Dynamic Interaction Analysis of Coupled Axial-Torsional-Lateral Mechanical Vibrations in Rotary Drilling Systems

Maintaining the integrity and longevity of structures is essential in many industries,such as aerospace,nuclear,and petroleum.To achieve the cost-effectiveness of large-scale systems in petroleum drilling,a strong emphasis on structural durability and monitoring is required.This study focuses on the mechanical vibrations that occur in rotary drilling systems,which have a substantial impact on the structural integrity of drilling equipment.The study specifically investigates axial,torsional,and lateral vibrations,which might lead to negative consequences such as bit-bounce,chaotic whirling,and high-frequency stick-slip.These events not only hinder the efficiency of drilling but also lead to exhaustion and harm to the system’s components since they are difficult to be detected and controlled in real time.The study investigates the dynamic interactions of these vibrations,specifically in their high-frequency modes,usingfield data obtained from measurement while drilling.Thefindings have demonstrated the effect of strong coupling between the high-frequency modes of these vibrations on drilling sys-tem performance.The obtained results highlight the importance of considering the interconnected impacts of these vibrations when designing and implementing robust control systems.Therefore,integrating these compo-nents can increase the durability of drill bits and drill strings,as well as improve the ability to monitor and detect damage.Moreover,by exploiting thesefindings,the assessment of structural resilience in rotary drilling systems can be enhanced.Furthermore,the study demonstrates the capacity of structural health monitoring to improve the quality,dependability,and efficiency of rotary drilling systems in the petroleum industry.

Research status and prospects of the fractal analysis of metal material surfaces and interfaces

As a mathematical analysis method,fractal analysis can be used to quantitatively describe irregular shapes with self-similar or self-affine properties.Fractal analysis has been used to characterize the shapes of metal materials at various scales and dimensions.Conventional methods make it difficult to quantitatively describe the relationship between the regular characteristics and properties of metal material surfaces and interfaces.However,fractal analysis can be used to quantitatively describe the shape characteristics of metal materials and to establish the quantitative relationships between the shape characteristics and various properties of metal materials.From the perspective of two-dimensional planes and three-dimensional curved surfaces,this paper reviews the current research status of the fractal analysis of metal precipitate interfaces,metal grain boundary interfaces,metal-deposited film surfaces,metal fracture surfaces,metal machined surfaces,and metal wear surfaces.The relationship between the fractal dimensions and properties of metal material surfaces and interfaces is summarized.Starting from three perspectives of fractal analysis,namely,research scope,image acquisition methods,and calculation methods,this paper identifies the direction of research on fractal analysis of metal material surfaces and interfaces that need to be developed.It is believed that revealing the deep influence mechanism between the fractal dimensions and properties of metal material surfaces and interfaces will be the key research direction of the fractal analysis of metal materials in the future.

Multilevel analysis of the central-peripheral-target organ pathway:contributing to recovery after peripheral nerve injury

Peripheral nerve injury is a common neurological condition that often leads to severe functional limitations and disabilities.Research on the pathogenesis of peripheral nerve injury has focused on pathological changes at individual injury sites,neglecting multilevel pathological analysis of the overall nervous system and target organs.This has led to restrictions on current therapeutic approaches.In this paper,we first summarize the potential mechanisms of peripheral nerve injury from a holistic perspective,covering the central nervous system,peripheral nervous system,and target organs.After peripheral nerve injury,the cortical plasticity of the brain is altered due to damage to and regeneration of peripheral nerves;changes such as neuronal apoptosis and axonal demyelination occur in the spinal cord.The nerve will undergo axonal regeneration,activation of Schwann cells,inflammatory response,and vascular system regeneration at the injury site.Corresponding damage to target organs can occur,including skeletal muscle atrophy and sensory receptor disruption.We then provide a brief review of the research advances in therapeutic approaches to peripheral nerve injury.The main current treatments are conducted passively and include physical factor rehabilitation,pharmacological treatments,cell-based therapies,and physical exercise.However,most treatments only partially address the problem and cannot complete the systematic recovery of the entire central nervous system-peripheral nervous system-target organ pathway.Therefore,we should further explore multilevel treatment options that produce effective,long-lasting results,perhaps requiring a combination of passive(traditional)and active(novel)treatment methods to stimulate rehabilitation at the central-peripheral-target organ levels to achieve better functional recovery.

