Hypotensive Effects of an Aqueous Extract of Bambusa vulgaris (Poaceae) Leaves in Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus

Plant of Bambusa vulgaris is used in traditional medicine practice for the management of many pathologies including hypertension. The effect of the aqueous extract of the leaves of Bambusa vulgaris on blood pressure was evaluated in normotensive male rabbits. Blood pressure was measured by the invasive method. Thus, aqueous extract of Bambusa vulgaris leaves had been injected intravenously at doses ranging from 1 mg/kg to 30 mg/kg in rabbits anesthetized with thiopental. The effects of this extract on blood pressure were also evaluated in rabbits having previously received different doses of atropine. The aqueous extract of Bambusa vulgaris leaves induced a dose-dependent hypotension which is not canceled in the presence of atropine. The results obtained show that the extract has blood pressure lowering effect which may be mediated by muscarinic-type cholinergic receptors.

Geographic variation and provenance selection for bamboo wood properties in Bambusa chungii

Using 3-year-old culms of 8 provenances of Bambusa chungii from Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan Provinces, the indexes of wood properties, such as fiber dimensions and chemical composition were investigated and analyzed by the methods of Analysis of variance and correlation coefficient to reveal the geographic genetic variation situation. The results showed that there are significant differences between fiber length, fibrin and 1% NaOH extraction contents of B. chungii from 8 provenances; moreover, the fiber length and fiber length/width ratio had a decreasing change pattern with geographic variation from the south to the north in altitude (from high to low in elevation). The heritabilities for fibrin, fiber length, 1% NaOH extractive, lignin and fiber length/width ratio were 0.7, 0.84, 0.54, 0.38 and 0.13, respectively. A significant negative correlation was found between 1% NaOH extraction, benzo-alcohol extraction contents and bamboo culm yield, whereas there was a significant positive correlation between fibrin contents and bamboo wood yield. Besides, a close correlation was detected between fiber dimensions indices and bamboo growth or bamboo wood yield. Finally, three provenances with high qualities and culm yield, i.e. Huaiji, Xinyi and Guilin, were selected as superior sources based on principal component analysis.

Adventitious rhizogenesis in Bambusa nutans and Bambusa tulda: Influence of seasonal variation, IBA and cutting type

The influence of seasonal variation, indole-3-butyric acid （IBA） and type of cuttings was examined on induction and growth of adventitious roots in Bambusa nutans Wall. and Bambusa tulda Roxb. Singlenode culm and culm-branch cuttings from the mature culms were provided with immersion treatment for 24 h of either water （control） or 2 mM IBA in four different seasons, i.e., spring （mid February）, summer （mid May）, rainy （mid July）, and winter （mid November） and maintained for two months in the mist chamber at the relative humidity of （70±5）% and the tenlperature of （30±2）℃. In B. nutans, adventitious rooting occttrred in both types of cuttings in all the seasons with the best rooting in the summer season i.e., May （88% in culm cuttings） and the least in winter. On the contrary, adventitious rooting was recorded only in culm cuttings in spring and summer season in B. tulda. IBA treatment significantly enhanced rooting, root number and root length; registering 14 to 17 times improvement over control in the best rooting season. Three factor- interactions （season × cutting type × IBA treatment） were significant for rooting in B. nutans and all characteristics, except sprouting in B, tulda. Thus, single-node culm and culm-branch cuttings in B. nutans and culm cuttings in B. tulda treated with 2 mM IBA during spring （February） to summer （May） season are recommended for their clonal multiplication.

