的特点和电子侦察的实际,建立新的对称三角线性调频连续波(STLFMCW)信号截获模型,提出了一种STLFMCW信号检测与参数估计方法。该方法在分析多周期STLFMCW信号模糊函数的基础上,利用Radon-Ambiguity变换(RAT)估计信号的调频斜率并确定分数阶傅里叶变换(FRFT)的最优阶数,根据截获模型下信号新的时间频率关系,再通过相应阶数上FRFT估计调制周期、调制带宽和载频。与现有方法相比,该方法克服了对信号截获时间起点限制,只需截获信号包含至少两个完整的正调频部分或负调频部分就可估计出信号的各个参数。蒙特卡罗仿真实验表明,本文的参数估计方法在低信噪比下具有很好的鲁棒性。

分级计算迭代在Radon-Ambiguity变换和分数阶Fourier变换对chirp信号检测及参数估计的应用

该文在分析Radon-Ambiguity变换(RAT)和分数阶Fourier变换对chirp信号的检测和参数估计的基础上,建立了多分量chirp信号检测和参数估计系统模型,提出了分级计算迭代方法,大大减少了计算量,提高了运算速度。

REGULARIZATION APPROACH FOR FAST INTEGER AMBIGUITY RESOLUTION OF MEDIUM-LONG BASELINE GPS NETWORK RTK

An improved method based on the Tikhonov regularization principle and the precisely known reference station coordinate is proposed to design the regularized matrix. The ill-conditioning of the normal matrix can be improved by the regularized matrix. The relative floating ambiguity can be computed only by using the data of several epochs. Combined with the LAMBDA method, the new approach can correctly and quickly fix the integer ambiguity and the success rate is 100% in experiments. Through using measured data sets from four mediumlong baselines, the new method can obtain exact ambiguities only by the Ll-frequency data of three epochs. Compared with the existing methods, the improved method can solve the ambiguities of the medium-long baseline GPS network RTK only using L1-frequency GPS data.

ALGORITHM FOR AMBIGUITY RESOLUTION IN RANGE AND VELOCITY

For enhancing performances and increasing functions of PD radar, High PRF, medium PRF and low PRF are commonly applied into system ambiguity appeared in range and velocity in some PRF. Based on clustering, a sliding window correlator algorithm for resolving the radar object ambiguity in range and velocity is described. Slide window algorithm is a searching algorithm. The probability of ambiguity resolution for targets and the computational efficiency are discussed. The relations between the probability of ambiguity resolution of this algorithm and PRF, the range of interest, and the width of sliding window are analyzed. Simulational results are also given.

Targets detecting in the ocean using the cross-polarized channels of fully polarimetric SAR data

Azimuth ambiguities （ghost targets） discrimination is of great interest with the development of a synthet- ic aperture radar （SAR）. And the azimuth ambiguities are often mistaken as actual targets and cause false alarms. For actual targets, HV channel signals acquired by a fully polarimetric SAR are approximately equal to a VH channel in magnitude and phase, i.e., the reciprocity theorem applies, but shifted in phase about ±π for the first-order azimuth ambiguities. Exploiting this physical behavior, the real part of the product of the two cross-polarized channels, i.e. （SHVSVH）, hereafter called A12r, is employed as a new parameter for a target detection at sea. Compared with other parameters, the contrast of A12r image between a target and the surrounding sea surface will be obviously increased when A12r image is processed by mean filtering algo- rithm. Here, in order to detect target with constant false-alarm rates （CFARs）, an analytical expression for the probability density function （pdf） ofA12r is derived based on the complexWishart-distribution. Because a value of A12r is greater/less than 0 for real target/its azimuth ambiguities, the first-order azimuth ambiguities can be completely removed by this A12r-based CFAR technology. Experiments accomplished over C-band RADARSAT-2 fully polarimetric imageries confirm the validity.

基于Radon变换的LFM信号检测与参数估计

提出了一种基于RAT法和RWT法的快速算法,研究噪声环境中线性调频信号的检测以及参数估计问题。该方法对信号的检测通过一维搜索完成,同时对调频率识别比较准确,在此基础上,通过窄带通滤波器对LFM信号去除大部分的噪声能量。和其他基于二维时频分析工具的算法相比,降低了计算的复杂度,其实现更为简便。最后通过计算机仿真验证了该方法的有效性。

机动目标速度和加速度联合分辨力

基于Radon-Wigner变换(RWT)方法分析机动目标速度和加速度多普勒分辨与提取问题。给出了机动目标的脉冲多普勒雷达回波模型和傅里叶变换处理方法。将RWT方法应用于机动目标回波参数估计,给出了RWT输出的泰勒解析表达式、速度和加速度独立分辨表达式和联合分辨表达式,研究表明,速度和加速度的联合分辨条件为运动参数不同引起的路径偏差大于1/2个波长。对傅里叶变换、Radon-ambiguity变换(RAT)和RWT方法进行了分辨力性能仿真比较,表明RWT具有较强的速度和加速度分辨力,验证了速度和加速度联合分辨条件。