Acute Toxicity and Anthelmintic Effects of Gomphrena serrata L. (Amaranthaceae) Extracts on Adult Worms and Eggs of Haemonchus contortus

Gomphrena serrata L. (Amaranthaceae) is a medicinal plant widely used traditionally in rural areas to treat many diseases, including gastrointestinal helminthiasis of small ruminants. This work aims to estimate the plant extracts phytochemical potential and study the activities of the aqueous decoction (GS_AD), aqueous macerate (GS_AM), and hydroalcoholic macerate (GS_HEM) of Gomphrena serrata extracts on two developmental stages (eggs and adult worms) of Haemonchus contortus. Phytochemical screening was carried out. The acute toxicity test was performed according to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) test guideline 423. The Haemonchus contortus eggs hatching inhibition test was performed left to incubate for 48 hours in the presence of the different plant extracts at increasing concentrations of 0.125;0.25;0.5;0.625;1;2;3 mg/mL. For the motility inhibition test on adult worms, the worms were contacted with the extracts at concentrations of 0.75;1;1.25;1.5;2;3;4 mg/mL and left to incubate for 24 hours. Albendazole and levamisole were used as standard. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, reducing compounds, coumarins and derivatives, anthocyanins, steroids, triterpenes, and flavonoids. An acute toxicity study showed that the oral LD50 value of G. serrata was estimated to be 5000 mg/kg. All extracts showed an effect on both stages of parasite development. The hatching inhibition rate was 100% from 3 mg/mL for all three extracts. The rate of inhibition of motility was 100% from 4 mg/mL for each extract. HEM is more efficient on eggs and Haemonchus contortus adult worms than other extracts with IC50 of 0.457 mg/mL and LC50 of 1.329 mg/mL, respectively. These results suggest that Gomphrena serrata, a plant used by farmers, has anthelmintic properties.

Purification,Characterization and in vitro Anthelmintic Activity of a Neutral Metalloprotease from Laccocephalum mylittae

A neutral metalloprotease was purified from the cultured mycelia of Laccocephalum mylittae,an effective medicinal fungus widely used in anthelmintic therapy.The protease was purified to homogeneity with 31.85-fold purification and a final yield of 21.76%.The subunit molecular weight of the protease is about 40000 estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE).The optimum reaction pH and temperature are 7.5 and 50oC,respectively.The protease activity is largely enhanced by Ca2 +,but highly inhibited by tetrasodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate(EDTA),a metal-chelator,suggesting that the enzyme is a metalloprotease.The Michaelis-Menten constan Km and Vmax value for casein substrate are 6.09 mg·ml -1and 21.32μg·min -1·ml -1, respectively.In vitro anthelmintic tests of the protease exhibit distinct lethal effects on the third stage larvae(L3)of Ascaris suum.Scanning electron microscopy and SDS-PAGE analysis indicates that the proteolysis of larvae proteins caused by this protease may relate to the anthelmintic activity of L.mylittae.

Phytochemical,Anti-oxidant and Anthelmintic activities of various leaf extracts of Flacourtia sepiaria Roxb

Objective:The present study was carried out to investigate the phytochemical constituents,in vitro antioxidant potential and anthelmintic activities of Flacourtia sepiaria Roxb leaves.Methods:The dried powdered leaves of Flacourtia sepiaria were extracted using petroleum ether,chloroform,ethyl acetate and methanol by a soxhlet extractor and preliminary phytochemical screening was performed using standard protocols.All the extract was evaluated for their potential antioxidant activities using test such as DPPH,superoxide anion radical,hydroxyl radical,nitric oxide radical scavenging abilities,ferrous chelating ability and total phenolic and flavanoid content.Anthelmintic activity of extract was screened in adult Indian earthworm model.Results:Preliminary screening revealed the presence of bioactive compounds especially phenolics,tannins and terpenoids in all extracts.The phenolic and flavanoid content was highest in methanolic extract and lowest in petroleum ether extract.The paralytic(9.4610.212)and death time(31.43±1.148)of methanolic extract was found to be significant(P<0.05)when compared with paralytic(7.33±0.206)and death lime(18.60±0.229)of standard piperazine citrate at 100 mg/mL concentration.Conclusions:The results of the present study indicate that the leaf extracts of Flacourtia sepiaria exhibited strong antioxidant activity and possess significant anthelmintic activity and thus it is a good source of antioxidant and anthelmintic constituents.

