Currently,all quantum private comparison protocols based on two-dimensional quantum states can only compare equality,via using high-dimensional quantum states that it is possible to compare the size relation in existi...Currently,all quantum private comparison protocols based on two-dimensional quantum states can only compare equality,via using high-dimensional quantum states that it is possible to compare the size relation in existing work.In addition,it is difficult to manipulate high-dimensional quantum states under the existing conditions of quantum information processing,leading to low practicality and engineering feasibility of protocols for comparing size relation.Considering this situation,we propose an innovative protocol.The proposed protocol can make size comparison by exploiting more manageable two-dimensional Bell states,which significantly enhances its feasibility with current quantum technologies.Simultaneously,the proposed protocol enables multiple participants to compare their privacies with the semi-quantum model.The communication process of the protocol is simulated on the IBM Quantum Experience platform to verify its effectiveness.Security analysis shows that the proposed protocol can withstand common attacks while preserving the privacies of all participants.Thus,the devised protocol may provide an important reference for implementation of quantum private size comparison protocols.展开更多
Using real fields instead of complex ones, it was recently claimed, that all fermions are made of pairs of coupled fields (strings) with an internal tension related to mutual attraction forces, related to Planck’s co...Using real fields instead of complex ones, it was recently claimed, that all fermions are made of pairs of coupled fields (strings) with an internal tension related to mutual attraction forces, related to Planck’s constant. Quantum mechanics is described with real fields and real operators. Schrodinger and Dirac equations then are solved. The solution to Dirac equation gives four, real, 2-vectors solutions ψ1=(U1D1)ψ2=(U2D2)ψ3=(U3D3)ψ4=(U4D4)where (ψ1,ψ4) are coupled via linear combinations to yield spin-up and spin-down fermions. Likewise, (ψ2,ψ3) are coupled via linear combinations to represent spin-up and spin-down anti-fermions. For an incoming entangled pair of fermions, the combined solution is Ψin=c1ψ1+c4ψ4where c1and c4are some hidden variables. By applying a magnetic field in +Z and +x the theoretical results of a triple Stern-Gerlach experiment are predicted correctly. Then, by repeating Bell’s and Mermin Gedanken experiment with three magnetic filters σθ, at three different inclination angles θ, the violation of Bell’s inequality is proven. It is shown that all fermions are in a mixed state of spins and the ratio between spin-up to spin-down depends on the hidden variables.展开更多
It is not generally known that the inequality that Bell derived using three random variables must be identically satisfied by any three corresponding data sets of ±1’s that are writable on paper. This surprising...It is not generally known that the inequality that Bell derived using three random variables must be identically satisfied by any three corresponding data sets of ±1’s that are writable on paper. This surprising fact is not immediately obvious from Bell’s inequality derivation based on causal random variables, but follows immediately if the same mathematical operations are applied to finite data sets. For laboratory data, the inequality is identically satisfied as a fact of pure algebra, and its satisfaction is independent of whether the processes generating the data are local, non-local, deterministic, random, or nonsensical. It follows that if predicted correlations violate the inequality, they represent no three cross-correlated data sets that can exist, or can be generated from valid probability models. Reported data that violate the inequality consist of probabilistically independent data-pairs and are thus inconsistent with inequality derivation. In the case of random variables as Bell assumed, the correlations in the inequality may be expressed in terms of the probabilities that give rise to them. A new inequality is then produced: The Wigner inequality, that must be satisfied by quantum mechanical probabilities in the case of Bell experiments. If that were not the case, predicted quantum probabilities and correlations would be inconsistent with basic algebra.展开更多