基于WGCNA探讨葛根素对呕吐毒素诱导C6细胞损伤的保护作用

【目的】利用呕吐毒素(deoxynivalenol,DON)构建C6细胞损伤模型,分析葛根素(puerarin,PUE)对DON诱导C6细胞损伤的保护作用机制。【方法】通过RNA测序(RNA-seq)和加权基因共表达网络分析(weighted gene co-expression network analysis,WGCNA),挖掘与PUE缓解DON诱导C6细胞损伤最相关的关键模块和关键核心靶点基因,探究PUE缓解DON诱导的神经毒性作用的分子机制。【结果】PUE可以显著抑制DON诱导的C6细胞活力下降,对损伤的C6细胞形态有所恢复,可有效缓解DON诱导的C6细胞损伤。RNA-seq和WGCNA结果表明,Blue模块是与PUE缓解DON诱导C6细胞损伤表型最相关的关键模块,从中筛选出S100a11、Pdia3、Hsp90b1等基因是PUE发挥对DON诱导C6细胞损伤保护作用的关键核心基因。【结论】PUE可能是通过靶向关键核心基因参与内质网中的蛋白质加工途径从而缓解DON诱导的C6细胞损伤。

WGCNA和机器学习识别骨关节炎铁死亡特征基因及实验验证

背景:铁死亡与骨关节炎发生、发展密切相关,但具体特征基因及调控机制尚不清楚。目的:运用WGCNA及多种机器学习方法识别骨关节炎铁死亡特征基因及免疫浸润分析。方法:从GEO数据库下载骨关节炎相关数据集,同时在FerrDb网站中获取铁死亡相关基因,采用R语言对骨关节炎数据集进行批次校正、提取骨关节炎铁死亡基因并进行差异分析,对差异基因进行GO功能及KEGG信号通路分析;同时运用WGCNA分析及机器学习(随机森林、LASSO回归及SVM-RFE分析)筛选骨关节炎铁死亡特征基因,并进行体外细胞实验,将软骨细胞分为正常组和骨关节炎组,运用数据集及qPCR验证表达并行相关免疫浸润分析。结果与结论:①经批次校正及PCA分析获得骨关节炎基因12548个,同时获得铁死亡基因484个,进而得到24个骨关节炎铁死亡差异基因;②GO分析主要涉及对氧化应激反应、对有机磷反应等生物过程;涉及细胞顶端、顶端质膜等细胞组分;涉及血红素结合、四吡咯结合等分子功能;③KEGG分析显示,骨关节炎铁死亡差异基因与白细胞介素17信号通路、肿瘤坏因子信号通路等信号通路有关;④运用WGCNA分析及机器学习筛选后获得特征基因KLF2;通过基因芯片验证后发现实验组半月板组织中KLF2基因表达高于对照组(P=0.00014);⑤体外细胞实验显示,骨关节炎组软骨细胞中Ⅱ型胶原、KLF2基因表达低于对照组(P<0.05),同时在骨关节炎铁死亡中肥大细胞与树突状细胞密切相关(r=0.99),KLF2与自然杀伤细胞(r=-1,P=0.017)、滤泡辅助性T细胞(r=-1,P=0.017)等密切相关;⑥结果显示,运用WGCNA分析及机器学习方法证实KLF2可作为骨关节炎铁死亡的特征基因,可能通过干预KLF2来改善骨关节炎铁死亡。