Development of an analytical method for multi-residue quantification of 18 anthelmintics in various animal-based food products using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

In this study,we developed a simple screening procedure for the determination of 18 anthelmintics(including benzimidazoles,macrocyclic lactones,salicylanilides,substituted phenols,tetrahydropyrimidines,and imidazothiazoles)in five animal-derived food matrices(chicken muscle,pork,beef,milk,and egg)using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.Analytes were extracted using acetonitrile/1% acetic acid(milk and egg)and acetonitrile/1% acetic acid with 0.5 mL of distilled water(chicken muscle,pork,and beef),and purified using saturated n-hexane/acetonitrile.A reversed-phase analytical column and a mobile phase consisting of(A)10 mM ammonium formate in distilled water and(B)methanol were used to achieve optimal chromatographic separation.Matrix-matched standard calibration curves(R^(2)≥0.9752)were obtained for concentration equivalent to ×1/2,×1,×2,×3,×4,and×5 fold the maximum residue limit(MRL)stipulated by the Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety.Recoveries of 61.2e118.4%,with relative standard deviations(RSDs)of ≤19.9%(intraday and interday),were obtained for each sample at three spiking concentrations(×1/2,×1,and ×2 the MRL values).Limits of detection,limits of quantification,and matrix effects were 0.02e5.5 mg/kg,0.06e10 mg/kg,and -98.8 to 13.9%(at 20 μg/kg),respectively.In five samples of each food matrix(chicken muscle,pork,beef,milk,and egg)purchased from large retailers in Seoul that were tested,none of the target analytes were detected.It has therefore been shown that this protocol is adaptable,accurate,and precise for the quantification of anthelmintic residues in foods of animal origin.

The Prevalence of Parasitic Human Intestinal Helminthes and the Efficacy of Anthelmintic Drug in Children in Uzo-Uwani Local Government Area, Enugu State, Nigeria

Introduction: A study on the current status of parasitic intestinal helminthes and the efficacy of anthelmintic drug was carried out among primary school pupils at Community Primary School Ogurugu, Uzo-Uwani Local Government Area, Enugu State. Objectives: The research was conducted in order to determine the prevalence of human intestinal helminthes among primary school pupils, and also to determine the prevalence in relation to age and sex, and to check the efficacy of anthelmintic drug (Levamisole) on the worms, in Ogurugu Uzo-Uwani Local Government Area, Enugu State, Nigeria. Methods: A total of 242 faecal samples were collected randomly from the school children and analyzed using standard parasitological procedures. Results: Data obtained showed an overall prevalence of 143 (59.1%) out of 242 samples and that the efficacy of anthelmintic drug Ergamisole? (Levamisole R12564;Unicure Pvt.ltd India) 50 mg in reducing the worm burden was 99 (82.5%) in 120 samples treated. Age related prevalence and efficacy of anthelmintic varied across the sample groups. There was no significant difference in sex related infections in the sample group (P > 0.5). The efficacy of the drug reduces with the increase in age. Also the efficacy of Levamisole drug in reducing the worm burden were hookworm 59 (89.5%), Ascaris 24 (85.7%), Trichuris 26 (78.6%) while Taenia and Strongyloides showed drug resistance. This indicates that a single dose of the medication is not enough for total elimination of these endo parasites. Conclusion: The study revealed that poor hygienic practices as well as unsanitary conditions were responsible for high prevalence recorded in the area, and advocated health education through primary health care and mass deworming of primary school children as control measures.