Biochemical changes associated with flowering in Bambusa arundinacea and Bambusa nutans

Biochemical changes associated with flowering in Bambusa arundinacea Linn and Bambusa nutans Wall.ex Munro were analyzed.Gregarious flowering was initiated in natural areas and plantations of B.arundinacea in late 2014 and reached full bloom in early 2015,whereas sporadic flowering recorded during 2014–2015 in vegetatively propagated plants of B.nutans.Leaf and nodal shoot samples from flowering culms/shoots and nonflowering culms/shoots were collected in February 2015 at the initiation of fruit filling,then analyzed and compared for soluble sugars,phenols and peroxidase activity.In both species sugars were higher in leaves of flowering culms/shoots and lower in nodal shoots of flowering culms/shoots compared to the nonflowering.Phenols were lower in leaves and nodal shoots of flowering B.arundinacea,but higher in leaves and decreases in nodal shoots of B.nutans.Peroxidase activity increases in leaves and nodal shoots of B.arundinacea after flowering but increases in nodal shoots and decreases in leaves of B.nutans.

珠江干流长洲水利枢纽蓄水后珠江鳡鱼(Elopichthys bambusa)早期资源现状

长洲水利枢纽是珠江干流最下游一级的梯级水坝,其正常蓄水后必然改变下游的水文环境特征,也必将对下游的鳡鱼产卵场功能造成一定的影响.为了解长洲水利枢纽蓄水后珠江鱤鱼（Elopichthys bambusa）的资源现状,2008 2013年在珠江肇庆江段设立固定采样点,通过定量弶网对鳡鱼早期补充群体进行调查.结果显示：珠江鳡鱼苗主要出现在4月中旬至8月上旬,多年平均持续时间为97±21 d,盛期在5 7月,鳡鱼苗占鱼苗早期补充群体总量的0.46%±0.21%.鳡鱼苗的出现具有明显的季节变化规律,每年伴随洪峰有3-5次苗汛出现,苗汛次数与洪峰次数之间存在显著相关关系,但苗汛峰值大小与径流量之间不存在显著相关关系.鳡鱼苗多年平均资源量为16.89×10^8±9.16×10^8尾,繁殖群体总量约为52.8 t.研究表明：长洲水利枢纽蓄水后鳡鱼早期资源量呈下降趋势,但珠江禁渔缓解了长洲水利枢纽建设对珠江鳡鱼资源的影响.基于以上结果,为长洲水利枢纽蓄水后珠江鳡鱼的保护提出了建议.

洈水水库鳡鱼(Elopichthys bambusa)生长规律的研究

本文对洈水水库鳡鱼的生长及其利用进行了分析研究,结果表明:1.该种鱼生长快,高速生长时间长,可连续5年每年生长6kg以上;2.雌、雄鱼体长与体重生长分别适合Von.Bertalanffy的生长公式:L=L_∞(1-e-k(t-t·))和W=W_∞(1-e-k(t-t·))~3;3.雌鱼体重生长速度快于雄鱼,体长生长无明显差别;4.建议大中型水体中的鳡鱼与其它鱼类群落体重之比控制在3—5％为宜。

Geographic variation and provenance-selection for bamboo wood properties in Bambusachungii

Using 3-year-old culms of 8 provenances of Bambusa chungii from Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan Provinces, the indexes of wood properties, such as fiber dimensions and chemical composition were investigated and analyzed by the methods of Analysis of variance and correlation coefficient to reveal the geographic genetic variation situation. The results showed that there are significant differences be- tween fiber length, fibrin and 1% NaOH extraction contents of B. chungii from 8 provenances; moreover, the fiber length and fiber length/width ratio had a decreasing change pattern with geographic variation from the south to the north in altitude （from high to low in ele- vation）. The heritabilities for fibrin, fiber length, 1% NaOH extractive, lignin and fiber length/width ratio were 0.7, 0.84, 0.54, 0.38 and 0.13, respectively. A significant negative correlation was found between 1% NaOH extraction, benzo-alcohol extraction contents and bamboo culm yield, whereas there was a significant positive correlation between fibrin contents and bamboo wood yield. Besides, a close correlation was detected between fiber dimensions indices and bamboo growth or bamboo wood yield. Finally, three provenances with high qualities and culm yield, i.e. Huaiji, Xinyi and Guilin, were selected as superior sources based on principal component analysis.