In this article,we construct the generating functions for new families of special polynomials including two parametric kinds of Bell-based Bernoulli and Euler polynomials.Some fundamental properties of these functions...In this article,we construct the generating functions for new families of special polynomials including two parametric kinds of Bell-based Bernoulli and Euler polynomials.Some fundamental properties of these functions are given.By using these generating functions and some identities,relations among trigonometric functions and two parametric kinds of Bell-based Bernoulli and Euler polynomials,Stirling numbers are presented.Computational formulae for these polynomials are obtained.Applying a partial derivative operator to these generating functions,some derivative formulae and finite combinatorial sums involving the aforementioned polynomials and numbers are also obtained.In addition,some remarks and observations on these polynomials are given.展开更多
In cryptography,oblivious transfer(OT)is an important multiparty cryptographic primitive and protocol,that is suitable for many upperlayer applications,such as secure computation,remote coin-flipping,electrical contra...In cryptography,oblivious transfer(OT)is an important multiparty cryptographic primitive and protocol,that is suitable for many upperlayer applications,such as secure computation,remote coin-flipping,electrical contract signing and exchanging secrets simultaneously.However,some nogo theorems have been established,indicating that one-out-of-two quantum oblivious transfer(QOT)protocols with unconditional security are impossible.Fortunately,some one-out-of-two QOT protocols using the concept of Crepeau’s reduction have been demonstrated not to conform to Lo’s no-go theorem,but these protocols require more quantum resources to generate classical keys using all-or-nothing QOT to construct one-out-of-two QOT.This paper proposes a novel and efficient one-out-of-two QOT which uses quantum resources directly instead of wasting unnecessary resources to generate classical keys.The proposed protocol is not covered by Lo’s no-go theorem,and it is able to check the sender’s loyalty and avoid the attack from the receiver.Moreover,the entangled state of the proposed protocol is reusable,so it can provide more services for the participants when necessary.Compared with otherQOT protocols,the proposed protocol is more secure,efficient,and flexible,which not only can prevent external and internal attacks,but also reduce the required resources and resource distribution time.展开更多
BACKGROUND Bell’s palsy is an idiopathic facial palsy with an unknown cause,and 75%of patients heal spontaneously.However,the other 25%of patients continue experiencing mild or severe disabilities,resulting in a redu...BACKGROUND Bell’s palsy is an idiopathic facial palsy with an unknown cause,and 75%of patients heal spontaneously.However,the other 25%of patients continue experiencing mild or severe disabilities,resulting in a reduced quality of life.Currently,various treatment methods have been developed to treat this disease.However,there is controversy regarding their effectiveness,and new alternative treatments are needed.CASE SUMMARY The patient suffered from left-sided facial paralysis due to Bell’s palsy for 7 years.The patient received an uncultured umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplant eight times for treatment.After follow-up for 32 mo,the paralysis was cured,and there was no recurrence.CONCLUSION Uncultured umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation may be a potential treatment for patients with Bell’s palsy who do not spontaneously recover.展开更多
We report a case of a rare sporadic Vestibular Schwannoma of a 9-month-old girl who had a right-sided lower motor type facial nerve palsy. The patient was initially diagnosed with Bell’s palsy and received steroid tr...We report a case of a rare sporadic Vestibular Schwannoma of a 9-month-old girl who had a right-sided lower motor type facial nerve palsy. The patient was initially diagnosed with Bell’s palsy and received steroid treatment accordingly, two months later the patient’s condition deteriorated, and further evaluation of CT and MRI brain was conducted that showed a mass lesion in the posterior fossa causing compression on the facial nerve. Misdiagnosis of facial nerve paralysis is common among children due to multiple related etiologies and varying rates of incidence in comparison to adults. The authors hope to address this issue in this report. Background: Facial nerve paralysis has been a matter of concern for many researchers to understand its nature, causes and presentation according to different age groups. In adults, Bell’s palsy (BP), the idiopathic form of facial nerve paralysis, is more common compared to children where most cases are due to secondary etiologies. Therefore, pediatricians are in an important position to identify these patients early in order to launch the most effective diagnostic and treatment approaches.展开更多
In this note, we first derive an exponential generating function of the alternating run polynomials. We then deduce an explicit formula of the alternating run polynomials in terms of the partial Bell polynomials.
