Effect of navigation endoscopy combined with threedimensional printing technology in the treatment of orbital blowout fractures

●AIM:To explore the combined application of surgical navigation nasal endoscopy(NNE)and three-dimensional printing technology(3DPT)for the adjunctive treatment of orbital blowout fractures(OBF).●METHODS:Retrospective analysis was conducted on the data of patients with OBF who underwent surgical treatment at the Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University between July 2012 and November 2022.The control group consisted of patients who received traditional surgical treatment(n=43),while the new surgical group(n=52)consisted of patients who received NNE with 3DPT.The difference in therapeutic effects between the two groups was evaluated by comparing the duration of the operation,best corrected visual acuity(BCVA),enophthalmos difference,recovery rate of eye movement disorder,recovery rate of diplopia,and incidence of postoperative complications.●RESULTS:The study included 95 cases(95 eyes),with 63 men and 32 women.The patients’age ranged from 5 to 67y(35.21±15.75y).The new surgical group and the control group exhibited no statistically significant differences in the duration of the operation,BCVA and enophthalmos difference.The recovery rates of diplopia in the new surgical group were significantly higher than those in the control group at 1mo[OR=0.03,95%CI(0.01–0.15),P<0.0000]and 3mo[OR=0.11,95%CI(0.03–0.36),P<0.0000]postoperation.Additionally,the recovery rates of eye movement disorders at 1 and 3mo after surgery were OR=0.08,95%CI(0.03–0.24),P<0.0000;and OR=0.01,95%CI(0.00–0.18),P<0.0000.The incidence of postoperative complications was lower in the new surgical group compared to the control group[OR=4.86,95%CI(0.95–24.78),P<0.05].●CONCLUSION:The combination of NNE and 3DPT can shorten the recovery time of diplopia and eye movement disorder in patients with OBF.

Evaluation of the Customer Satisfaction Index for Wellhead Blowout Preventers of China’s Petroleum Industry——A new method based on PLS

This paper establishes an evaluation model of the customer satisfaction index for the wellhead blowout preventers of China＇s petroleum industry based on evaluation models of the customer satisfaction index at home and aboard, and by considering the consuming situation in China and the features of the China＇s petroleum industry. For the existence of： （1） multiple correlations among the factors in the model; （2） the variables need to be explained, but that are hard to observe; （3） the customer satisfaction degree of observation variables appears the shape of skewness or two or three peaks, the correlations between the satisfaction index and its factors cannot be described by common multiple regression. This paper uses a partial least squares （PLS） method based on principal components and typical correlative analysis to solve the problem. When PLS is used in the model of the customer satisfaction index of the wellhead blowout preventers, the latent variables and the explanation degree coefficient of the manifest variable to the corresponding latent variables are estimated by PLS path analysis, and the influencing coefficient among the latent variables in the model is estimated by PLS regression analysis. PLS is also be used to calculate and analyze the model and disclose the correlations among the structural variables as well as the correlation between structural variables and its corresponding observation variables, evaluating results of which provide useful information for petroleum industry to improve the product quality and to the enhancement of the customer satisfaction to the product.

