Production and Quality Evaluation of Wild Peper （Erythrococoa anomala） Flavoured Chocolate Drinks

Work on the production and quality evaluation ofE. anomala spiced chocolate drinks was reported. This is done in order to establish the best concentration of the spice to be adopted in the chocolate drinks production. E. anomala seed powder was added into chocolate formulation in various concentrations [1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, as samples A, B, C, D with sample E as the control （no spice added）]. These samples were analyzed for difference quality attributes like： the proximate composition, minerals and chemical analysis, microbiological analysis, as well as the sensory evaluation using standard methods. The proximate composition showed the percentage moisture content ranging between 85.1 ±0.11 and 85.5± 0.10, ash content between 0.4 ± 0.00 and 0.5 ± 0.10, protein content between 1.0± 0.01 and 1.1 ± 0.11, fat content between 0.4 ± 0.1 land 0.5 ± 0.00 and carbohydrate content between 12.5 ±0.10 and 12.7 ±0.10. The minerals： 0.05 ±0.10 mg/kg, zinc： 0.01 4- 0.11 mg/kg, lead： 0.1 ± 0.10 mg/kg, and copper 0.1±0.1/l mg/kg, Mangeulese were obtained while cadmium was not detected at all. The chemical analysis gave between 5.03 ± 0. l t to 5.35 ±0.10, and pH 3.17 ± 0.10 to 3.67± 0.10, and total titratable acidity between 32.47 ± 0.10 to 32.50 ±0.10 tbr Brix. ttowever, sample C （3%） E. anomala spiced chocolate drink has the highest nutrients composition than all the other samples. All the samples have low microbial count, less than 3.5 ×10^3 load which is below the safe level of 1.0 ×10^3 but on the overall, sample C has the least value. Conclusively, smnple C, （chocolate spiced at 3% concentration） is established as the best sample nutritionally, microbiologically and on the overall acceptability.

An Efficient Plant Regeneration System for Different Explants of Rare and Endangered Plants in Mussaenda anomala

To establish an efficient regeneration method for the rare and endangered plant Mussaenda anomala to address problems regarding its reproductive obstacles and scarce populations.In this study,the terminal buds,axillary buds,stem segments with two axillary buds,stem segments with two axillary buds and one terminal bud,and leaves of M.anomala were used as explants.The effects of different explants and disinfection methods,plant growth regulators and substrates on plant regeneration were explored.The following results were obtained:(1)The terminal bud was a suitable explant for M.anomala tissue culture,and the disinfection method utilized was treatment with 0.2%HgCl2 for 8 min.(2)Initiate medium:MS basic medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L 6-BA and 0.2 mg/L IBA for the high germination rate(100%)and the maximum bud height(1.70 cm)of the terminal bud.(3)Proliferation medium:MS basic medium supplemented with 3.0 mg/L 6-BA and 0.2 mg/L IBA for a high proliferation rate(96%)and proliferation time(6.0)of terminal buds.(4)Proliferation medium supplemented with 0.7 mg/L GA3 significantly increased the bud heights of multiple buds.(5)Rooting medium:MS basic medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L IBA and 0.5 mg/L IAA for a high rooting rate(88%),root number(12.0)and root length(5.07 cm).(6)The optimal substrate for seedling acclimation and transplanting was perlite:vermiculite(1:1),which resulted in the highest survival rate(97%)and plant height(5.89 cm),as well as better growth potential for seedlings.The surfaces of M.anomala explants are densely covered with trichome,which increased the difficulty of disinfection;the plant growth regulators directly affected the growth and development in the regeneration process of M.anomala,and the substrate significantly affected the survival rate and height growth for seedling acclimation.

