Transcriptomic analysis of Andrias davidianus meat and experimental validation for exploring its bioactive components as functional foods

Andrias davidianus(Chinese giant salamander,CGS)is the largest and oldest extant amphibian species in the world and is a source of prospective functional food in China.However,the progress of functional peptides mining was slow due to lack of reference genome and protein sequence data.In this study,we illustrated full-length transcriptome sequencing to interpret the proteome of CGS meat and obtain 10703 coding DNA sequences.By functional annotation and amino acid composition analysis,we have discovered various genes related to signal transduction,and 16 genes related to longevity.We have also found vast variety of functional peptides through protein coding sequence(CDS)analysis by comparing the data obtained with the functional peptide database.Val-Pro-Ile predicted by the CDS analysis was released from the CGS meat through enzymatic hydrolysis,suggesting that our approach is reliable.This study suggested that transcriptomic analysis can be used as a reference to guide polypeptide mining in CGS meat,thereby providing a powerful mining strategy for the bioresources with unknown genomic and proteomic sequences.

Distribution, Development and Utilization of Bioactive Components Resources of Russian Melilotus officinalis

To confirm the content and distribution of bioactive components in roots, stems, leaves and grains of Russian Me/i/otus officina/is ＇Sligen 1 ＂, an experiment involving bioactive components detection and field planting was conducted. Kjeldahl method and high performance gas chromatography were used to detect the protein. The automatic amino acid analyzer was used to detect amino acid. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS） and molecular distillation apparatus were used to confirm the fatty acid content. Gravimetric method was used to detect saponin and alkaloid contents. High performance liquid chromatography was used to detect the coumarin content. The polyphenol content was determined by forint reagent colorimetric method. Anthracene copper-sulfuric acid colorimetry was used to detect the polysaccharide, and aluminum nitrate-sodium nitrite-sodium hydroxide col- orimetric method was used to confirm flavone. The results showed that protein and amino acid were mainly distributed in leaves and seeds. The fatty acid was mainly distributed in seeds. The saponin was mainly distributed in roots and leave. The polyphenol was mainly distributed in roots, stems and leaves. The alkaloid was mainly distributed in stems, leaves and seeds. Seeds mainly contained coumarin. M. officinalis had little polysaccharide and flavone. The total production of bioactive in- gredients was 3 016.3 kg/hm2. The output of crude protein, amino acids and fatty acids was 1 400.6, 1 246.8, 112.2, respectively. The yields of effective components saponins, alkaloids, polyphenols and coumarin were 97.0, 77.9, 41.7, 40.1 kg/hm2, respectively. After separation, extraction and purification, those components can be used as the natural ingredients to develop medicine, food, chemical and other biotechnological products.

A strategy of screening and binding analysis of bioactive components from traditional Chinese medicine based on surface plasmon resonance biosensor

Elucidating the active components of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)is essential for understanding the mechanisms of TCM and promote its rational use as well as TCM-derived drug development.Recent studies have shown that surface plasmon resonance(SPR)technology is promising in this field.In the present study,we propose an SPR-based integrated strategy to screen and analyze the major active components of TCM.We used Radix Paeoniae Alba(RPA)as an example to identify the compounds that can account for its anti-inflammatory mechanism via tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1(TNF-R1).First,RPA extraction was analyzed using an SPR-based screening system,and the potential active ingredients were collected,enriched,and identified as paeoniflorin and paeonol.Next,the affinity constants of paeoniflorin and paeonol were determined as 4.9 and 11.8 mM,respectively.Then,SPR-based competition assays and molecular docking were performed to show that the two compounds could compete with tumor necrosis factor-a(TNF-a)while binding to the subdomain 1 site of TNF-R1.Finally,in biological assays,the two compounds suppressed cytotoxicity and apoptosis induced by TNF-a in the L929 cell line.These findings prove that SPR technology is a useful tool for determining the active ingredients of TCM at the molecular level and can be used in various aspects of drug development.The SPR-based integrated strategy is reliable and feasible in TCM studies and will shed light on the elucidation of the pharmacological mechanism of TCM and facilitate its modernization.