西藏谷露地热田ZK401高温地热井钻井工艺技术

谷露地热田是西藏那曲—尼木地热带上的典型水热型高温地热田,安全、经济和高效的钻井工艺技术很大程度上决定了其高温地热资源的可开发利用潜力。ZK401井是在谷露地热田实施的一口优质高产探采结合井,地层以花岗岩类为主,其岩石硬度大,机械钻速低,钻头使用寿命短。自上而下揭露多层热储,其35~41m即可揭露124.8℃中温地热流体,汽水总量约40 t·h^(-1);50~320 m揭露超过120℃的中温热储,汽水总量约30~35 t·h^(-1);320~1320 m揭露186.9℃高温热储,汽水总量高达348 t·h^(-1),具有热储埋深浅、温度高,断裂构造发育,地层出水量大的特点,高温及水侵作用致使钻井液极易失效,井喷风险大,安全钻井难。为解决上述钻井施工难点,进行了高温地热钻井关键技术研究。通过采用异形齿PDC钻头和岩石热裂提速技术,使单只异形齿PDC钻头进尺较同规格牙轮钻头提高了23%~48%,使三开井段花岗岩类地层的平均机械钻速提升至3.18 m·h^(-1)。通过优化井身结构,采用简易控压钻井技术,利用低温清水作为二开及三开钻进循环钻井液,达到了及时发现并有效保护热储层和控制井喷风险的目的;实现了ZK401井在520 m揭露186.9℃高温热储且汽水总量达348 t·h^(-1)苛刻条件下的安全、持续钻进,且非生产时间较采用常规钻井技术的邻井缩短了37%,极大地降低了钻井成本,提高了高温地热资源的可开发利用潜力。为后续该区域乃至其他地区解决高温地热井钻井施工提供参考。

井喷发生后硬关井的井口压力分析

井涌或井喷发生后,成功关闭防喷器是保护井筒、避免事故恶化的重要措施;而确定关井载荷、界定关井时机对研制与安全运营高压井口装置具有重要意义。以超高压防喷器国产化研制为背景,针对井喷/井涌时地层气体大量侵入井筒、推动钻井液柱加速上行的极端恶劣工况,利用瞬变流理论建立硬关井后井筒环空水击波传播数学模型,计算大量气侵发生后不同时刻实施硬关井引起的井口动载荷,为设计、选用和校核井口装置提供载荷依据。针对防喷器压力等级,给出关井时机界定条件,提出在井口安装钻井液返速监测装置,当流速达到预警值时自动关井,确保井口装置安全。

在线式气侵监测系统的研制与应用

目前生产现场监测气侵是通过脱气器脱离地层气,由气路管线传输给录井仪器房内部色谱仪实时分析,再根据气测数据变化判断是否气侵,因气路管线传输气体有3~5 min的延迟,而色谱仪又有固定分析周期,发现气侵存在3~5 min的滞后,错过气侵处置黄金时间,会给井控安全带来不同程度的影响。为了及时精准发现气侵,利用光学原理及地层气含量实时分析技术,研制出一套兼容各型号色谱仪及钻井工程参数仪功能的在线式气侵监测系统,通过在吐哈、苏里格等油气田应用,成功监测到143次气侵,实现了气侵监测及时率和准确率达到100%的目标,消除了色谱仪监测气侵存在的延迟,解决了井场所面临的难题,为安全钻井提供了可靠的技术保障。

Biomechanical analysis of an absorbable material for treating fractures of the inferior orbital wall

AIM:To investigate the biomechanical properties and practical application of absorbable materials in orbital fracture repair.METHODS:The three-dimensional(3D)model of orbital blowout fractures was reconstructed using Mimics21.0 software.The repair guide plate model for inferior orbital wall fracture was designed using 3-matic13.0 and Geomagic wrap 21.0 software.The finite element model of orbital blowout fracture and absorbable repair plate was established using 3-matic13.0 and ANSYS Workbench 21.0 software.The mechanical response of absorbable plates,with thicknesses of 0.6 and 1.2 mm,was modeled after their placement in the orbit.Two patients with inferior orbital wall fractures volunteered to receive single-layer and double-layer absorbable plates combined with 3D printing technology to facilitate surgical treatment of orbital wall fractures.RESULTS:The finite element models of orbital blowout fracture and absorbable plate were successfully established.Finite element analysis(FEA)showed that when the Young’s modulus of the absorbable plate decreases to 3.15 MPa,the repair material with a thickness of 0.6 mm was influenced by the gravitational forces of the orbital contents,resulting in a maximum total deformation of approximately 3.3 mm.Conversely,when the absorbable plate was 1.2 mm thick,the overall maximum total deformation was around 0.4 mm.The half-year follow-up results of the clinical cases confirmed that the absorbable plate with a thickness of 1.2 mm had smaller maximum total deformation and better clinical efficacy.CONCLUSION:The biomechanical analysis observations in this study are largely consistent with the clinical situation.The use of double-layer absorbable plates in conjunction with 3D printing technology is recommended to support surgical treatment of infraorbital wall blowout fractures.