Introduction: Bell’s palsy is an uncommon adverse effect of the COVID-19 vaccine that has been reported in clinical trials. Even though a few studies have linked the vaccination to Bell’s palsy, the actual mechanism...Introduction: Bell’s palsy is an uncommon adverse effect of the COVID-19 vaccine that has been reported in clinical trials. Even though a few studies have linked the vaccination to Bell’s palsy, the actual mechanism is uncertain. Objectives: To describe the demographic data and COVID-19 vaccines-related data with Bell’s palsy in a tertiary centre of Malaysia, Hospital Kuala Lumpur. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was observed among vaccinated recipients who developed Bell’s palsy within 60 days and sought treatment in the Otorhinolaryngology Department Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia between 1<sup>st</sup> May 2021 and 30<sup>th</sup> November 2021. The demographic data, clinical history, and vaccination history were collected from clinical records. The facial paralysis was graded according to the House-Brackmann grading system. Results: A total of 26 patients with a mean age was 38.5 years;higher incidence in younger age, below 60 years old (n = 24), specifically 18 - 30 years old (n = 11). We observed an equal number in relation to gender and onset (after the first or second dose) of facial palsy. Predominantly were Malay (n = 21) and only 6 patients had comorbidities. We found there was no difference in regard to the type of vaccine among Bell’s palsy patients;Pfizer (n = 9), followed by Sinovac (n = 9) and AstraZeneca (n = 8). Conclusion: Bell’s palsy was found to be a possible adverse event of the COVID-19 vaccine. Younger groups were noted as susceptible to this rare adverse effect. However, the benefits of vaccination outweigh the risk of Bell’s palsy, which has a good prognosis. More research with larger samples is needed to determine the true relationship between vaccination and Bell’s palsy.展开更多
J. S. Bell’s well-known proofs of inequalities (and related work) are shown to be invalidated by two counter-arguments (-examples) that are based on Einstein-local propositions: Bell-type inequalities of Einstein-Pod...J. S. Bell’s well-known proofs of inequalities (and related work) are shown to be invalidated by two counter-arguments (-examples) that are based on Einstein-local propositions: Bell-type inequalities of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen experiments must include, as virtually all physical theories do, elements of physical reality and their mathematical representations that relate to continua as opposed to exclusively finite numbers. Furthermore, Bell-type inequalities must be valid for all possible experimental geometries that lead to the quantum result. Based on these propositions, violations of Bell-type inequalities are demonstrated without violating Einstein locality, without conspiracy type theories and even for the case that all known “loopholes” are closed.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62161025)the Project of Scientific and Technological Innovation Base of Jiangxi Province(Grant No.20203CCD46008)the Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Fusion and Information Control(Grant No.20171BCD40005).
文摘Currently,all quantum private comparison protocols based on two-dimensional quantum states can only compare equality,via using high-dimensional quantum states that it is possible to compare the size relation in existing work.In addition,it is difficult to manipulate high-dimensional quantum states under the existing conditions of quantum information processing,leading to low practicality and engineering feasibility of protocols for comparing size relation.Considering this situation,we propose an innovative protocol.The proposed protocol can make size comparison by exploiting more manageable two-dimensional Bell states,which significantly enhances its feasibility with current quantum technologies.Simultaneously,the proposed protocol enables multiple participants to compare their privacies with the semi-quantum model.The communication process of the protocol is simulated on the IBM Quantum Experience platform to verify its effectiveness.Security analysis shows that the proposed protocol can withstand common attacks while preserving the privacies of all participants.Thus,the devised protocol may provide an important reference for implementation of quantum private size comparison protocols.