基于WGCNA鉴定花生荚果膨大相关基因共表达模块

花生荚果膨大过程直接决定了荚果大小,深入研究该过程有助于明确荚果大小的调控机制。本研究以不同荚果大小的花生品种(系)为研究对象,分析荚果发育早期转录水平的变化,并利用加权基因共表达网络分析(WGCNA)确定与荚果发育相关的关键基因。结果表明,差异基因主要富集到跨膜受体蛋白激酶活性、UDP−葡萄糖基转移酶活性、植物细胞壁、膜的锚固成分和细胞壁的生物合成功能上;MAPK信号通路−植物、植物激素信号转导、植物−病原菌互作、苯丙烷生物合成以及淀粉和蔗糖代谢是荚果发育早期主要富集到的代谢通路。WGCNA共鉴定到29个模块,其中Antiquewhite4和Darkolivegreen模块与荚果长、宽呈极显著相关,对两个关键模块内权重值最高的200个基因对进行核心基因分析,发现gene-LOC112797233、gene-LOC112743864、gene-LOC112701973、gene-LOC112764826和gene-LOC112710700等多个潜在的候选基因在荚果发育过程中起重要作用。此外,对模块内基因的GO富集分析表明,Antiquewhite4和Darkolivegreen模块可能分别与次生细胞壁的形成及细胞周期的调控相关。研究结果有助于进一步了解花生荚果发育的分子机制。

Weighted Correlation Network Analysis(WGCNA) of Japanese Flounder(Paralichthys olivaceus) Embryo Transcriptome Provides Crucial Gene Sets for Understanding Haploid Syndrome and Rescue by Diploidization

Artificial gynogenesis is of great research value in fish genetics and breeding technology. However, existing studies did not explain the mechanism of some interesting phenomena. Severe developmental defects in gynogenetic haploids can lead to death during hatching. After diploidization of chromosomes, gynogenetic diploids may dispense from the remarkable malformation and restore the viability, although the development time is longer and the survival rate is lower compared with normal diploids. The aim of this study was to reveal key mechanism in haploid syndrome of Japanese flounder, a commercially important marine teleost in East Asia. We measured genome-scale gene expression of flounder haploid, gynogenetic diploid and normal diploid embryos using RNA-Seq, constructed a module-centric co-expression network based on weighted correlation network analysis(WGCNA) and analyzed the biological functions of correlated modules. Module gene content analysis revealed that the formation of gynogenetic haploids was closely related to the abnormality of plasma proteins, and the up-regulation of p53 signaling pathway might rescue gynogenetic embryos from haploid syndrome via regulating cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and DNA repair. Moreover, normal diploid has more robust nervous system. This work provides novel insights into molecular mechanisms in haploid syndrome and the rescue process by gynogenetic diploidization.

基于WGCNA挖掘天津猴鸡裸颈性状相关基因

天津猴鸡是中国珍贵的裸颈鸡遗传资源,为在全基因组范围内探究其裸颈发育相关基因,本研究采集天津猴鸡杂交F_(1)代裸颈鸡和常羽鸡颈部皮肤组织用于转录组测序。加权基因共表达网络分析(WGCNA)结果显示,识别到的10个基因模块中只有蓝绿色(turquoise)和蓝色(blue)基因模块与裸颈表型显著相关,共计583个基因;GO功能富集分析富集到脂滴组织、甘油三酯储存负调控以及肌肉收缩等脂肪和肌肉相关生物学过程等条目;KEGG通路分析也富集到多条脂肪代谢相关通路,包括PPAR信号通路和甘油酯代谢等;蛋白质互作网络分析结果显示ACTN2基因编码的蛋白质的连通性最高,其次是MYL10基因编码的蛋白质,另外,还发现多个密切参与毛囊发育的基因,包括SOX9和PPARGC等。本研究结果将为进一步揭示并完善鸡裸颈的形成和发育奠定基础,同时对天津猴鸡的保护、开发和利用具有重要意义。