Clonal propagation of Bambusa vulgaris by leafy branch cuttings

Bambusa vulgaris Schrad ex wendl is a widely cultivated bamboo species in rural Bangladesh for its versatile uses. The vegetative propagation becomes the only viable alternative for this species because B. vulgaris does not set seed after sparse flowering, which makes seedling progenies unavailable. A low-cost propagation trial was conducted to explore the clonal propagation techniques for the species with two types of small branch cuttings, nodal leafy cuttings and tip cuttings. The cuttings, after treating with 0, 0.1%, 0.4%, and 0.8% IBA solutions, were kept in non-mist propagator to let them to root for assessing the rooting ability. The cuttings were rooted in four weeks and were allowed to grow in the polybags for 10 months under nursery condition to assess their steckling capacity. The study reveals that both types of branch cuttings are able to develop roots, shoots, to survive and to form rhizome under the nursery condition. Rooting ability of the cuttings was significantly enhanced by the application of rooting hormone - IBA. The highest rooting percentage in nodal leafy cuttings and the tip cuttings （56.67% and 51.0%, respectively） were observed in 0.8% IBA treatment, followed by 0.4% IBA and the lowest （34.3% and 30.0%, respectively） was in control. The highest number of root developed per cutting （9.77 and 8.33 in nodal leafy cuttings and the tip cuttings, respectively） was also obtained from the cuttings treated with 0.8% IBA solution, followed 0.4% IBA treatment and the lowest （3.1 and 2.1, respectively） was in the cuttings without treatment. However, the length of the longest root varied significantly neither with the cutting types nor the concentrations of IBA solution. Survival percentage of the stecklings in nursery condition was significantly enhanced by IBA.

An improvised in vitro vegetative propagation technique for Bambusa tulda： influence of season, sterilization and hormones

Season and concentration of sterilizing agents play a significant role for establishment of aseptic in vitro shoot cultures and sprouting of nodal explants from field growing culms of bamboo species. In the present investigation the nodal segment explants of Bambusa tulda Roxb collected in different seasons and treated with various concentrations of HgC12 showed significant variation in aseptic culture establishment and bud break. The rainy season （July-August） recorded with highest of 78% aseptic culture establishment whereas autumn recorded with lowest 46%. Summer and winter seasons emerged to be the best period, registering 〉 60% in vitro bud break. On the other hand, the autumn season had the lowest value for bud break, i.e. 42%. Among different doses of sterilizing agent tried, HgC12 0.1% found to be suitable for maximum aseptic culture establishment （66%） as well as bud break （59%）. However, among the interactions, summer season and the dose of 0.1% HgC12 exhibited maximum of 73% response for both aseptic culture establishment and bud break. MS medium （liquid） enriched with 5.0 μM BA ＋5.0 μM Kn [Kinetin （N6-Furfuryladenine）] with additional supplementation of 100 μM glutamine ＋ 0.1 μM IAA supported a maximum in vitro shoot multiplication of 4.75 fold. The proliferated shoots were successfully rooted on MS medium （liquid） supplemented 40 μM coumarin. The plantlets transferred to the polythene bags showed 98% survival.

青皮竹Bambusa textilis McClure竹叶化学成分研究

采用大孔吸附树脂柱色谱、聚酰胺、Sephadex LH-20柱色谱、高压制备色谱等方法从青皮竹竹叶提取物中分离得到12个化合物,经理化常数测定和波谱学方法分析,鉴定为对羟基苯甲醛(p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde,1)、荭草苷(Orientin,2)、异荭草苷(Isoorientin,3)、牡荆苷(Vitexin,4)、异牡荆苷(Isovitexin,5)、苜蓿素(Tricin,6)、对香豆酸(p-Coumaric acid,7)、异牡荆苷-2"-鼠李糖苷(Isovitexin-2"-rhamnoside,8)、异牡荆苷-2"-木糖苷(Isovitexin-2"-xylopyranoside,9)、芹菜素-6-C-波伊文糖-7-O-葡萄糖苷(Apigenin-6-C-boivinose-7-O-glucopyranose,10)、芹菜素-7-O-葡萄糖苷(Apigenin-7-O-glucopyranos,11)及苜蓿素-4’-O-葡萄糖苷(Tricin-4’-O-glucopyranose,12),其中化合物8、9、10、11、12为首次从该植物中分离获得。本研究结果为青皮竹竹叶的综合利用提供了理论依据,对竹类植物中天然产物的开发利用具有指导意义。