南海东部油田深水救援井井控技术研究及应用

我国南海深水海域油气资源,是保障国家能源安全的重要战略接替区域。水深达数千米的深水井控是难上加难,在油气井钻完井等作业过程中,一旦发生严重井喷和井喷失控的恶性事故。针对这种灾难性的井控事故,提出救援井是一种有效的压井方法,而且在压制住井喷的同时还能够以救援井代替事故井继续进行钻探或油气生产,具有“双赢”的特点。

井喷失控油气井喷量预测新技术

油气井井喷失控后,能否及时准确地预测失控井喷量是当前抢险方案制定和决策指挥面临的关键难题之一。文章通过对失控油气井喷射行为分析,提出了基于仿真反演、图像智能识别流速和气核流速直接测量等三种喷量预测方法,开发了相应的软硬件系统。带火喷射模拟实验表明,喷量预测精度最高能达到95%以上。喷量预测新技术的开发实现了井喷失控油气井喷射产量从定性到定量评估的升级,有助于进一步提升抢险效率和安全性。

四川盆地二叠系茅口组海相缝洞型气藏试气关键技术

四川盆地二叠系茅口组过平衡钻井液渗滤污染严重,对深穿透射孔、酸压工艺、压井堵漏等试气施工关键技术提出了更高要求。通过对射孔枪弹、射孔液、射孔引爆方式进行优化,同时,通过全岩矿物溶蚀实验、排量预测研究,优化了酸压工艺、堵漏浆配方及压井堵漏方法,形成了超深穿透射孔、酸压、压井堵漏等系列关键工艺技术,满足了缝洞体储层试气技术需求。现场应用6口井/8层,均获得了工业气流,单层试气周期平均缩短9 d,实现了四川盆地二叠系海相碳酸盐岩茅口组气藏“1”字号井的勘探突破。该技术为同类型储层试气施工提供了技术参考。

Analysis of the effect of repair materials for orbital blowout fracture on complications

AIM: To investigate the effect of repair materials for orbital blowout fractures on the occurrence of postoperative complications. METHODS: The clinical data and follow-up data of 54 subjects with orbital blowout fractures were retrospectively analyzed. The study was divided into three groups according to the used repair materials: titanium mesh(16 cases), Medpor(12 cases), and Medpor titanium mesh(26 cases). All test data were analyzed using the SPSS version 23.0 statistical software. The mean age and duration of disease between the groups were compared through oneway analysis of variance. The Chi-square(χ~2) test was used to compare the number of males and females, different fracture types, and different surgical approaches among groups. The χ~2 test was used to compare the frequencies for complications in each group.RESULTS: The baseline characteristics of age and gender in each group were matched(F=1.763, P=0.172;χ~2=0.026, P=0.987). In addition, there was no difference in the type of fracture and surgical approach(χ~2=0.460, P=0.977;χ~2=0.691, P=0.952), or the incidence of complications(χ~2=0.081, P=0.960) between the three groups. CONCLUSION: Although there is no difference in effect of various repair materials on the incidence of complications, the effect of repair materials on postoperative complications of orbital blowout fractures should not be ignored.