基于WGCNA分析鉴定宫颈癌放疗预后相关基因

目的:探究宫颈癌放疗前后基因表达差异及其与放疗疗效和宫颈癌预后的关系。方法:本研究通过GEO数据库获取宫颈癌组织放疗前后的基因表达数据,应用WGCNA构建基因共表达网络找到放疗相关的共表达基因模块。进一步通过差异表达分析、生存分析鉴定与宫颈癌放疗预后相关的基因。结果:利用宫颈癌组织的基因表达谱数据(放疗前n=20,放疗后n=30)通过WGCNA分析鉴定出与放疗显著相关的共表达基因模块。针对关联性最强、最显著(r=-0.5,P=0.0002)的模块进行功能富集分析,结果显示该模块内的基因富集在细胞增殖、凋亡、自噬等生物通路。进一步通过差异表达分析发现HELZ和NEDD4是放疗后显著下调基因(_(log 2)FC=-1.54,P=0.0006,FDR=0.06)和NEDD4(_(log 2)FC=-1.13,P=0.0017,FDR=0.08)。生存分析显示HELZ和NEDD4的高表达与宫颈癌患者生存预后不良相关(_(Log-rank)P<0.05)。结论:本研究通过WGCNA分析识别出宫颈癌放疗相关的共表达基因模块,发现HELZ和NEDD4可能是宫颈癌放疗预后的潜在生物标志物。为深入了解宫颈癌放疗机制和制定个体化治疗方案提供了新的线索。

基于WGCNA鉴定全缘叶绿绒蒿类黄酮合成途径关键基因

【目的】黄酮类化合物具有抗炎、抗癌、抑菌等多种功效,是全缘叶绿绒蒿的主要药用成分之一。通过分析全缘叶绿绒蒿不同部位的空间代谢组与转录组信息,挖掘调控黄酮类化合物合成的关键基因,为研究全缘叶绿绒蒿类黄酮合成机制提供理论参考,并为提高类黄酮含量遗传育种奠定分子基础。【方法】以全缘叶绿绒蒿的根、茎、叶和花瓣为材料,对不同部位进行转录组测序,并通过空间代谢组数据分析黄酮类化合物在不同部位中的分布情况,利用加权基因共表达网络分析(WGCNA)鉴定出与黄酮类化合物合成密切相关的关键模块和关键基因。另外,挑选12个基因进行qRT-PCR,验证转录组数据的可靠性。【结果】全缘叶绿绒蒿中黄酮类化合物在不同部位呈现差异积累,花瓣是黄酮类化合物积累的主要部位,同时明确了8种主要黄酮类化合物。转录组测序共获得20085个表达基因,仅在花中表达的基因有286个,是仅在其他部位中表达基因数量的3.6—4.2倍。利用WGCNA对过滤后的高表达差异基因进行划分,共获得14个共表达模块,确定了关键模块MEturquoise和MEgreen与8个主要黄酮类化合物显著相关(P<0.05)。KEGG分析发现这两个模块基因主要在代谢相关的通路中富集,在黄酮类化合物合成相关通路上也有基因富集,两个模块分别包含了18个和6个与黄酮类化合物合成相关的基因,并从模块中筛选到14个核心结构基因(5个CHS、2个HIDH、2个CCoAOMT以及FLS、CYP75B1、CHI、HCT和CYP73A)和1个转录因子HB2,这些基因多在花瓣或是茎中高表达。qRT-PCR所测基因表达变化趋势与转录组基本一致,表明利用该转录组数据所得出的分析结果可信。【结论】全缘叶绿绒蒿黄酮类化合物积累和基因表达在不同器官间具有显著差异,联合分析筛选到与黄酮类化合物积累密切相关的14个核心结构基因和1个转录因子,这些基因可能在调控全缘叶绿绒蒿不同器官黄酮类化合物的合成和差异积累过程中起到关键作用。

Discovery of leaf region and time point related modules and genes in maize(Zea mays L.)leaves by Weighted Gene Co-expression Network analysis(WGCNA)of gene expression profiles of carbon metabolism