Sexual spores in edible mushroom: bioactive components, discharge mechanisms and effects on fruiting bodies quality

Edible mushroom sexual spores have been gaining more interest due to their bioactive components and functions.Spore discharge(SD)is an important factor affecting the quality of edible mushrooms.In this review,the bioactive nutrients of sexual spores of edible mushrooms were summarized,the SD mechanism was described,and the relationship between postharvest SD and the quality of edible mushrooms was analyzed.Spores contain various bioactive nutrients that are benefi cial to the human body.Mature mushrooms can actively discharge spores in a process affected by light,relative humidity,and temperature.During storage,the physiological metabolism of spore-bearing gill tissue is vigorous,promoting the release of postharvest spores and changing the nutritional value of fruiting bodies.The flavor of the fruiting bodies also varied signifi cantly during SD.Edible mushroom sexual spores have the potential to become new raw materials for functional food and medical resources.Research on the effect of the mechanism of SD on the quality of edible mushrooms and the development of SD regulation technology may be a new trend in the quality control of edible mushrooms,which will promote the development of the edible mushroom industry.

Effects of different thermal processing methods on bioactive components,phenolic compounds,and antioxidant activities of Qingke(highland hull-less barley)

Qingke(highland hull-less barley)is a grain replete with substantial nutrients and bioactive ingredients.In this study,we evaluated the effects of boiling(BO),steaming(ST),microwave baking(MB),far-infrared baking(FB),steam explosion(SE),and deep frying(DF)on bioactive components,phenolic compounds,and antioxidant activities of Qingke compared with the effects of traditional roast(TR).Results showed that the soluble dietary fiber,beta-glucan and water-extractable pentosans of Qingke in dry heat processes of TR,SE,MB and FB had a higher content compared with other thermal methods and had a better antioxidant activity of hydroxyl radical scavenging and a better reduction capacity,while those in wet heat processes of BO and ST had a better antioxidant activity of ABTS radical scavenging and a better Fe^(2+) chelating ability.DF-and SE-Qingke had a higher content of tocopherol,phenolic,and flavonoid.Overall,6 free phenolic compounds and 12 bound phenolic compounds of Qingke were identified,and free phenolic compounds suffered more damage during thermal processing.Principal component analysis showed that SE had more advantages in retaining and improving the main biological active ingredients of Qingke,and it may be the best method for treating Qingke.

The Functional Role of Garlic and Bioactive Components in Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Health: What We Do Know

Cardiovascular disease is a complex and multifactorial disease strongly associated with hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, reduced ?brinolysis, increased blood-clotting time and increased platelet aggregation. Among other confounding factors, oxidative damage is a major factor in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The use of garlic in folkloric medicine highlights the potential role in either preventing or delaying cardiovascular disease. Contemporary research reveals how garlic and bioactive components modulate the risk factors of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases thus tending towards validating a measure of folkloric claims concerning the functional efficacy of garlic. This review seeks to elucidate contemporary research attempt towards the validation of the role of garlic and bioactive components, mechanisms of action involved and to define its ultimate role in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Some contradictory claims exist possibly due to the use of different experimental protocols/formulations/dosages of garlic. Overwhelming commonality of positive cardiovascular and cerebro-vascular responses reside among research studies thus offering compelling evidence in supports of the bene?cial health effects of garlic and components.

Bioactive components,pharmacological properties and underlying mechanism of Ganoderma lucidum spore oil:A review

Ganoderma lucidum is a Chinese medicinal fungus with a long history of use in healthcare and disease treatment.G.lucidum spores(GLS)are tiny germ cells released from the mushroom cap during the mature stage of growth.They contain all the genetic active substances of G.lucidum.G.lucidum spore oil(GLSO)is a lipid component extracted from broken-walled Ganoderma spores using supercritical CO_(2)extraction technology.GLSO contains fatty acids,Ganoderma triterpenes,sterols and other bioactive compounds.Previous studies have demonstrated that GLSO has a wide range of pharmacological properties,including anti-tumor,anti-aging,neuroprotection,immunomodulation,hepatoprotection and modulation of metabolic diseases.This review summarizes the research progress of GLSO over the past two decades in terms of its bioactive components,extraction and processing techniques,pharmacological effects and safety evaluation.This provides a solid foundation for further research and application of GLSO.