Anthelmintic activity of Securidaca longepedunculata(Family:Polygalaceae)root extract in mice,in vitro and in vivo

Objective:To elucidate the pharmacological bases of oral administration of Securidaca longepedunculata(S.longepedunculata) root extract as an anthelmintic in folkloric medicine. Methods:Albino mice were infected with infective third(L3) larval stage of Heligmosomoides polygyrus(H.polygyrus) by esophageal intubation.Following establishment of the adult worms in the intestine,the mice were treated with 0-2 000 mg/kg body weight(bw) of methanolic root extract of S.longepedunculata and 100 mg/kg bw of pyrantel embonate,the reference drug in vivo. Bioactivity and larvicidal effects of the extract were tested by exposing brine shrimps(Artemia salina) to 0.00-1.00 mg/mL and the L3 stage of Heligmosomoides contortus(H.contortus) and H.polygyrus to 0.00-2.50 mg/mL of the extract in vitro.Results:The percentage yield of the extract was 7.13%w/w dry matter.The brine shrimps toxicity bioassay resulted in an LC_(50) of 74.18 μ g/mL.The extract had a significant,dose-dependent larvicidal effect on the L3 stage of H.contortus and H.polygyrus with the terminal effect of 75%and 70%at the highest exposure concentrations,respectively.The extract however,did not affect the number of worm eggs per gram(epg) of fecal materials(P<0.05) and total worm burden(twb) of adult H.polygyrus in infected mice.Treatment with pyrantel embonate significant reduced both the fecal egg count and twb to 0 compared to the untreated control(P<0.05).Conclusions:These results indicate that S.longepedunculata root extract contains potent bioactive compounds and has larvicidal effect on L3 stage of H.contortus and H.polygyrus,substantiating its use as anthelmintic in alternative medicine.

Anthelmintic activity of Saba senegalensis(A.DC.) Pichon (Apocynaceae) extract against adult worms and eggs of Haemonchus contortus

Objective: To evaluate the anthelmintic property of Saba senegalensis(A.DC) Pichon(Apocynaceae)(S. senegalensis) on Haemonchus contortus that is traditionally used in Burkina Faso for its gastrointestinal parasites treatment.Methods: The lyophilized aqueous decoction of leaves of S. senegalensis at concentrations of 0.10, 1.00, 3.00, 10.00 and 15.00 mg/m L was used on eggs and adult worms of Haemonchus contortus collected from gastrointestinal tract of small ruminant.Results: The LC_(50) on adult worms was 6.79 mg/m L and 3.25 mg/m L for the leaves of S. senegalensis and the levamisole(reference drug), respectively. Inhibition of hatching assay showed a concentration-dependent manner with an inhibition of 93.63% at the concentration of 15.00 mg/m L of S. senegalensis.Conclusions: These results indicate that the aqueous extract of S. senegalensis possesses an anthelmintic property and may justify its use in traditional medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal parasites.

Exploration of Ethnopharmacological Potential of Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anthelmintic and Phytochemical Analysis of Medicinally Important Plant <i>Centella asiatica</i>(L.) Urban in Mart. and Eichl.

As there is a huge pressure on the cultivated medicinal plants and due to this pressure a large number of plants are being eradicated yearly. So to reduce this pressure on the cultivated plants an effort is being done to use the wild plants as a good medicinal agent and a cheaper source as well. The present study was undertaken to find out the Antimicrobial activity, Antioxidant activity and Pharmacological Analysis of Centella asiatica. It is a wild plant and mostly found on the damp places of plains and foothills. It was collected, dried and extracted by maceration method in different polar and non-polar solvents i.e. petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and distilled water. These extracts were further used to find out the antimicrobial, antioxidant and anthelmintic activities. Centella asiatica showed remarkable values comparable with the standard antimicrobial and antioxidant agents. Well defined zones of inhibition were recorded indicating that the plants were potent against pathogenic microbes, such as i.e. Bcteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphyllococcus saprophyticus, E. coli) and fungi (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus parasiticus and Rhizopus oryzae). The antioxidant activity of all the plant extracts was studied by DPPH Assay, Total Antioxidant Assay and Total phenolic Assay and the remarkable values comparable with the standard antioxidants were recorded. For pharmacological analysis different secondary metabolites indicated positive results whereas some others gave negative results.