文摘Using real fields instead of complex ones, it was recently claimed, that all fermions are made of pairs of coupled fields (strings) with an internal tension related to mutual attraction forces, related to Planck’s constant. Quantum mechanics is described with real fields and real operators. Schrodinger and Dirac equations then are solved. The solution to Dirac equation gives four, real, 2-vectors solutions ψ1=(U1D1)ψ2=(U2D2)ψ3=(U3D3)ψ4=(U4D4)where (ψ1,ψ4) are coupled via linear combinations to yield spin-up and spin-down fermions. Likewise, (ψ2,ψ3) are coupled via linear combinations to represent spin-up and spin-down anti-fermions. For an incoming entangled pair of fermions, the combined solution is Ψin=c1ψ1+c4ψ4where c1and c4are some hidden variables. By applying a magnetic field in +Z and +x the theoretical results of a triple Stern-Gerlach experiment are predicted correctly. Then, by repeating Bell’s and Mermin Gedanken experiment with three magnetic filters σθ, at three different inclination angles θ, the violation of Bell’s inequality is proven. It is shown that all fermions are in a mixed state of spins and the ratio between spin-up to spin-down depends on the hidden variables.
文摘It is not generally known that the inequality that Bell derived using three random variables must be identically satisfied by any three corresponding data sets of ±1’s that are writable on paper. This surprising fact is not immediately obvious from Bell’s inequality derivation based on causal random variables, but follows immediately if the same mathematical operations are applied to finite data sets. For laboratory data, the inequality is identically satisfied as a fact of pure algebra, and its satisfaction is independent of whether the processes generating the data are local, non-local, deterministic, random, or nonsensical. It follows that if predicted correlations violate the inequality, they represent no three cross-correlated data sets that can exist, or can be generated from valid probability models. Reported data that violate the inequality consist of probabilistically independent data-pairs and are thus inconsistent with inequality derivation. In the case of random variables as Bell assumed, the correlations in the inequality may be expressed in terms of the probabilities that give rise to them. A new inequality is then produced: The Wigner inequality, that must be satisfied by quantum mechanical probabilities in the case of Bell experiments. If that were not the case, predicted quantum probabilities and correlations would be inconsistent with basic algebra.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.10671074 and No.60673048)Natural Science Foundation of Education Ministry of Anhui Province(No.KJ2007B124 and No.2006KJ256B)
基金funded by Research Deanship at the University of Ha’il,Saudi Arabia,through Project No.RG-21144.
文摘In this article,we construct the generating functions for new families of special polynomials including two parametric kinds of Bell-based Bernoulli and Euler polynomials.Some fundamental properties of these functions are given.By using these generating functions and some identities,relations among trigonometric functions and two parametric kinds of Bell-based Bernoulli and Euler polynomials,Stirling numbers are presented.Computational formulae for these polynomials are obtained.Applying a partial derivative operator to these generating functions,some derivative formulae and finite combinatorial sums involving the aforementioned polynomials and numbers are also obtained.In addition,some remarks and observations on these polynomials are given.
基金supported in part by the Ministry of Science and Technology(MOST)in Taiwan under Grants MOST108-2638-E-002-002-MY2,MOST109-2222-E-005-002-MY3,MOST110-2627-M-002-002,MOST110-2221-E-260-014,MOST110-2222-E-006-011,MOST111-2218-E-005-007-MBK,and MOST111-2119-M-033-001supported in part by Higher Education Sprout Project,Ministry of Education to the Headquarters of University Advancement at National Cheng Kung University.
文摘In cryptography,oblivious transfer(OT)is an important multiparty cryptographic primitive and protocol,that is suitable for many upperlayer applications,such as secure computation,remote coin-flipping,electrical contract signing and exchanging secrets simultaneously.However,some nogo theorems have been established,indicating that one-out-of-two quantum oblivious transfer(QOT)protocols with unconditional security are impossible.Fortunately,some one-out-of-two QOT protocols using the concept of Crepeau’s reduction have been demonstrated not to conform to Lo’s no-go theorem,but these protocols require more quantum resources to generate classical keys using all-or-nothing QOT to construct one-out-of-two QOT.This paper proposes a novel and efficient one-out-of-two QOT which uses quantum resources directly instead of wasting unnecessary resources to generate classical keys.The proposed protocol is not covered by Lo’s no-go theorem,and it is able to check the sender’s loyalty and avoid the attack from the receiver.Moreover,the entangled state of the proposed protocol is reusable,so it can provide more services for the participants when necessary.Compared with otherQOT protocols,the proposed protocol is more secure,efficient,and flexible,which not only can prevent external and internal attacks,but also reduce the required resources and resource distribution time.