Research advances in bioactive components and health benefits of jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)fruit

Jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.),a highly nutritious and functional fruit,is reported to have various health benefits and has been extensively planted worldwide,especially in China.Many studies have shown that bioactive components derived from jujube fruit have significant nutritional and potential biological effects.In this paper,the latest progress in research on major bioactive compounds obtained from jujube is reviewed,and the potential biological functions of jujube fruit resources are discussed.As a dietary supplement,jujube fruit is well recognized as a healthy food which contains a variety of bioactive substances,such as polysaccharides,polyphenols,amino acids,nucleotides,fatty acids,dietary fiber,alkaloids,and other nutrients.These nutrients and non-nutritive phytochemicals obtained from jujube fruit have physiological functions including anticancer,antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,anti-hyperlipidemic,anti-hyperglycemic,immunoregulatory,neuroprotective,sedative,and antiviral functions.Of note is that new constituents,including alkaloids,dietary fiber,and other bioactive substances,as well as the antiviral,hypoglycemic,lipid-lowering,and neuroprotective effects of jujube fruit,are systematically reviewed here for the first time.Meanwhile,problems affecting the exploitation of jujube fruit resources are discussed and further research directions proposed.Therefore,this review provides a useful bibliography for the future development of jujube-based products and the utilization of jujube nutritional components in functional foods.

Comparison of volatile profiles and bioactive components of sun-dried Pu-erh tea leaves from ancient tea plants on Bulang Mountain measured by GC-MS and HPLC

To explore the volatile profiles and the contents of ten bioactive components(polyphenols and caffeine) of sun-dried Pu-erh tea leaves from ancient tea plants on Bulang Mountain,17 samples of three tea varieties were analyzed by headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(HS-SPME-GC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).A total of 75 volatile components were tentatively identified.Laomaner(LME),Laobanzhang(LBZ),and other teas on Bulang Mountain(BL) contained 70,53,and 71 volatile compounds,respectively.Among the volatile compounds,alcohols(30.2%-45.8%),hydrocarbons(13.7%-17.5%),and ketones(12.4%-23.4%) were qualitatively the most dominant volatile compounds in the different tea varieties.The average content of polyphenol was highest in LME(102.1 mg/g),followed by BL(98.7 mg/g) and LBZ(88.0 mg/g),while caffeine showed the opposite trend,27.3 mg/g in LME,33.5 mg/g in BL,and 38.1 mg/g in LBZ.Principal component analysis applied to both the volatile compounds and ten bioactive components showed a poor separation of samples according to varieties,while partial least squares-discriminant analysis(PLS-DA) showed satisfactory discrimination.Thirty-four volatile components and five bioactive compounds were selected as major discriminators(variable importance in projection(VIP)>1) among the tea varieties.These results suggest that chromatographic data combined with multivariate analysis could provide a useful technique to characterize and distinguish the sun-dried Pu-erh tea leaves from ancient tea varieties on Bulang Mountain.

Relaxant Effect of Bioactive Component Compatibility of San-ao Decoction on In vitro Guinea Pig Airway Smooth Muscle:A Dose-Response Relationship Study