Comparison of the Anthelmintic Efficacy of Three Commercial Products against Ascarids and Capillaria SPP. in Fighting Cocks

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of three commercial compounds against ascarids and Capillaria spp. in naturally infected fighting cocks from Mexico. First experiment.- Forty cocks were selected on the basis of eggs per gram (EPG) counts quantified by the McMaster method. On day 0 the birds were divided into four groups of 10 cocks, each subjected to the treatments. Group 1 received a single oral dose of 1 mg of ivermectin, 25 mg of praziquantel and 40 mg of fenbendazole given in tablets according to body weight (b.w). Group 2 was treated with a single oral dose of 1 mg of ivermectin, 25 mg of praziquantel and 40 mg of fenbendazole given in tablets/b.w. but formulated with a different excipient. Group 3 received a single tablet containing 0.2 mg of abamectin and 30 mg of albendazole. Group 4 served as a non-treated control. Fecal analyses were carried out on days 0 (day of treatment), 7, 14, 21 and 28, being collected from the floor where the cocks were individually caged. Efficacy was measured on the percentage of egg reduction from day 0 with respect the EPG counts from the control group. In a second experiment the study was similarly performed using another cock-farm located at approximately 300 km away from the first one. Results indicated an overall efficacy of 100%, 94.0% and 100% for groups 1, 2 and 3 in the first experiment and 100%, 100%, 100% for groups 1, 2 and 3 of the 2nd experiment, respectively. It is concluded that all drugs used exerted high efficacy in fighting cocks naturally infected with helminths.

Preliminary Study of Anthelmintic Potential of Terminalia catappa Fresh Leaves Following Short-Term Daily Feeding on Goats

The anthelmintic resistance was developed in many species of gastrointestinal nematodes and occurred worldwide. This phenomenon had reduced the effectiveness of anthelmintics which based on drugs. This situation has led to the scientific study on natural anthelmintic that based on traditional usage of local plants. In this study, local plant named Ketapang （Terminalia catappa） that traditionally used to treat helminth infection was chose as experimental plant. Eighteen mix Katjang goats were equally divided into three groups, where two groups were treated with mature and immature T. catappa leaves respectively, while the third group was untreated. Leaves were daily feeding in raw to the goats for four weeks. Normal goat＇s pellet was fed to the goats according to scheduled time-feediing; morning and afternoon, and water was given ad libitum. Fecal samples were collected every two days during the experimental period and subjected to modified Mc Master fecal egg count. Results for this short-term preliminary anthelmintic trial had showed significant percentage of helminth eggs reduction in goats. The reduction in goats treated with mature leaves was at 72% and 63% for the goats treated with immature leaves. Control goats did not showed significant reduction in terms of the parasite worm eggs. In conclusion, the ethnoveterinary data about this local plant was scientifically proven and can be widely promoted to the local livestock＇s owner as an alternative approach for parasitic helminths control in goats.

<i>In Vitro</i>Studies on Sida Cordifolia Linn for Anthelmintic and Antioxidant Properties

The present study was undertaken to evaluate in-vitro antioxidant and anthelmintic activity of ethanolic and aqueous extract from whole plant Sida cordifolia Linn (Malvaceae). The antioxidant activities are evaluated by various antioxidant assays like α, α-Diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, total reducing power, nitric oxide scavenging and hydrogen peroxide scavenging. The various antioxidant activities were compared to standard antioxidants such as ascorbic acid. The antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract is almost quantitatively equivalent to that of the standards used, ascorbic acid. The further anthelmintic activity of whole plant is investigated through using Indian earthworm (Pheretima posthuma) showed that it is one of the most important local medicinal plants both for ritual and ethnomedical practices. Various concentrations of ethanol and aqueous extract (10, 20, 30, 40 mg/ml) of whole plant of Sida cordifolia Linn were tested in the bioassay, which involve determination of time of paralysis of the worms. Albendazole was included as reference standard. The most activity was observed with aqueous extract as compared to standard drug. The results from the above studies indicate that plant Sida cordifolia Linn. possesses potent antioxidant and anthelmintic activity.