Biosynthesis of Succulent Bamboo Shoots of Bambusa balcooa into Phytosterols and Its Biotransformation into ADD

Fermentation of the succulent bamboo shoots of Bambusa balcooa Roxb. resulted in an enrichment of phytosterols from 0.12% to 0.62% dry weight as compared to that of the fresh unfermented samples. The bacterial strains responsible for higher accumulation of phytosterols during fermentation of the bamboo shoots have been isolated and further extraction and purification of the crude phytosterols (isolated from the fermented samples) were done by TLC, UV, NMR, IR and Mass spectral analysis. The isolated phytosterols (β-sitos-terols) were then subjected to microbial transformation which yielded a considerable amount of androsta-1, 4-diene-3,17-dione (ADD) in the incubation mixture in presence of metabolic inhibitors (α, α＇-dipyridyl and sodium arsenate).

Study of Embryonic and Postembryonic Development of the Hybrid(Ctenopharyngodon idellus ♀ ×Elopichthys bambusa♂)

[ Objective ] The purpose was to provide a reference for crossbreeding of grass carp. [ Method] We conducted hybridization between Ctenopharyngodon ideUus （ ♀ ） and Elopichthys bambusa ♂ ） by artificial methods. The process of embryo and postembryonic development were observed and recorded. [ Result ] The fertilization rate, hatching rate and survival rate of the hybrid F1 were （75.8 ± 6. 2）%, （41.9 ± 8.2）% and （9.3± 3.7）%, respectively. At the water temperature of 20.1 -21.6℃, the larvae was hatched for about 34 h and 25 rain after fertilization. The whole length of newly-hatched larvae of the hybrid Fl was （5.8 ± 0.12） mm. The larvae could feed rotifer and unicellular algae after 3 or 4 days hatching. Postembryonic development of the hybrid at the formation of scales, lasted for 65 days when the young was（74.0 ± 2.1 ） mm in whole length. [ Conclusion] The embryonic development of hybrid F1 was intermediate to their parents, the form of the hybrid F1 was similar to that of their female line of grass carp. The growth rate of larva was faster than that of grass carp and similar to that of their paternal fish.

Electrophoretic Analysis of Isozymes and Proteins in F_1 Hybrids of Ctenopharyngodon idellus ♀ × Elopichthys bambusa ♂

[ Objective] This study aimed to investigate the biochemical and genetic characteristics of F1 hybrids of Ctenopharyngodon idellus ♀× Elopichthys bambusa ♂ - [ Method ] By using vertical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis technology, three isozymes （LDH, EST, MDH） in nine tissues （heart, brain, eyes, liver, kidney, spleen, fin, muscle, plasma） of F1 hybrids of C. ideUus and parents were compared. [Result] Three isozymes in F1 hybrids of ♀× E. bambusa ♀ were analyzed; differences in isozyme and proteins between F1 hybrids idellus ♀× E. bambusa ♀ exhibited varying degrees of tissue-specificity; isozymes and proteins in F, hybrids were signiticandy different from the parents. [ Conclusion] These nine differences could be used as indicators to identify F1 hybrids and parents.