Background:Component compatibility is important to the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine.Studies have shown that San-ao decoction(SAD)can treat respiratory diseases by relaxing airway smooth muscle(ASM)and reducing airway hyper-responsiveness.However,whether its bioactive components and compatibility also present with similar relaxant effects remains unknown.This study aims to explore the potential relaxant property,dose-response relationship,and underlying mechanisms of the bioactive component compatibility in SAD.Methods:Network pharmacology was primarily used to identify the bioactive components of SAD and uncover its underlying mechanisms.ASM tension force measuring technique was utilized to verify the relaxant and dose-response effects on in vitro guinea pig ASM.Results:We postulated pseudoephedrine hydrochloride(PH),amygdalin(AM),and diammonium glycyrrhizate(DG)to be the bioactive components of SAD,which could effectively relax ASM in a dose-dependent manner on both acetylcholine-induced and spontaneous contraction.Both PH and AM could lead to DG dose–response curve shift.The regression equation of these three bioactive components was Y=-2.048×X_(1)+0.411×X_(2)+14.052×X_(3)(X_(1),X_(2),X_(3)representing PH,AM,and DG,respectively).The underlying mechanisms of these components might be associated with the regulation of smooth muscle contraction.Conclusions:PH,AM,and DG are the bioactive components of SAD,which can relax ASM in a dose–response manner and exert a synergistic effect.Clinically,compatibility of these three bioactive components may serve as a new complementary and alternative treatment for respiratory diseases.

Valorization of Camellia oleifera oil processing byproducts to value-added chemicals and biobased materials: A critical review

The C.oleifera oil processing industry generates large amounts of solid wastes,including C.oleifera shell(COS)and C.oleifera cake(COC).Distinct from generally acknowledged lignocellulosic biomass(corn stover,bamboo,birch,etc.),Camellia wastes contain diverse bioactive substances in addition to the abundant lignocellulosic components,and thus,the biorefinery utilization of C.oleifera processing byproducts involves complicated processing technologies.This reviewfirst summarizes various technologies for extracting and converting the main components in C.oleifera oil processing byproducts into value-added chemicals and biobased materials,as well as their potential applications.Microwave,ultrasound,and Soxhlet extractions are compared for the extraction of functional bioactive components(tannin,flavonoid,saponin,etc.),while solvothermal conversion and pyrolysis are discussed for the conversion of lignocellulosic components into value-added chemicals.The application areas of these chemicals according to their properties are introduced in detail,including utilizing antioxidant and anti-in-flammatory properties of the bioactive substances for the specific application,as well as drop-in chemicals for the substitution of unrenewable fossil fuel-derived products.In addition to chemical production,biochar fabricated from COS and its applications in thefields of adsorption,supercapacitor,soil remediation and wood composites are comprehensively reviewed and discussed.Finally,based on the compositions and structural characteristics of C.oleifera byproducts,the development of full-component valorization strategies and the expansion of the appli-cationfields are proposed.

Enhanced Free Radical Scavenging and Inhibition of DPP-4 and ACE Activities by Compounds from Salmon Tissues Digested in Vitro with Gastrointestinal Proteases

Research on marine bioactive peptides has mainly focused on characterization of peptides in hydrolysates prepared with commercial industrial enzymes and the usefulness of such hydrolysates in health and functional foods. However, a relevant question is whether digestion of fish proteins with gastrointestinal proteases per se generates peptides that also can have health promoting properties and can reduce, e.g., diabetes 2, inflammation and hypertension either in relation to gastrointestinal digestion or as alternative to industrial proteases. The aim of the study was to investigate hydrolysates obtained from in vitro sequential digestion of salmon muscle and skin with gastrointestinal proteases including pepsin, pancreatic and pancreatic ＋ mucosal proteases for their ability to scavenge ABTS^＋ radicals and inhibit activity of angiotensin I-converting enzyme （ACE） and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 （DPP-4）. Furthermore, it was the aim to study the inhibitory mechanism and stability towards ACE and DPP-4 activity. Analysis of〈 10 kDa hydrolysates showed that gastrointestinal proteases generated peptides with clear radical scavenging activity and DPP-4 and ACE inhibiting activity as well. Hydrolysates from pepsin digestion exhibited the lowest ECso values for radical scavenging activity and ACE inhibition, whereas ECso increased in hydrolysates after subsequent digestion with pancreatic and mucosal proteases. Interestingly, ECso values for the DPP-4 inhibition were hardly affected by sequential digestion. Inhibition modes for the muscle hydrolysates were both competitive and non-competitive, but prolonged incubation showed that the inhibitory properties were unstable and therefore they were probably digested as competitive substrates by gastrointestinal proteases.