Maize(Zea mays L.) yield depends not only on the conversion and accumulation of carbohydrates in kernels, but also on the supply of carbohydrates by leaves. However, the carbon metabolism process in leaves can vary across different leaf regions and during the day and night. Hence, we used Weighted Gene Co-expression Network analysis(WGCNA) with the gene expression profiles of carbon metabolism to identify the modules and genes that may associate with particular regions in a leaf and time of day. There were a total of 45 samples of maize leaves that were taken from three different regions of a growing maize leaf at five time points. Robust Multi-array Average analysis was used to pre-process the raw data of GSE85963(accession number), and quality control of data was based on Pearson correlation coefficients. We obtained eight co-expression network modules. The modules with the highest significance of association with LeafRegion and TimePoint were selected. Functional enrichment and gene-gene interaction analyses were conducted to acquire the hub genes and pathways in these significant modules. These results can support the findings of similar studies by providing evidence of potential module genes and enriched pathways associated with leaf development in maize.

Screening biomarkers for spinal cord injury using weighted gene co-expression network analysis and machine learning

Immune changes and inflammatory responses have been identified as central events in the pathological process of spinal co rd injury.They can greatly affect nerve regeneration and functional recovery.However,there is still limited understanding of the peripheral immune inflammato ry response in spinal cord inju ry.In this study.we obtained microRNA expression profiles from the peripheral blood of patients with spinal co rd injury using high-throughput sequencing.We also obtained the mRNA expression profile of spinal cord injury patients from the Gene Expression Omnibus(GEO)database(GSE151371).We identified 54 differentially expressed microRNAs and 1656 diffe rentially expressed genes using bioinformatics approaches.Functional enrichment analysis revealed that various common immune and inflammation-related signaling pathways,such as neutrophil extracellular trap formation pathway,T cell receptor signaling pathway,and nuclear factor-κB signal pathway,we re abnormally activated or inhibited in spinal cord inju ry patient samples.We applied an integrated strategy that combines weighted gene co-expression network analysis,LASSO logistic regression,and SVM-RFE algorithm and identified three biomarke rs associated with spinal cord injury:ANO10,BST1,and ZFP36L2.We verified the expression levels and diagnostic perfo rmance of these three genes in the original training dataset and clinical samples through the receiver operating characteristic curve.Quantitative polymerase chain reaction results showed that ANO20 and BST1 mRNA levels were increased and ZFP36L2 mRNA was decreased in the peripheral blood of spinal cord injury patients.We also constructed a small RNA-mRNA interaction network using Cytoscape.Additionally,we evaluated the proportion of 22 types of immune cells in the peripheral blood of spinal co rd injury patients using the CIBERSORT tool.The proportions of naive B cells,plasma cells,monocytes,and neutrophils were increased while the proportions of memory B cells,CD8^(+)T cells,resting natural killer cells,resting dendritic cells,and eosinophils were markedly decreased in spinal cord injury patients increased compared with healthy subjects,and ANO10,BST1 and ZFP26L2we re closely related to the proportion of certain immune cell types.The findings from this study provide new directions for the development of treatment strategies related to immune inflammation in spinal co rd inju ry and suggest that ANO10,BST2,and ZFP36L2 are potential biomarkers for spinal cord injury.The study was registe red in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry(registration No.ChiCTR2200066985,December 12,2022).

Social-ecological perspective on the suicidal behaviour factors of early adolescents in China:a network analysis