三峡库区河岸植物野古草(Arundinella anomala var. depauperata Keng)茎通气组织发生对水淹的响应

野古草(Arundinella anomala var. depauperata Keng)在三峡库区长江及其支流江(河)岸有广泛分布,对水淹有很好的耐受能力。有研究表明许多植物在水淹时通气组织发生增强,通气组织的产生改善了植株通气状况,提高了植物对水淹的抵御能力。为了研究水淹是否会影响野古草的通气组织发生以及野古草通气组织发生对水淹的反应,考察了不同水淹深度、不同水淹时间和不同水淹方式处理时野古草茎中通气组织的发生情况。实验中共设置3个水淹深度:不进行水淹(对照)、植株地下部分淹没、植株完全淹没于水下2m深处;5个淹没时间:植株被淹没的时间长度分别为5、10、20、30d和60d;2种水淹方式:连续水淹和间歇水淹。实验结果表明:(1)在无水淹情况下野古草茎中可以产生通气组织,通气组织产生随植株的生长而增强;水淹加快了野古草通气组织发生的进程,促进了野古草通气组织的提前发生。(2)野古草茎中通气组织并不会因为水淹的时间越长而产生越多,植株通气组织的大小达到一定程度后不再因水淹时间的增长而继续增大。(3)淹没深度对通气组织发生有一定影响,总的看来,地下部分淹没野古草植株的通气组织发生要强于完全淹没植株。(4)不同水淹方式对野古草通气组织发生的影响因水淹深度不同而有差异。在完全淹没情况下,连续水淹植株的通气组织比间歇水淹植株的通气组织发达;在地下部分淹没情况下,除水淹初期外,随水淹时间的延长,连续水淹植株通气组织发生与间歇水淹植株没有差异。

三峡库区岸生植物野古草(Arundinella anomala Steud.)光合作用对水淹的响应

为了阐明水淹对三峡库区岸生植物野古草光合作用的影响,模拟了三峡库区消落带水淹发生情况,考察了在不同水淹处理下野古草(Arundinella anomalaSteud.)的光合及叶绿素荧光特性。实验设置了对照(不进行水淹,常规供水管理)、半淹(植株置于水中,植株地上部分一半被淹没)、水下0.5m(植株置于水中,植株顶部在水面下0.5m)、水下2m(植株置于水中,植株顶部在水面下2m)4个不同的水淹深度和02、0、40d和60d等4个不同的水淹时间处理,测定了在不同水淹深度和水淹时间处理下野古草的净光合速率、总叶绿素含量、PSⅡ的最大光化学效率、电子传递速率、表观量子效率、叶绿素利用效率与羧化效率。结果发现,在水淹前期,水淹对野古草的光合特性影响较小,直到水淹60d后,才对野古草的光合特性产生明显影响,且影响程度随水淹深度的不同而不同。野古草在水淹20d和水淹40d后,各水淹处理的净光合速率与对照相比无明显降低,其中水淹20d后,半淹处理的野古草叶片净光合速率比对照还高出16.1%。水淹60d后,水下0.5m和水下2m的净光合速率显著低于对照和半淹,其净光合速率分别为7.51μmol.m-2.s-1和9.15μmol.m-2.s-1。结果表明,水淹20d和40d对野古草的电子传递速率、表观量子效率和羧化效率没有影响。水淹处理60d后,与对照植株相比,半淹处理植株的电子传递速率、表观量子效率、叶绿素利用效率和羧化效率没有明显变化,但水下0.5m和水下2m处理植株的电子传递速率、表观量子效率、叶绿素利用效率和羧化效率有明显降低。在整个实验期间,半淹处理植株的净光合速率、电子传递速率、表观量子效率和羧化效率没有受到任何不利影响。尽管在水淹60d后水下0.5m和水下2m处理植株的净光合速率、电子传递速率、表观量子效率、叶绿素利用效率和羧化效率降低,但降低后的数值仍不低于甚至高于一些自然生长的未受水淹的植物物种。研究表明,野古草对水淹具有很好的耐受能力,是一种可以用于三峡库区消落区植被构建的优良植物物种。