Preliminary Studies on Plants with Anthelmintic Properties in Kashmir—The North-West Temperate Himalayan Region of India

There is a growing interest in traditional uses of plants for health care among different communities especially in the developing countries. Kashmir valley is a temperate agro-climatic zone of north-west temperate Himalayan region of India and is blessed with a diverse variety of medicinal flora. The traditional uses of plants against parasitic infections in human beings and their live-stock is a common practice in the valley as most of the populations are rural and conventional veterinary drugs are very expensive and therefore unaffordable. This study is an ethno-botanical survey of those plant species traditionally used as anthelmintic that may warrant scientific validation for efficacy. The survey utilized well structured questionnaire and detailed discussions and recorded 44 plant species belonging to 37 genera and 26 families claimed as traditional anthelmintics in different preparations and forms. Out of these some plant species like Artemisia absinthium (tethwen) and Achillea millifolium (pahel-ghassa) were scientifically validated for their claimed anthelmintic action against gastrointestinal nematode infections in sheep. A few of other plants like Allium sativum (rohun), Myrsine africana have been scientifically validated for their claim by other people in various parts of the world. These plants together with other species reported in this study could be further scientifically evaluated for in vitro and in vivo anthelmintic activity against a diverse variety of parasitic groups in host and non host animals. That will lay a foundation and set a targeted platform for pharmacological studies and development of novel anthelmintic products to fill a gap in the anthelmintic drug industry, which is facing the crisis of anthelmintic resistance to conventional anthelmintic drugs.

In <i>Vitro</i>Anthelmintic Activity of Leaf Extracts of <i>Celosia</i>laxa Schum. &Thonn

Background: Celosia laxa (Amaranthaceae) is mainly a west African plant species used in Traditional Medicine as an anthelmintic, anticancer, antibacterial and analgesic agent. The seeming prevalence of worm infection in Gwandu community of Gwandu Local Government Area of Kebbi State-Nigeria prompted this study. Methods: Whole plant of C. laxa extracts obtained through maceration in aqueous (AE), methanol (ME) and hexane (HE) solvents were investigated for their anthelmintic activity against Indian earthworms (Pheretima posthuman) at four different (gradient) concentrations of 10, 20, 40 and 80 (mg/ml) for each extract. The study involved the determination of time of paralysis (P) and time of death (D) of the worms. Results: Both the aqueous and ethanolic extracts exhibited significant anthelmintic activity at the highest concentration of 80 mg/ml as compared to the standard drug, praziquantel (10 mg/ml). Consequently, the aqueous extract showed a higher activity at 80 mg/ml compared to standard praziquantel at 10 mg/ml (with no significant value of p < 0.05). The time of paralysis and death observed for AE was 13.0 ± 1.8 and 16.8 ± 1.5 while the ME was less bioactive with 15.7 ± 0.5 and 23.0 ± 0.0 respectively. However, on the other hand, the hexane extract recorded no-activity on all the test sample concentrations, compared to the standard drug (with a significant difference of p-value, p > 0.05). Conclusion: It was concluded that the leaves of C. laxa are likely to yield a potent anthelminthic drug owing to soluble phytoconstituent which are largely hydrophilicity extracted by the polar solvents. Also, considering that the plants’ mode of preparation for use by the locals was aqueous decoction before administration, the folkloric therapeutic claims can be said to have been justified.

The Anti-parasitic Effect of Extract of Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn Is Related to Its Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic and Anthelmintic Activities on Haemonchus contortus

Background:Ceiba pentandra is a medicinal plant used as alternative therapy to control parasitic nematodes in livestock.Objective:This study aims to investigate anti-parasitic effect of aqueous stem back extract of Ceiba pentandra(L.)Gaertn through the evaluation of its anthelmintic,anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities.Methods:In vitro,the efficacy of aqueous extract(75 to 2400μg·mL−1)diluted in phosphate buffered saline(PBS)was tested against three stages of the life cycle of Haemonchus contortus through larval migration inhibition assay(LMIA),egg hatch assay(EHA),and adult worms motility inhibition assay(AMIA).In vivo,anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties of the aqueous extract(150 and 300 mg·kg−1)was evaluated on rodent using phlogistic and algic chemicals.Results:Significant inhibition activity(P<0.05)was obtained on EHA with the greatest inhibition of 46.63%obtained at 2400μg·mL−1.The plant treatment dramatically(P<0.05)inhibited L3 larval migration as compared to PBS.The highest inhibition rate was 53.33%at 1200μg·mL−1.Adding of polyvinylpolyrrolidone(PVPP)to the extract significantly(P<0.01)reduced at 38.6%the activity of the plant extract on larval migration compared to extract without PVPP.The Ceiba pentandra extract reduced(P<0.05)worm motility after 24 h post exposure as compared to control.In vitro,aqueous extract significantly(P<0.05)inhibited the paw inflammation induced by carragenine,with a significant(P<0.05)reduction of the number of abdominal contortions induced by acetic acid to 41.11%at 300 mg·kg−1 and the paw licking time induced by formaline in both phases to 57.22%and 63.59%at 300 mg·kg−1 likened to control.Conclusions:In vitro results suggest that,this plant possess anti-parasitic properties.Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of C.pentandra can contribute to its anti-parasitic property.