Background In early adolescence,youth are highly prone to suicidal behaviours.Identifying modifiable risk factors during this critical phase is a priority to inform effective suicide prevention strategies.Aims To explore the risk and protective factors of suicidal behaviours(ie,suicidal ideation,plans and attempts)in early adolescence in China using a social-ecological perspective.Methods Using data from the cross-sectional project‘Healthy and Risky Behaviours Among Middle School Students in Anhui Province,China',stratified random cluster sampling was used to select 5724 middle school students who had completed self-report questionnaires in November 2020.Network analysis was employed to examine the correlates of suicidal ideation,plans and attempts at four levels,namely individual(sex,academic performance,serious physical llness/disability,history of self-harm,depression,impulsivity,sleep problems,resilience),family(family economic status,relationship with mother,relationship with father,family violence,childhood abuse,parental mental illness),school(relationship with teachers,relationship with classmates,school-bullying victimisation and perpetration)and social(social support,satisfaction with society).Results In total,37.9%,19.0%and 5.5%of the students reported suicidal ideation,plans and attempts in the past 6 months,respectively.The estimated network revealed that suicidal ideation,plans and attempts were collectively associated with a history of self-harm,sleep problems,childhood abuse,school bullying and victimisation.Centrality analysis indicated that the most influential nodes in the network were history of self-harm and childhood abuse.Notably,the network also showed unique correlates of suicidal ideation(sex,weight=0.60;impulsivity,weight=0.24;family violence,weight=0.17;relationship with teachers,weight=-0.03;school-bullying perpetration,weight=0.22),suicidal plans(social support,weight=-0.15)and suicidal attempts(relationship with mother,weight=-0.10;parental mental llness,weight=0.61).Conclusions This study identified the correlates of suicidal ideation,plans and attempts,and provided practical implications for suicide prevention for young adolescents in China.Firstly,this study highlighted the importance of joint interventions across multiple departments.Secondly,the common risk factors of suicidal ideation,plans and attempts were elucidated.Thirdly,this study proposed target interventions to address the unique influencing factors of suicidal ideation,plans and attempts.

Molecularmechanisms of Tanshinone IIA in Hepatocellular carcinoma therapy via WGCNA-based network pharmacology analysis

Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is a worldwide malignant tumor that caused irreversible consequences.Tanshinone IIA has been shown to play a notable role in HCC treatment.However,the potential targets and associating mechanism of Tanshinone IIA against HCC remain unknown.We first screened out 105 overlapping genes by integrating the predicted targets of Tanshinone IIA from multiple databases and the differentially expressed genes of HCC from the Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA)database.Then,we performed weighted gene co-expression network analysis(WGCNA)using the RNA-seq profiles of overlapping genes and HCC-related clinical information.23 genes related to clinical tumor grade in the important module were imported for Gene Ontology(GO)enrichment,Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)analysis and protein-protein interaction(PPI)analysis.Comparing the key genes in the important module from WGCNA with the high connectivity nodes from the PPI network,we identified three hub genes,AURKB,KIF11,and PLK1.For further verification,we tested the binding of Tanshinone IIA to three hub genes.The survival curve,receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve,mRNA expression,and protein expression were also used to validate the hub genes.In the study,WGCNA revealed gradespecific gene modules,and the following KEGG pathway analysis indicated that Tanshinone IIA probably plays therapeutical effect in the development of HCC,especially in the cell cycle.Our result partially explained the pharmacological mechanism of Tanshinone IIA against HCC.

基于WGCNA联合免疫浸润探讨斑秃发病机制及靶向中药预测分析

目的应用WGCNA联合免疫浸润方法,分析斑秃发病的核心差异基因及免疫浸润情况并预测斑秃治疗的有效中药。方法下载基因芯片数据集GSE68801,通过表达差异和模块分析筛选差异基因,在CTD和STRING平台对差异基因进行富集分析及PPI网络构建,应用Cytoscape筛选PPI网络中的核心基因并通过ROC曲线预测诊断效能,并以GSE45512数据集对核心基因进行验证。采用CIBERSORT分析AA组织中免疫细胞浸润情况,通过spearman筛选与免疫浸润相关的核心基因,并通过CoremineMedical数据库预测有效中药。结果筛出差异基因255个,主要参与头发周期、细胞因子与细胞因子受体相互作用、趋化因子信号通路、Th1和Th2细胞分化等。PPI网络中具有诊断效能的核心基因主要有BMP2、CCL5、CXCL10、CXCL9、IL10RA、CD2、CD3D、CD8A、ITGAL,免疫浸润主要为T cells gamma delta、Macrophages M1和Macrophages M2的浸润程度明显增多,而Mast cells resting浸润程度下降,相关核心基因为BMP2、CD8A、CXCL10、IL10RA、ITGAL等,预测的有效中药主要为枸杞子、当归、丹参、人参、红花、甘草等。结论通过生物信息学方法获得与AA免疫浸润高度相关的核心基因,并预测有效中药,为深入探索AA发病机制及靶向治疗提供理论依据。