水淹对三峡库区两种岸生植物秋华柳(Salix variegata Franch.)和野古草(Arundinella anomala Steud.)水下光合的影响

为了阐明水淹对三峡库区岸生植物秋华柳(Salix variegata Franch.)和野古草(Arundinella anomala Steud.)水下光合作用的影响,模拟三峡库区消落带水淹发生情况,考察了在不同水淹处理下秋华柳和野古草的水下光合。实验设置了对照(不进行水淹,常规供水管理)和2m深度水淹(植株置于水中,植株顶部在水面下2m)2个不同的水淹深度和5、15、20、40d和60d等5个不同的水淹时间处理,采用Chlorolab-2液相氧电极(英国Hansatech公司生产)测定了在不同水淹时间和水淹深度处理下秋华柳和野古草的水下光合作用。实验结果表明:(1)水淹60d后,秋华柳和野古草的存活率均为100%,而典型的陆生植物香樟和马唐分别在水淹40d和15d后全部死亡。(2)在相同的水淹时间和水淹深度下,秋华柳和野古草的水下光合速率(放氧速率)显著高于典型的陆生植物(香樟(Cinnamomumcamphora(L.)Presl.)和马唐(Digitariasanguinalis(L.)Scop.))(3)在长期水淹的条件下,秋华柳和野古草仍具有水下光合的能力。在水淹60d后,水淹2m的秋华柳和野古草植株的水下放氧速率显著低于对照植株的水下放氧速率,但仍具有水下光合的能力,其水下光合速率分别为0.202μmol.m-.2s-1和0.139μmo.lm-.2s-1。同时,研究也表明在水淹40d和60d后,秋华柳表现出比野古草强的水下光合能力。研究表明,秋华柳和野古草在存活率和水下光合方面对长期水淹表现出良好的适应性,是可以用于三峡库区消落区植被构建的优良植物物种。

川西高原冰酒发酵中Pichia anomala的鉴定与耐受性研究

从四川藏区高原威代尔冰葡萄酒发酵过程中分离纯化出了异常毕赤酵母(Pichia anomala)菌株,采用18S rDNA D1/D2序列进行了基因鉴定,并对其耐受性进行了研究。结果表明,该酵母菌分别在28℃、pH=4.0或6.0条件下,生长情况较好,具有一定的抗低温性能。随着乙醇、二氧化硫和蔗糖含量的增加,该酵母菌的生长情况受到一定的抑制,该酵母菌对乙醇、二氧化硫和糖均有一定的耐受性。

赤峰锦蛇ELAPHE ANOMALA为一有效种(蛇目)

本物种为Boulenger1916年第1次报道，标本采自中国赤峰，长期以来一直被作为棕黑锦蛇的一个亚种。作者经过三十余年的调查和饲养研究，发现其形态特征和地理分布均与棕黑锦蛇Elapheschrenckii（Strauch）有明显的不同。因此，确认其为一独立有效种。

水淹对三峡库区岸生植物野古草(Arundinella anomala Steud.)恢复生长的影响

[目的]明确三峡库区岸生植物野古草对水淹的耐受能力。[方法]试验设置了3个水淹处理,即对照、水淹根部(植株置于水中,仅地下部分被淹没)和水淹2 m(植株置于水中,顶部距水面2 m),3个水淹时间:40、60、90 d,研究了野古草植株在不同水淹处理后的恢复生长状况。[结果]野古草在水淹结束后的恢复生长期,其分蘖数、叶片数和地上部分生物量都不断增加,水淹处理植株的分蘖数和叶片数在经过60 d的恢复生长后还显著高于对照,不同恢复生长阶段的相对生长速率与对照几乎无显著差异。[结论]野古草植株在水淹后仍能表现出较好的恢复生长,具有较强的水淹耐受能力。

Paeonia anomala的核型研究(英文)

报道了Paeonia anomalaL.的核型,澄清了新疆阿尔泰地区分布的该物种的染色体数目。分布于该地区的Paeonia anomalaL.的核型组成:2n=2x=10=6m+2sm+2st。该类群核型与该属其它类群一致———2A型。在综合比较分析该属染色体参数以及核型不均一性参数,包括最长/最短染色体比(L1/Ln)和染色体不对称系数(CKOA)的基础上,我们发现该属三个组在核型上没有明显分化,仅在木本类群(Sect.MoutanDC.)和草本类群(Sect.OnaepiaLindley和Sect.Paeonia)之间存在微小差异。此外,作为二倍体类群,新疆阿尔泰地区分布的Paeonia anomalaL.很可能是二倍体杂种,这将为研究被子植物的父母本同倍化杂交式物种起源提供一个很好的研究材料。