Integrated Analysis of Metabolome and Transcriptome of Bambusa emeiensis Shoots in Response to Bamboo Snout Beetle Cyrtotrachelus buqueti(Coleoptera:Curculionidae)

Plants have evolved constitutive and inductive defense mechanisms to protect themselves from herbivorous insects.Metabolites in plants are thought to be involved in response to herbivores.Bambusa emeiensis is an important bamboo species widely distributed in Southwest China.It is easy to attract herbivores such as Cyrtotrachelus buqueti.Through the detection and analysis of metabolites in B.emeiensis metabolomic data,35 differential metabolites(biomarkers)were finally identified from 206 detection peaks,mainly primary metabolites.Subsequently,we conducted an association analysis between 35 biomarkers that annotated to be involved in 71 metabolic pathways in the metabolome and 324 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)in 207 gene expression pathways distributed in the transcriptome of B.emeiensis after feeding by C.buqueti.We also discussed the relationship between the changes in gene expression levels and metabolite content variation.A total of 47 integrated pathways containing the corresponding DEGs and biomarkers were screened out,with the amino acid synthesis pathway(ko01230)containing the most DEGs and biomarkers.In these integrated pathways,the changes in biomarkers content and the expression levels of the corresponding genes were generally consistent.For example,the increase in tryptophan content was accompanied by an increase in the expression of the corresponding catalase in the tryptophan synthesis pathway.Similar to this was glucose and trehalose in carbohydrate metabolism.Therefore,this study further deepened our understanding of the defense mechanism of B.emeiensis against bamboo pests and provided new insights for the prevention and control of bamboo diseases and pests.

孝顺竹(Bambusa multiplex)大孢子发生与雌配子体发育研究（英文）

为了解孝顺竹(Bambusa multiplex)的大孢子及雌配子体的发育过程,利用扫描电镜对孝顺竹的雌蕊形态以及大孢子和雌配子体的发育进行了观察。结果表明,孝顺竹雌蕊单子房,1室,双珠被,薄珠心;大孢子母细胞是由1个雌性孢原细胞直接发育而成,大孢子四分体为线性,位于珠孔端的1个大孢子分化成为功能大孢子,然后由功能大孢子依次经历二核、四核、最终形成1卵细胞2助细胞2极核3反足细胞的成熟胚囊。此外,孝顺竹为雌雄同熟类型,根据雌、雄蕊发育的对应关系,从雄蕊形态可估测雌配子体发育阶段。有少数雌蕊出现败育现象,可能是孝顺竹结实率低的原因之一。

Assessing Growth Parameters from Culm Cuttings of Bambusa vulgaris at the University of Dschang Botanic Garden, West Region of Cameroon: Implications for the Bamboo Resource Base and Rural Livelihoods

Dwindling supplies of bamboo resources and the increase in the demand for bamboo have led to the need for better propagation techniques. This is the only way to ensure the sustainability of the bamboo resource base and improve livelihoods. Thus, this study was carried out to examine the different growth parameters of culm cuttings of Bambusa vulgaris in propagation beds with a substrate consisting of dark soil, manure (compost) and sand in a ratio of 1:1:1. Data on different growth parameters was collected on a daily basis over a three week period and analyzed using appropriate descriptive and inferential statistics. It was found that the different growth parameters (diameter, height, leaves and sheaths) of culm cuttings of B. vulgaris evolved in like manner in three propagation beds. Descriptive statistics for growth parameters of culm cuttings of B. vulgaris showed little or no differences across three shelter/propagation beds (shelter bed 1, shelter bed 2 and shelter bed 3) with 1.4675 ± 1.6172 cm, 93 ± 112 cm, 22 ± 30 leaves, and 4 ± 6 sheaths being the mean diameter, height, number of leaves and number of sheaths for all three propagation beds, respectively. ANOVA test showed no statistically significant variation (p > 0.05) between growth parameters of culm cuttings of B. vulgaris across the three propagation beds, implying that the different growth parameters were relatively similar. Pearson correlation showed the existence of direct and inverse relationships between the different growth parameters of culm cuttings of bamboo. The existence of these direct and inverse relationships could be attributed to the rapid growth rate of bamboo, the substrate used, and the species of bamboo used (B. vulgaris). The study recommends more large-scale propagation projects of this bamboo species in order to ensure the sustainability of the bamboo resource base and improve livelihoods of bamboo dependent rural communities.