Advances in microfluidic-based DNA methylation analysis

DNA methylation has been extensively investigated in recent years,not least because of its known relationship with various diseases.Progress in analytical methods can greatly increase the relevance of DNA methylation studies to both clinical medicine and scientific research.Microflu-idic chips are excellent carriers for molecular analysis,and their use can provide improvements from multiple aspects.On-chip molecular analysis has received extensive attention owing to its advantages of portability,high throughput,low cost,and high efficiency.In recent years,the use of novel microfluidic chips for DNA methylation analysis has been widely reported and has shown obvious superiority to conventional methods.In this review,wefirst focus on DNA methylation and its applications.Then,we discuss advanced microfluidic-based methods for DNA methylation analysis and describe the great progress that has been made in recent years.Finally,we summarize the advantages that microfluidic technology brings to DNA methylation analysis and describe several challenges and perspectives for on-chip DNA methylation analysis.This review should help researchers improve their understanding and make progress in developing microfluidic-based methods for DNA methylation analysis.

A Review on Sources,Extractions and Analysis Methods of a Sustainable Biomaterial:Tannins

Condensed and hydrolysable tannins are non-toxic natural polyphenols that are a commercial commodity industrialized for tanning hides to obtain leather and for a growing number of other industrial applications mainly to substitute petroleum-based products.They are a definite class of sustainable materials of the forestry industry.They have been in operation for hundreds of years to manufacture leather and now for a growing number of applications in a variety of other industries,such as wood adhesives,metal coating,pharmaceutical/medical applications and several others.This review presents the main sources,either already or potentially commercial of this forestry by-materials,their industrial and laboratory extraction systems,their systems of analysis with their advantages and drawbacks,be these methods so simple to even appear primitive but nonetheless of proven effectiveness,or very modern and instrumental.It constitutes a basic but essential summary of what is necessary to know of these sustainable materials.In doing so,the review highlights some of the main challenges that remain to be addressed to deliver the quality and economics of tannin supply necessary to fulfill the industrial production requirements for some materials-based uses.

Telomerase-related advances in hepatocellular carcinoma:A bibliometric and visual analysis

BACKGROUND As a critical early event in hepatocellular carcinogenesis,telomerase activation might be a promising and critical biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)patients,and its function in the genesis and treatment of HCC has gained much attention over the past two decades.AIM To perform a bibliometric analysis to systematically assess the current state of research on HCC-related telomerase.METHODS The Web of Science Core Collection and PubMed were systematically searched to retrieve publications pertaining to HCC/telomerase limited to“articles”and“reviews”published in English.A total of 873 relevant publications related to HCC and telomerase were identified.We employed the Bibliometrix package in R to extract and analyze the fundamental information of the publications,such as the trends in the publications,citation counts,most prolific or influential writers,and most popular journals;to screen for keywords occurring at high frequency;and to draw collaboration and cluster analysis charts on the basis of coauthorship and co-occurrences.VOSviewer was utilized to compile and visualize the bibliometric data.RESULTS A surge of 51 publications on HCC/telomerase research occurred in 2016,the most productive year from 1996 to 2023,accompanied by the peak citation count recorded in 2016.Up to December 2023,35226 citations were made to all publications,an average of 46.6 citations to each paper.The United States received the most citations(n=13531),followed by China(n=7427)and Japan(n=5754).In terms of national cooperation,China presented the highest centrality,its strongest bonds being to the United States and Japan.Among the 20 academic institutions with the most publications,ten came from China and the rest of Asia,though the University of Paris Cité,Public Assistance-Hospitals of Paris,and the National Institute of Health and Medical Research(INSERM)were the most prolific.As for individual contributions,Hisatomi H,Kaneko S,and Ide T were the three most prolific authors.Kaneko S ranked first by H-index,G-index,and overall publication count,while Zucman-Rossi J ranked first in citation count.The five most popular journals were the World Journal of Gastroenterology,Hepatology,Journal of Hepatology,Oncotarget,and Oncogene,while Nature Genetics,Hepatology,and Nature Reviews Disease Primers had the most citations.We extracted 2293 keywords from the publications,120 of which appeared more than ten times.The most frequent were HCC,telomerase and human telomerase reverse transcriptase(hTERT).Keywords such as mutational landscape,TERT promoter mutations,landscape,risk,and prognosis were among the most common issues in this field in the last three years and may be topics for research in the coming years.CONCLUSION Our bibliometric analysis provides a comprehensive overview of HCC/telomerase research and insights into promising upcoming research.