Hansenula anomala转化葡萄糖生产阿拉伯糖醇的研究

对Hansenula anomala转化葡萄糖生产D-阿拉伯糖醇的反应条件进行了研究。高供氧量有利于阿拉伯糖醇的生成。在一定范围内,葡萄糖初始浓度越高,阿拉伯糖醇的产量也随之明显提高。并通过正交实验,确定了最佳发酵条件为(g/L):葡萄糖500,酵母膏2,蛋白胨2,CaCl20.5,(NH4)2SO45,MgSO41,KH2PO43,pH5.0;发酵温度30℃,装液量15～20mL/500mL三角瓶,发酵时间263h。阿拉伯糖醇浓度为245.97g/L,转化率为0.49g阿拉伯糖醇/g葡萄糖,平均反应强度0.935g/Lh。

Spectral sensitivity of the compound eyes of Anomala corpulenta motschulsky(Coleoptera:Scarabaeoidea)

The scarab beetle, Anomala corpulenta Motschulsky（Coleoptera： Scarabaeoidea）, is a widespread and destructive pest in China. Vision is one of the most important means of acquiring information about the external environment. In order to contribute to the understanding of the perception of visual stimuli in this species, the light sensitivity and spectral responses of the scarab beetle, A. corpulenta, were measured by using an electroretinogram（ERG） technique. In total, 14 monochromatic light intensities, between 340 and 605 nm, were applied to the compound eyes of A. corpulenta under varying levels of adaptation to dark and light conditions. The results showed that all light stimuli induced an ERG response, with varied amplitudes. The spectral sensitivity curve of dark-adapted eyes showed one major peak（~400 nm; near-ultraviolet）, a secondary peak（from 498 to 562 nm; yellow-green） and the third peakat 460 nm. By contrast, in light-adapted eyes, only a near-UV peak was observed. From these results, we conclude that the compound eye of A. corpulenta is likely to have at least three spectral types of photoreceptor. Significance of differences were also recorded in the responses of male and female compound eyes, as well as diurnally and nocturnally. The amplitude of ERG in response to white-light stimuli varied with the light intensity： The stronger the luminance, the higher the ERG value. This suggests that the compound eye of A. corpulenta adapts quickly to changing light conditions, enabling A. corpulenta to maintain nocturnal activities.

新疆块根芍药(Paeonia anomala)内生细菌XJU-PA-1的鉴定及特性分析

目的:从新疆块根芍药(Paeonia anomala)内生菌中筛选出1株对植物病原菌有抑菌活性的内生菌并对其进行鉴定及特性分析。方法:采用琼脂扩散法进行抑菌实验,基于形态特征,生理生化特性,16S rDNA序列分析并G+C mol%含量对XJU-PA-1进行鉴定。结果:XJU-PA-1对玉米小班病菌和苹果半点落叶病菌有抑菌活性,抑菌圈直径都超过20mm。XJU-PA-1与DQ010109 Bacillus subtilis的16S rDNA序列的同源性达到100%,G+Cmol%含量为54.5%。结论:XJU-PA-1对两种致病菌有较强的抑菌能力,被鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis),在GenBank数据库的注册号为EU741698。

Anomala semicastanea Species Group (Coleoptera: Rutelidae) of China

Anomala semicastanea species group consists of five species found in China: A. semicastanea Fairmaire, A. rufithorax Ohaus, A. shimenensis sp. nov., A. insulicola sp. nov. and A. atrovirens sp. nov.. Anomala amoena Frey, 1971 is designated as a syn. nov. to A. rufithorax Ohaus, 1933. All the type specimences are deposited in the Guangdong Entomological Institute.

