Construction of Molecular Biology and Experiment Case Library for Graduate Students

Molecular Biology and Experiment is considered fundamental for graduate students specializing in aquaculture at Guangdong Ocean University.This discipline focuses on the examination of the structure and function of macromolecules,including proteins and nucleic acids.Moreover,it elucidates biological phenomena and principles at the molecular level,making it an essential foundational course for students pursuing various biology majors.As a foundational course for the basic application of aquaculture,Molecular Biology and Experiment requires guidance through numerous examples and cases.However,there are several challenges to address in developing the case library.Consequently,a case library has been established to meet the course requirements of Molecular Biology and Experiment for modern graduate students,with the central goal of reforming the educational model of higher education institutions and enhancing the effectiveness and quality of talent development.This strategy is designed to nurture highly skilled professionals who can address the current needs of the industry.

An Overview on Molecular Biology of Flax(Linum usitatissimum L.) in China

The advances in molecular biology research of flax （Linum usitatissimum L.）, including DNA extraction, gene cloning and transformation, molecular markers, molecular identity, genetic diversity analysis, construction of genetic linkage map etc. were summarized in this article. Meanwhile, some problems existing in flax breeding, cultivation and germplasm classification were pointed out, including less developed molecular markers, lack of target genes and usable markers, genetic linkage map covering less genome, less research on molecular biology and so on. Five constructive suggestions were finally proposed in this article to provide reference for molecular biology research and development of Chinese flax.

Molecular biology and the diagnosis and treatment of liver diseases

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Molecular biology of liver disorders:the hepatitis C virus and molecular targets for drug development

INTRODUCTIONMolecular biology has made a tremendous impact on thediagnosis and treatment of liver diseases.In particular,advances in molecular biology made possible the

Individualized treatment of gastric cancer:Impact of molecular biology and pathohistological features

Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide.The overall prognosis remains poor over the last decades even though improvements in surgical outcomes have been achieved.A better understanding of the molecular biology of gastric cancer and detection of eligible molecular targets might be of central interest to further improve clinical outcome.With this intention,first steps have been made in the research of growth factor signaling.Regarding morphogens,cell cycle and nuclear factor-κB signaling,a remarkable count of target-specific agents have been developed,nevertheless the transfer into the field of clinical routine is still at the beginning.The potential utility of epigenetic targets and the further evaluation of micro RNA signaling seem to have potential for the development of novel treatment strategies in the future.

Research Status of Molecular Biology in Flax

Flax is a kind of worldwide fiber and oil crops, and it has a very important role in economic crop production in the world. With the development of molecular biology techniques, the research of flax molecular level has a very big breakthrough. But, flax molecular biology researches are less reported due to the later starting. This paper summarized the latest research progress of molecular biology of flax, including molecular marker technology, construction of genetic map, gene engineering and omits researches, in order to provide the reference to understand the development and research status for flax molecular breeding researchers.

Diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis using molecular biology technology

Objective:To present an integrated molecular biology dedicated system for tuberculosis diagnosis.Methods:One hundred and five sputum specimens from patients strongly suspected by clinical parameters of tuberculosis were studied by Ziehl-Neelsen staining,by cultivation on solid medium and by a balanced hemincsted fluorometric PCR system(Orange C3TB) that could preserve worker safety and produce a rather pure material free of potential inhibitors. DNA amplification was performed in a low cost tuberculosis termocycler-fluorotneter.Produced double stranded DNA was flurometrically detected.The whole reaction was conducted in one single tube which would not be opened after adding the processed sample in order to minimize the risk of cross contamination with amplicons.Results:The assay was able to delect 30 bacillus per sample mL with 99.8%interassay variation coefficient.PCR was positive in 23(21.9%) tested samples(21 of them were smear negative).In our study it showed a preliminary sensitivity of 94.5%for sputum and an overall specificity of 98.7%.Conclusions:Total run time of the test is 4 h with 2.5 real working time.All PCR positive samples are also positive by microbiological culture and clinical criteria.Results show that it could be a very useful tool to increase detection efficiency of tuberculosis disease in low bacilus load samples.Furthermore,its low cost and friendly using make it feasible to run in poor regions.

Molecular biology of colorectal cancer: Review of the literature

Colorectal cancer (CRC) results from the progressive accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations that lead to the transformation of normal colonic epithelium to colon adenocarcinoma. From the analysis of the molecular genesis of colon cancer, four central tenets concerning the pathogenesis of cancer have been established. The first is that the genetic and epigenetic alterations that underlie colon cancer formation promote the cancer formation process because they provide a clonal growth advantage to the cells that acquire them. The second tenet is that cancer emerges via a multi-step progression at both the molecular and the morphologic level. The third is that loss of genomic stability is a key molecular step in cancer formation. The fourth is that hereditary cancer syndromes frequently correspond to germ line forms of key genetic defects whose somatic occurrences drive the emergence of sporadic colon cancers.