Micro segment analysis of supercritical methane thermal-hydraulic performance and pseudo-boiling in a PCHE straight channel

The printed circuit heat exchanger(PCHE) is receiving wide attention as a new kind of compact heat exchanger and is considered as a promising vaporizer in the LNG process. In this paper, a PCHE straight channel in the length of 500 mm is established, with a semicircular cross section in a diameter of 1.2 mm.Numerical simulation is employed to investigate the flow and heat transfer performance of supercritical methane in the channel. The pseudo-boiling theory is adopted and the liquid-like, two-phase-like, and vapor-like regimes are divided for supercritical methane to analyze the heat transfer and flow features.The results are presented in micro segment to show the local convective heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop. It shows that the convective heat transfer coefficient in segments along the channel has a significant peak feature near the pseudo-critical point and a heat transfer deterioration when the average fluid temperature in the segment is higher than the pseudo-critical point. The reason is explained with the generation of vapor-like film near the channel wall that the peak feature related to a nucleateboiling-like state and heat transfer deterioration related to a film-boiling-like state. The effects of parameters, including mass flow rate, pressure, and wall heat flux on flow and heat transfer were analyzed.In calculating of the averaged heat transfer coefficient of the whole channel, the traditional method shows significant deviation and the micro segment weighted average method is adopted. The pressure drop can mainly be affected by the mass flux and pressure and little affected by the wall heat flux. The peak of the convective heat transfer coefficient can only form at high mass flux, low wall heat flux, and near critical pressure, in which condition the nucleate-boiling-like state is easier to appear. Moreover,heat transfer deterioration will always appear, since the supercritical flow will finally develop into a filmboiling-like state. So heat transfer deterioration should be taken seriously in the design and safe operation of vaporizer PCHE. The study of this work clarified the local heat transfer and flow feature of supercritical methane in microchannel and contributed to the deep understanding of supercritical methane flow of the vaporization process in PCHE.

Causal Analysis Between Rice Growth and Cadmium Accumulation and Transfer under Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation

Cadmium(Cd)contamination in rice has been a serious threat to human health.To investigate the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)on the Cd translocation in rice,a controlled pot experiment was conducted.The results indicated that AMF significantly increased rice biomass,with an increase of up to 40.0%,particularly in root biomass by up to 68.4%.Notably,the number of prominent rice individuals also increased,and their plasticity was enhanced following AMF inoculation.AMF led to an increase in the net photosynthetic rate and antioxidant enzyme activity of rice.In the AMF treatment group,the Cd concentration in the rice roots was significantly higher(19.1%‒68.0%)compared with that in the control group.Conversely,the Cd concentration in the rice seeds was lower in the AMF treatment group,indicating that AMF facilitated the sequestration of Cd in rice roots and reduced Cd accumulation in the seeds.Path coefficients varied across different treatments,suggesting that AMF inoculation reduced the direct impact of soil Cd concentration on the total Cd accumulation in seeds.The translocation of Cd was consistently associated with simultaneous growth dilution and compensatory accumulation as a result of mycorrhizal effects.Our study quantitatively analyzed this process through path analysis and clarified the causal relationship between rice growth and Cd transfer under the influence of AMF.