Effects of boiling duration in processing of White Paeony Root on its overall quality evaluated by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry based metabolomics analysis and high performance liquid chromatograp

Boiling processing is commonly used in post-harvest handling of White Paeony Root （WPR）, in order to whiten the herbal materials and preserve the bright color, since such WPR is empirically considered to possess a higher quality. The present study was designed to investigate whether and how the boiling processing affects overall quality of WPR. First, an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry-based metabolomics approach coupled with multivariate statistical analysis was developed to compare the holistic quality of boiled and un-boiled WPR samples. Second, ten major components in WPR samples boiled for different durations were quantitatively determined using high performance liquid chromatography to further explore the effects of boiling time on the holistic quality of WPR, meanwhile the appearance of the processed herbal materials was observed. The results suggested that the boiling processing conspicuously affected the holistic quality of WPR by simultaneously and inconsistently altering the chemical compositions and that short-time boiling processing between 2 and 10 rain could both make the WPR bright-colored and improve tile contents of major bioactive components, which were not achieved either without boiling or with prolonged boiling. In conclusion, short-term boiling （2-10 min） is recommended for post-harvest handling of WPR.

Valorization of sustainable vegetable oil deodorizer distillate as a novel fatliquor

The deodorizer distillate(DD)is a byproduct of vegetable oil processing industry and is rich in functional bioactive components.This study aimed to employ phosphorylation modification for DD to produce a new sustainable fatliquor.The bioactive ingredients in DD,namely fatty acids,sterols,and tocopherols,were determined by using HPLC and GLC.The results revealed that the DD sample contained a high percentage of unsaturated fatty acids(72.3%)and high levels ofγandδ-tocopherols(54.8%and 31.60%,respectively).Mechanical parameters(tensile strength,elongation at break,and tear strength)of leather were improved after being treated with the prepared fatliquor emulsion.Eventually,SEM showed that the texture of the fatliquored leather had been remarkably enhanced.Moreover,the fatliquored leather possessed effective antibacterial effect against the specified+ve,-ve bacteria,and Candida albicans microorganisms.The strength,fullness,soft handle,and elasticity of leather were all improved,and the grain of leather was protected from becoming loose after drying.

Chemical Composition of Gossypium herbaceum linn and its Antioxidant, Antibacterial, Cytotoxic and Antimalarial Activities

Background:Gossypium herbaceum(G.herbaceum),a plant commonly found in the wild in Nigeria,is said to possess some therapeutic activities.However,there is a dearth of information on its chemical constituents.Also,there is a need to investigate its therapeutic activities.Objective:To investigate the qualitative and quantitative phytochemical components of the leaf extracts of G.herbaceum,as well as its antioxidant,antimalarial and cytotoxic activity.Methods:Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)analysis was used to determine the components of ethanol and hexane extracts of G.herbaceum leaf while 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH)and nitric oxide assays were used to determine the antioxidant potential.Malaria parasites viability was examined using parasite lactate dehydrogenase(pLDH)technique and HeLa cell was used for the cytotoxicity evaluation.Results:Bioactive compounds identified in ethanol and hexane extracts of G.herbaceum were 37 and 30 kinds,respectively,with major components as linoleic acid(36.10%and 33.82%),vitamin E(7.15%and 5.98%)and caryophyllene(4.21%and 5.08%).It also has tannins,saponins,alkaloids,flavonoids steroids,phenols and ter-penoids.In antibacterial test,significant inhibitory potentials against multidrug-resistant bacteria strains were present.In vitro antioxidant potentials(IC 50)of ethanol and hexane extracts were 3.33 and 4.12μg/mL for DPPH assays,and 3.87 and 5.00μg/mL for nitric oxide assays,respectively.Antiplasmodial activities(IC 50)were 9.99 and 9.76μg/mL for ethanol and hexane extracts,respectively.Conclusion:G.herbaceum leaf may provide novel plant-derived therapeutic agents,effective in treating infectious diseases arising from multiple drug-resistant bacteria and a target in the management of oxidative stress.