不同土壤含水量对慈竹(Bambusa emeiensis)生长的影响

为探究不同土壤含水量对慈竹生长的影响,以盆栽慈竹的1年生竹兜为材料,待其长出第一批枝叶之后,分别设置土壤相对含水量20%~40%(T1,低土壤含水量),50%~70%(T2,中土壤含水量),80%~100%(T3,高土壤含水量),进行持续控水3个月,然后复水,待其高度生长基本停止以后,分别从器官尺度测定各处理期间的新发竹笋的数目以及基部径粗、鲜质量等,细胞尺度测定各处理期间纤维形态、导管及薄壁细胞大小等数据。结果表明:T1较T2相比,发笋数量减少,鲜质量降低,细胞大小降低,而T3植株形态以及纤维细胞形态与T2相似,薄壁细胞较T2稍稍增大,但未达显著水平。另外纤维素和木质素质量分数测定结果显示3种处理无显著性差异。由此可知,慈竹笋期低土壤含水量会对其发笋数量、细胞分裂以及细胞伸长及涨大造成不可逆的影响,而复水之后最终细胞壁成分的积累受笋期含水量影响较小。

Influence of age on fibre and chemical charcteristics of plantation bamboo (Bambusa bambos (L) voss

文中研究和探讨了竹龄对1～6年箣竹人工林纤维和化学特性的影响。+50,+65和+100目纤维的化学组份,纤维长度和百分比含量与林龄的增长而逐渐增加。结果表明这些竹种可能在第一年已达到成熟期。人工竹林与热带竹林相比变化很小。考虑到人工林的管理,36个月的老竹适合用于纸浆材。

Calcium antagonistic effects of Bambusa Rigida investigated by ^(45)Ca and its protection on myocardial ischemia of rats

An investigation was conducted using ^(45)Ca as a radioactive tracer to evaluate calcium antagonistic effects of several extracts from Bambusa Rigida in living rats.The relationship between the flavonoid and saccharide contents of Bambusa Rigida and calcium antagonistic effects were also analyzed.The protective effects of the alkali extracts of Bambusa Rigida on myocardial ischemia were investigated in living rats.The results indicated that the alkali extracts of Bambusa Rigida had a prominent influence on Ca^(2+) influx and efflux in the isolated rat aorta and heart,as they could obviously block ^(45)Ca entering into cells and stimulate efflux of intracellular Ca^(2+).Moreover,the alkali extracts of Bambusa Rigida had favorable protective effects on myocardial ischemia induced either by isoproterenoi injection (ISO) or by the ligation of coronary artery.These results implied that the Bambusa Rigida had attractive potential for the treatment of heart,cerebrovascular and other diseases.However,the conclusion that whether the flavonoid or saccharide in Bambusa Rigida affected the calcium antagonistic effects and Ca^(2+) channels or not was hard to make within the results of the investigation.

花叶凤尾竹(Bambusa glaucescens f.albo)组培快繁体系的建立

花叶凤尾竹(Bambusa glaucescens f.albo-variegata)具有很高的观赏价值,但现存量少,需通过组织培养技术实现快速繁殖的目标。本研究以花叶凤尾竹当年生幼嫩带节茎段为外植体进行组织培养,探索花叶凤尾竹组织培养外植体采集时间、消毒条件、增殖和生根的最佳培养基配方。结果表明,以6月下旬采集保留叶鞘的花叶凤尾竹幼嫩带节茎段为外植体,可得到最高的存活率;最佳消毒方式为有效氯浓度1%的NaClO溶液,消毒12 min;最佳丛芽诱导和增殖的培养基为MS+0.08 mg/L TDZ+1 mg/L BA+0.2 mg/L KT;生根培养基为1/2MS+2.5 mg/L NAA。综上建立的花叶凤尾竹快繁体系,无菌苗获得率可达58.88%,增殖系数可达3.65,生根率86.67%,平均生根数3以上。本研究为快速繁育花叶凤尾竹种苗提供技术支持。