Phytochemical screening, antibacterial and anthelmintic activities of leaf and seed extracts of Coix lacryma-jobi L.

Objective: To evaluate the possible phytochemical constituents, antibacterial and anthelmintic activity of Coix lacryma-jobi L. (Job's tears) using the chloroform leaves and seed extracts. Methods: The test for antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration was conducted by the disc diffusion and two-fold dilution method, respectively. In anthelmintic activity test, using Pheretima posthuma model, vermifuge and vermicidal activity were determined by using the chloroform extract at various concentrations. Results: The preliminary phytochemical screening of chloroform extracts of Job's tears leaves indicated the presence of alkaloid, carbohydrate, saponin, glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, tannins and steroids whereas the seeds extract contained glycosides, flavonoids, phenols and steroids, which revealed highest antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (12.5–50 mg/mL) was observed against all selected bacteria. On the other hand, it has been observed that chloroform leaves extracts showed shortest time of paralysis (P = 8.17 min) and death (D = 18.23 min) at 100 mg/mL concentration, in comparison with seed extracts (P = 36.83 min and D = 62.33 min) at 100 mg/mL concentration and albendazole (10 mg/mL) used as reference drug (P = 20.17 min and D = 43.67 min), which indicated the plant possessed mild anthelmintic activity. Conclusions: The chloroform extracts (leaves and seeds) showed efficacy for both bacterial infections and parasitic diseases, which ensure the traditional uses of Coix lacryma-jobi L.

Anthelmintic, antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of Caltha palustris var. alba Kashmir, India

The methanolic extract obtained from the root portion of Caltha palustris var. alba was evaluated for its anthelmintic efficacy against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep under both in vitro and in vivo conditions using worm motility inhibition(WMI) assay and fecal egg count reduction(FECR) assay, respectively. The extract was subjected to antimicrobial activity using agar-well diffusion method against different bacterial strains. In addition the extract was evaluated for cytotoxic and antioxidant activity against cultured THP-1(Leukemia), A-549(Lung), HCT-15(Colon), Cervix(HeLa) and PC-3(Prostrate) cell lines by SRB and DPPH radical scavenging assays. The extract used resulted in mean %WMI of 94.44%, as observed when the worms were put in lukewarm buffer for 30 min after exposure to different treatments. The mean mortality index of the sample was 0.95. The lethal concentration(LC50) was 0.11 mg·mL-1. Cell lines were exposed to concentration of 100 μg·mL-1 of extract for 48 h, which reduced the viability of these cell lines. The same plant extract also showed 55.58% DPPH radical scavenging activity.

Utilization of over matured fruit waste of Spine gourd(Momordica dioca Roxb.)as a source of anthelmintic bioactive constituents

To study the difference in the accumulation of bioactive constituents in Spine gourd(Momordica dioica Roxb.),the changes in its phenolic compounds at mature green(fruit utilized)and ripe red(fruit wasted)stages were analysed,and it was correlated with their antioxidant and anthelmintic potential.The highest total phenolic content was observed in ripe peel ethyl acetate(RPEA),tannins in ripe seed hexane(RSH)and flavonoid in ripe peel ethanol(RPE)extracts.UPLC–MS analysis identified 15 phenolic compounds in the extracts.The highest antioxidant potential was shown by RSH in DPPH(IC_(50)1.47 mg/ml),RPEA in ABTS(IC_(50)2.40 mg/ml),and mature peel water(MPeW)extract in FRAP assays(0.58μg trolox equivalent per g dw).RPE induced the highest anthelmintic activity against Caenorhabditis elegans in egg hatch assay(LC_(50)-0.02 mg/ml),and adult worm mortality assay(LC_(50)-1.44 mg/ml),as well as 100%death of infective juveniles in Heterorhabditis indica(50 mg/ml).Correlation studies and Principal Component Analysis(PCA)indicated the relationship of catechins,quercetin,kaempferol,rutin,and gallic acid to anthelmintic activity.The study showed that the ripe stage of Spine gourd,which gets disposed of as postharvest waste,had better anthelmintic activity,and it can be utilized for the development of food formulations with anthelmintic potential.