文摘BACKGROUND Bell’s palsy is an idiopathic facial palsy with an unknown cause,and 75%of patients heal spontaneously.However,the other 25%of patients continue experiencing mild or severe disabilities,resulting in a reduced quality of life.Currently,various treatment methods have been developed to treat this disease.However,there is controversy regarding their effectiveness,and new alternative treatments are needed.CASE SUMMARY The patient suffered from left-sided facial paralysis due to Bell’s palsy for 7 years.The patient received an uncultured umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplant eight times for treatment.After follow-up for 32 mo,the paralysis was cured,and there was no recurrence.CONCLUSION Uncultured umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation may be a potential treatment for patients with Bell’s palsy who do not spontaneously recover.
文摘We report a case of a rare sporadic Vestibular Schwannoma of a 9-month-old girl who had a right-sided lower motor type facial nerve palsy. The patient was initially diagnosed with Bell’s palsy and received steroid treatment accordingly, two months later the patient’s condition deteriorated, and further evaluation of CT and MRI brain was conducted that showed a mass lesion in the posterior fossa causing compression on the facial nerve. Misdiagnosis of facial nerve paralysis is common among children due to multiple related etiologies and varying rates of incidence in comparison to adults. The authors hope to address this issue in this report. Background: Facial nerve paralysis has been a matter of concern for many researchers to understand its nature, causes and presentation according to different age groups. In adults, Bell’s palsy (BP), the idiopathic form of facial nerve paralysis, is more common compared to children where most cases are due to secondary etiologies. Therefore, pediatricians are in an important position to identify these patients early in order to launch the most effective diagnostic and treatment approaches.
文摘In this note, we first derive an exponential generating function of the alternating run polynomials. We then deduce an explicit formula of the alternating run polynomials in terms of the partial Bell polynomials.
文摘Introduction: Bell’s palsy is an uncommon adverse effect of the COVID-19 vaccine that has been reported in clinical trials. Even though a few studies have linked the vaccination to Bell’s palsy, the actual mechanism is uncertain. Objectives: To describe the demographic data and COVID-19 vaccines-related data with Bell’s palsy in a tertiary centre of Malaysia, Hospital Kuala Lumpur. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was observed among vaccinated recipients who developed Bell’s palsy within 60 days and sought treatment in the Otorhinolaryngology Department Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia between 1<sup>st</sup> May 2021 and 30<sup>th</sup> November 2021. The demographic data, clinical history, and vaccination history were collected from clinical records. The facial paralysis was graded according to the House-Brackmann grading system. Results: A total of 26 patients with a mean age was 38.5 years;higher incidence in younger age, below 60 years old (n = 24), specifically 18 - 30 years old (n = 11). We observed an equal number in relation to gender and onset (after the first or second dose) of facial palsy. Predominantly were Malay (n = 21) and only 6 patients had comorbidities. We found there was no difference in regard to the type of vaccine among Bell’s palsy patients;Pfizer (n = 9), followed by Sinovac (n = 9) and AstraZeneca (n = 8). Conclusion: Bell’s palsy was found to be a possible adverse event of the COVID-19 vaccine. Younger groups were noted as susceptible to this rare adverse effect. However, the benefits of vaccination outweigh the risk of Bell’s palsy, which has a good prognosis. More research with larger samples is needed to determine the true relationship between vaccination and Bell’s palsy.
文摘J. S. Bell’s well-known proofs of inequalities (and related work) are shown to be invalidated by two counter-arguments (-examples) that are based on Einstein-local propositions: Bell-type inequalities of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen experiments must include, as virtually all physical theories do, elements of physical reality and their mathematical representations that relate to continua as opposed to exclusively finite numbers. Furthermore, Bell-type inequalities must be valid for all possible experimental geometries that lead to the quantum result. Based on these propositions, violations of Bell-type inequalities are demonstrated without violating Einstein locality, without conspiracy type theories and even for the case that all known “loopholes” are closed.