Gibberellin A_(3) Treatment Breaks Hypocotyl Dormancy of Paeonia anomala subsp.veitchii Seeds

We studied the roles of different concentrations of gibberellin A_(3)(GA_(3))in breaking hypocotyl dormancy of Paeonia anomala subsp.veitchii,aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the efficient elimination of seed dormancy.The seeds of P.anomala subsp.veitchii were treated with different concentrations of GA_(3)(0,100,200,300,and 400 mg/L)under dark conditions at 16℃,and then the rooting indicators including rooting rate,rooting vigor,rooting index and mold rot rate were determined.The treatment with 400 mg/L GA_(3) for 4 h showed the best performance in breaking the hypocotyl dormancy.Specifically,the treatment shortened the rooting time to 12 d,increased the rooting rate,rooting vigor,and rooting index to 84.00%±5.29%,80.67%±5.03%,and 2.25±0.16 respectively,and decreased the mold rot rate to 0.67%±1.16%.To sum up,there were germination inhibitors in the seeds of P.anomala subsp.veitchii,while the addition of exogenous hormone GA_(3) can release the inhibitory effect on the hypocotyl,which indicated that GA_(3) can promote the breaking of hypocotyl dormancy.

响应面法优化异常毕赤酵母(Pichia anomala)0732-1抑菌产物发酵条件

以异常毕赤酵母(Pichia anomala)0732-1为试材,对其抑菌产物发酵条件进行了响应面优化,并对其产物进行抑菌效果测定。利用Plackett-Burman试验,分析了5种因素对其产物抑菌的影响,确定培养液初始pH值、温度、装样量为影响其抑菌的重要因素。经最陡爬坡试验确定各因素峰值后,利用Box-Behnken试验设计和响应面方法(RSM)分析得到最优发酵条件为培养液初始pH 9.4、培养温度25℃、装样量61 mL/150 mL。在此优化条件下,抑菌圈直径为17.9 mm,较优化前提高了32.6%。

Cytotoxic, kinetics of inhibition of carbohydrate-hydrolysing enzymes and oxidative stress mitigation by flavonoids roots extract of Dicoma anomala(Sond.)

Objective: To investigate the free radical scavenging, antidiabetic, kinetics and cytotoxic potentials of flavonoids extract of Dicoma anomala root by using standard methods. Methods:Antioxidant activity of the flavonoids was investigated at scavenging free radicals such as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, nitric oxide, hydroxyl radical, reducing capabilities, 2,2-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6) sulfonic acid as well as metal chelating capability at different concentrations(0.125-1.000 mg/mL) while the antidiabetic activity was evaluated via the inhibition and kinetics of carbohydrate digestive enzymes including, alpha glucosidase, sucrase and maltase. Brine shrimp lethality assay was also employed to examine the cytotoxic effects of the extract by using different range of concentrations(0.125-2.000 mg/mL). Results: The study revealed the best antioxidant activity of the extract in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6) sulfonic acid and nitric oxide having IC_(50) values of(386.90±4.91),(736.00±38.12),(629.30±9.62) μg/mL respectively compared with quercetin(standard) with IC_(50) [(522.20±12.38),(1 021.00±15.61) and(1 075.00±29.35) μg/mL]respective values while it was insignificantly(P>0.05) at par with quercetin for reducing power. Similarly, the extract exhibited a moderate inhibition of alpha glucosidase(43.1%),sucrase(33.4%) and maltase(29.9%) activities which were significantly(P<0.05) better than acarbose(18.4%, 12.7% and 24.9% respectively) although acarbose(46.1%) inhibited the higher activity of alpha amylase than the extract(13.7%). The kinetics of mode of inhibition of alpha amylase, alpha glucosidase, sucrase and maltase by flavonoids extract of Dicoma anomala revealed an uncompetitive, non-competitive, competitive and non-competitive inhibition respectively. The result of the lethality assay showed a potent cytotoxic effect of the flavonoids with LC_(50) value 0.510 mg/mL. Conclusions: The results obtained from this study are suggestive of the antioxidative, antidiabetic and cytotoxic potentials of flavonoids root extract of Dicoma anomala.