Herbal anthelmintic agents: a narrative review

Helminths or Parasitic worms of humans may cause chronic and sometimes deadly diseases,considered as neglected tropical diseases(NTDs)that infect around two billion people worldwide.Plants have been used as anthelmintics from ancient times.This review is a compilation of plants as source of anthelmintic drug.All information presented in this review article regarding the anthelmintic activities of plants from 2005 and has been acquired by approaching various electronic databases,including Scopus,Google scholar,Web of science and PubMed.Literature was surveyed for anthelmintic activity of plants which showed that secondary metabolites of plants like terpenes,glycosides,saponins,flavonoids,tannins and alkaloids were having anthelmintic activity.Since this review is a compilation of anthelmintic activity of plants from the year 2005,it will definitely be a fruitful study for researchers working in this field.

Synthetic and biological studies on a cyclopolypeptide of plant origin

Objective:A natural cyclic peptide previously isolated from Citrus medica was synthesized by coupling of tetrapep-tide units Boc-Leu-Pro-Trp-Leu-OMe and Boc-Ile-Ala-Ala-Gly-OMe after proper deprotection at carboxyl and amino terminals followed by cyclization of linear octapeptide segment. Methods:Solution phase technique was adopted for the synthesis of cyclooctapeptide-sarcodactylamide. Required tetrapeptide units were prepared by coupling of Boc-protected dipeptides viz. Boc-Leu-Pro-OH and Boc-Ile-Ala-OH with respective dipeptide methyl esters Trp-Leu-OMe and Ala-Gly-OMe. Cyclization of linear octapeptide unit was done by p-nitrophenyl ester method. The structure of synthesized cyclopolypeptide was elucidated by FTIR,1H NMR,13C NMR,FABMS spectral data and elemental analysis. The newly synthesized peptide was evaluated for dif-ferent pharmacological activities including antimicrobial,anthelmintic and cytotoxic activities. Results:Synthesis of sarcodac-tylamide was accomplished with >78% yield utilizing dicyclohexylcarbodiimide(DCC) as coupling agent. Newly synthesized peptide possessed potent cytotoxic activity against Dalton's lymphoma ascites(DLA) and Ehrlich's ascites carcinoma(EAC) cell lines,in addition to moderate anthelmintic activity against earthworms Megascoplex konkanensis,Pontoscotex corethruses and Eudrilus sp. Moreover,cyclopolypeptide displayed good antimicrobial activity against pathogenic fungi Candida albicans and Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa,in comparison to standard drugs griseofulvin and ciprofloxacin. Conclusion:Solution phase technique employing DCC and triethylamine(TEA) as base proved to be effective for the synthesis of natural cyclooctapeptide. N-methyl morpholine(NMM) was found to be a better base for the cyclization of linear octapeptide unit in comparison to TEA and pyridine.

Synthesis of New Fluorinated 1,2,4-Triazino [3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazolones as Antiviral Probes-Part II-Reactivities of Fluorinated 3-Aminophenyl-1,2,4-triazinothiadiazolone

Some new fluorinated 3-N-acyl/3-N-alkylaminophenyl-1,2,4-triazino[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazolones (2-12) have been obtained from treatment of 2-(4'-fluorophenyl)-6-(2'-amino-5'-fluorophenyl)-1,2,4-triazino[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-4-one(1) with active functional oxygen, sulfur and halogen compounds in different conditions. Former structures of the products have been characterized from elemental and spectral data (UV, IR, NMR and Mass). The new products were evaluated as potential anthelmintic drugs.