Molecular biology of heart disease

Dr. Robert Roberts is currently Professor of Medicine and Director of the Ruddy Canadian Cardiovascular Genetics Centre along with being President and CEO of the University of Ottawa Heart Institute. Prior to this appointment, he was Chief of Cardiology for 23 years at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. His original research was in cardiac enzymology which led to the development of the MBCK test which was the standard diagnostic assay for myocardial infarction for more than 3 decades. In the late 1970s, his research interests switched to molecular biology and the genet- ics of cardiomyopathies. He is regarded as one of the founders of molecular cardiology and has identified and sequenced more than 20 genes responsible for cardiovascular disorders. In the past 6 years, he has pursued genome-wide association studies to identify genes predisposing to coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction. The first genetic variant for CAD, 9p21, was identified by Dr. Robert’s laboratory and, in collaboration with the international consortium, CARDIoGRAM, has identified 13 novel genes for CAD.

Recent Advances in Classification and Molecular Biology of Bursaphelenchus Species

This paper mainly summarizes recent advances in the classification of Bursaphelenchus species, introduces several common methods of molecular biologi- cal detection and identification methods, and analyzes the advantages and disad- vantages of these methods.

Research Progress in Genetics and Molecular Biology of Curcuma L.

There are few studies on the genetic evolution of Curcuma L.,and it is easy to have synonyms or homonyms.In order to make better development and utilization of Curcuma L.,by consulting the relevant literature,the molecular biology and genetics of Curcuma L.were summarized,and discussed in this paper,in order to lay a foundation for the study of phylogeny and genetic evolution of Curcuma L.

Preface:molecular,cellular,and tissue mechanobiology

Mechanics plays a crucial role in a diversity of biological processes at different length(from molecules,cells,tissues,organs to organisms)and time scales.As a rapidly growing field across the interfaces of mechanics,biology,and medical engineering,mechanobiology aims to identify the mechanical and biological responses of cells and tissues of

STUDY ON MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF SRS LEUKEMIA VIRUS ISOLATED IN CHINA AND INHIBITORY EFFECT OF ANTISENSE OLIGODEOXYNUCLEOTIDES

This paper reviews the significant study on SRS leukemia virus (SRSV) in recent years in China. A series of results about the proteins, nucleic acids and function, CDNA libraries, molecular cloning of SRSV, and inhibitory effect of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides on SRSV are reported. It has proved that SRSV is useful to study the vival etiology and pathogenesis of human leukemial.

Current dichotomy between traditional molecular biological and omic research in cancer biology and pharmacology

There is currently a split within the cancer research community between traditional molecular biological hypothesis-driven and the more recent "omic" forms or research. While the molecular biological approach employs the tried and true single alteration-single response formulations of experimentation,the omic employs broad-based assay or sample collection approaches that generate large volumes of data. How to integrate the benefits of these two approaches in an efficient and productive fashion remains an outstanding issue. Ideally,one would merge the understandability,exactness,simplicity,and testability of the molecular biological approach,with the larger amounts of data,simultaneous consideration of multiple alterations,consideration of genes both of known interest along with the novel,cross-sample comparisons among cell lines and patient samples,and consideration of directed questions while simultaneously gaining exposure to the novel provided by the omic approach. While at the current time integration of the two disciplines remains problematic,attempts to do so are ongoing,and will be necessary for the understanding of the large cell line screens including the Developmental Therapeutics Program's NCI-60,the Broad Institute's Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia,and the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute's Cancer Genome Project,as well as the the Cancer Genome Atlas clinical samples project. Going forward there is significant benefit to be had from the integration of the molecular biological and the omic forms or research,with the desired goal being improved translational understanding and application.

Update on Colorectal Carcinomatosis—From Molecular Biology to Diagnosis and Management

After liver metastases, Peritoneal Carcinomatosis (PC) is the second most frequent cause of death in patients with Colorectal Cancer (CRC), although the precise incidence of Colorectal Cancer Peritoneal Carcinomatosis is not known, as the majority of the diagnostic studies cannot detect the disease in its initial stages, nowadays, the diagnosis of peritoneal carcinomatosis remains a challenge. The molecular biology of PC is only just beginning to be understood, future knowledge will permit not only identify novel strategies for PC prevention, but also contribute to therapeutic advances, through the development of molecular targeted therapies. The authors performed a literature revision about the Molecular Biology, Diagnosis and Management of Colorectal Cancer Peritoneal carcinomatosis.