河南省新乡地区金龟甲发生动态及影响因子分析

为明确河南省新乡地区农田地下害虫优势种群组成、发生动态及影响因子,本研究于2015-2021年间利用虫情测报灯对该地区的金龟甲进行了监测。结果表明铜绿丽金龟Anomala corpulenta Motschulsky和暗黑鳃金龟Holotrichia parallela Motschulsky为河南新乡小麦-玉米/花生1年2熟制农田地下害虫的优势种群,且暗黑鳃金龟的年度诱虫量及其在混合种群中的占比呈逐年增加趋势。金龟甲的发生在不同年份呈现单峰或双峰,暗黑鳃金龟发生盛期表现出明显的隔日出土现象即双倍节律。相较于暗黑鳃金龟发生期的6月中旬至9月上旬,铜绿丽金龟的发生期相对较短,在6月下旬至8月下旬。同时暗黑鳃金龟高峰日也晚于铜绿丽金龟,其中高峰日最多差22 d。金龟甲的发生与环境降雨、湿度、温度相关。本研究为新乡地区乃至黄淮海农田地下害虫的危害预警和综合治理提供数据支撑。

Removal Mechanism of Hexavalent Chromium by a Novel Strain of Pichia anomala Isolated from Industrial Effluents of Fez （Morocco）

Hexavalent chromium （Cr（VI）） pollution has become one of the most serious environmental problems today. One removal strategy comprises the microbial reduction of Cr（VI）, is regarded as a cost-effective biotechnology for the treatment of high volume and low concentration complex wastewaters. In this work a yeast strain that exhibits high Cr（VI） resistance was isolated from soil sediment. The isolated yeast was identified as Pichia anomala by sequencing analysis. The yeast showed a remarkable capacity to completely reduce 25 and 50 mg/L of Cr（VI） in 48 h under aerobic conditions. The increase of initial Cr（VI） concentration influenced reduction, growth and specific growth rate. This strain also exhibited multiple heavy metal tolerance. The presence of anions and cations in the medium had a great influence on chromium reduction. Fractionation of the cells showed that the mechanism of Cr（VI） removal by this strain is ＂adsorption-coupled reduction＂ and the hexavalent chromate reductase activity was expressed constitutively. FTIR analysis of the biomass exposed to chromium showed that the binding process of the chromium ions involves the active participation of functional groups present in the external surface of biomass. High Cr（VI） concentration resistance and high Cr（VI） reducing ability of this strain make it a suitable candidate for bioremediation.

红叶石楠诱控花生田金龟甲优势种的效果研究

采用田间笼罩法和生测法,开展红叶石楠+杀虫剂对花生田优势金龟甲暗黑鳃金龟和铜绿丽金龟的诱杀试验。结果表明:与榆树、花生、玉米、大豆、桑树相比,红叶石楠对暗黑鳃金龟的引诱效果分别显著高于榆树25.48%、花生25.00%、玉米36.06%、大豆36.54%、桑树36.54%;对铜绿丽金龟甲的引诱效果显著高于榆树22.83%、玉米20.47%、大豆21.26%、桑树35.43%,但与花生无显著性差异。田间生测进一步表明,红叶石楠+60%吡虫啉悬浮剂对金龟甲诱杀效果最为显著,暗黑鳃金龟为(49.00±4.38)头,铜绿丽金龟为(10.50±2.47)头,其持效期可达10 d,显著优于5%高效氯氟氰菊酯微乳剂、40%辛硫磷乳油、35%毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂处理。综上,在花生田周边种植绿化植物红叶石楠,在金龟甲出土期内,喷施60%吡虫啉,间隔10 d重复喷施,可有效控制暗黑鳃金龟、铜绿丽金龟成虫数量,达到降低幼虫蛴螬数量的目的。

对铜绿丽金龟具有高致病力的昆虫病原线虫的筛选

为筛选对铜绿丽金龟Anomala corpulenta幼虫具有生防潜力的昆虫病原线虫品系,测定了9个昆虫病原线虫品系对铜绿丽金龟1龄幼虫的致病力,以及不同施用剂量、环境温度及土壤相对湿度条件对线虫致病力的影响。生测结果表明,樱桃异小杆线虫品系Heterorhabditis beicherriana D26-6对铜绿丽金龟幼虫致病力最高,处理11 d后的校正死亡率达到了98.3%;对线虫D26-6致病力的单因子测定发现,侵染铜绿丽金龟幼虫的最佳剂量为150 IJs/头、最佳温度范围为20~30℃、最佳土壤湿度为18%,有较好的开发应用潜力。