Molecular Biology of Esophageal Cancer

There have been many new developments in our understanding of esophageal carcinoma biology over the past several years. Information regarding both of the major forms of this disease, adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, has accumulated in conjunction with data on precursor conditions such as Barrett’s esophagus. Interesting and promising ?ndings have included overexpression of proto-oncogenes, loss of heterozygosity at multiple chromosomal loci, tumor suppressor gene inactivation, epigenetic silenc- ing by DNA methylation, and mutations and deletions involving the tumor suppressor gene p53. Important cancer pathways, the cyclin kinase inhibitor cascade and the DNA mismatch repair process, implicated in the genesis of multiple tumor types have also been inculpated in esophageal carcinogenesis. Alterations in the p16 and p15 cyclin kinase inhibitors including point mutations and homozygous deletions have been reported in primary esophageal tumors. Further developments in the ?eld of molecular carcinogen- esis of esophageal malignancies promise to yield improvements in prevention, early detection, prognostic categorization, and perhaps gene-based therapy of this deadly disease.

Application of Molecular Biology Technology in Identification of Modern Mongolian Medicine

The application of molecular biology technology in the identification and quality control of Mongolian medicine is increasing gradually,and it provides a new method for identifying fake and inferior products and confused products of Mongolian medicine.In this paper,the application and prospect of molecular biology technology(such as DNA barcoding and PCR molecular identification technique)in the identification of crude Mongolian medicine were reviewed.

Do GMOs Accumulate Formaldehyde and Disrupt Molecular Systems Equilibria? Systems Biology May Provide Answers

Safety assessment of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) is a contentious topic. Proponents of GMOs assert that GMOs are safe since the FDA’s policy of substantial equivalence considers GMOs “equivalent” to their non-GMO counterparts, and argue that genetic modification (GM) is simply an extension of a “natural” process of plant breeding, a form of “genetic modification”, though done over longer time scales. Anti-GMO activists counter that GMOs are unsafe since substantial equivalence is unscientific and outdated since it originates in the 1970s to assess safety of medical devices, which are not comparable to the complexity of biological systems, and contend that targeted GM is not plant breeding. The heart of the debate appears to be on the methodology used to determine criteria for substantial equivalence. Systems biology, which aims to understand complexity of the whole organism, as a system, rather than just studying its parts in a reductionist manner, may provide a framework to determine appropriate criteria, as it recognizes that GM, small or large, may affect emergent properties of the whole system. Herein, a promising computational systems biology method couples known perturbations on five biomolecules caused by the CP4 EPSPS GM of Glycine max L. (soybean), with an integrative model of C1 metabolism and oxidative stress (two molecular systems critical to plant function). The results predict significant accumulation of formaldehyde and concomitant depletion of glutathione in the GMO, suggesting how a “small” and single GM creates “large” and systemic perturbations to molecular systems equilibria. Regulatory agencies, currently reviewing rules for GMO safety, may wish to adopt a systems biology approach using a combination of in silico, computational methods used herein, and subsequent targeted experimental in vitro and in vivo designs, to develop a systems understanding of “equivalence” using biomarkers, such as formaldehyde and glutathione, which predict metabolic disruptions, towards modernizing the safety assessment of GMOs.

Nuclear Mechanotransduction in Cellular Mechanobiology and Molecular Mechanomedicine

It is known that mechanical forces play critical roles in physiology and diseases but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown[1].Most studies on the role of forces focus on cell surface molecules and cytoplasmic proteins.However,increasing evidence suggests that nuclear mechanotransduction impacts nuclear activities and functions.Recently we have revealed that transgene dihydrofolate reductase(DHFR)gene expression is directly upregulated via cell surface forceinduced stretching of chromatin [2].Here we show that endogenous genes are also upregulated directly by force via integrins.We present evidence on an underlying mechanism of how gene transcription is regulated by force.We have developed a technique of elastic round microgels to quantify 3D tractions in vitro and in vivo[3].We report a synthetic small molecule(which has been stiffened structurally)that inhibits malignant tumor repopulating cell growth in a low-stiffness(force)microenvironment and cancer metastasis in mouse models without detectable toxicity[4].These findings suggest that direct nuclear mechanotransduction impacts mechanobiology and mechanomedicine at cellular and molecular levels.