Landscape pattern change and driving force of blowout distribution in the Hulun Buir Sandy Grassland

The land coverage pattern changes for the past 50 years in a typical region of the Hulun Buir Sandy Grassland were interpreted and analyzed based on a series of remote sensing images in 1959, 2002, 2004 and 2009. The temporal and spatial changes of landscape patterns were revealed and the driving forces were analyzed. The results show that all land coverage types had large variable amplitudes. The grassland area decreased, whereas other areas incleased. Owing to implementation of artificial sand fixation from 2004 to 2009, the areas of flowing blowouts and depositional area decreased by 71,369 and 128,835 m2, respectively. The average patch area reduced, but the number of blowouts increased, fractal dimension increased, and blowout structure became complex. The fragmentation index increased, whereas contagion index decreased. Driving force analysis shows that human factors such as overglazing are slightly larger than natural factors of increased temperature and decreased precipitation

Numerical Simulation of Water and Sand Blowouts When Penetrating Through Shallow Water Flow Formations in Deep Water Drilling

In this study, we applied a two-phase flow model to simulate water and sand blowout processes when penetrating shallow water flow(SWF) formations during deepwater drilling. We define ‘sand' as a pseudo-component with high density and viscosity, which can begin to flow with water when a critical pressure difference is attained. We calculated the water and sand blowout rates and analyzed the influencing factors from them, including overpressure of the SWF formation, as well as its zone size, porosity and permeability, and drilling speed(penetration rate). The obtained data can be used for the quantitative assessment of the potential severity of SWF hazards. The results indicate that overpressure of the SWF formation and its zone size have significant effects on SWF blowout. A 10% increase in the SWF formation overpressure can result in a more than 90% increase in the cumulative water blowout and a 150% increase in the sand blowout when a typical SWF sediment is drilled. Along with the conventional methods of well flow and pressure control, chemical plugging, and the application of multi-layer casing, water and sand blowouts can be effectively reduced by increasing the penetration rate. As such, increasing the penetration rate can be a useful measure for controlling SWF hazards during deepwater drilling.

Role of orthoptics and scoring system for orbital floor blowout fracture:surgical or conservative treatment

AIM:To assess the role of orthoptics in referring patients with orbital floor blowout fracture(OFBF)for conservative or surgical treatment and based on the results,to propose a scoring system for such decision making.METHODS:A retrospective analysis of 69 patients with OFBF was performed(35 treated conservatively,34 surgically).The role of orthoptics in referring to surgery or conservative treatment was retrospectively evaluated,the factors with the highest significance for decision making were identified,and a scoring system proposed using Logistic regression.RESULTS:According to defined criteria,the treatment was unsuccessful in 2(6%)surgically treated and only in one(3%)conservatively treated patient.The proposed scoring system includes the defect size and several values resulting from the orthoptic examination,the elevation of the eyebulb measured on Lancaster screen being the most significant.CONCLUSION:The study demonstrates the benefits of orthoptic examination when making decisions on conservative or surgical treatment and for diagnosing ocular motility disorder(with or without binocular diplopia)in OFBF patients.The proposed scoring system could,following verification in a prospective study,become a valuable adjunctive tool.

A Real-time Monitoring System for Tire Blowout or Severe Leakage

The tire blowout or severe leakage real-time monitoring is one of key technologies for developing a tire blowout automatic braking system.An indirect real-time monitoring method to fuse analyses of tire vibration and effective radius is provided in this paper,and a monitoring system is developed.The calibration and related test results showthat the system can detect the tire blowout in low and middle vehicle speeds and the severe leakage in all speeds timely and accurately.

Carotid blowout syndrome caused by chronic infection:A case report

BACKGROUND Carotid blowout syndrome(CBS)refers to rupture of the extracranial carotid artery and its branches;as a severe complication,it usually occurs after surgery or radiotherapy for malignant tumours of the head and neck.We present a case of CBS caused by chronic infection of the external carotid artery(ECA).In this case,we did not find any evidence of head and neck tumours.CASE SUMMARY A 42-year-old man was referred to the Emergency Department with a complaint of a lump found on the left side of his neck with pain and fever for 4 d.We diagnosed the condition as neck infection with abscess formation based on physical examination,routine blood examination,ultrasound examination and plain computed tomography(CT)and decided to perform emergency surgery.During the operation,30 mL of grey and smelly pus was drained from the deep surface of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.The second day after the operation,the patient suddenly exhibited a large amount of haemoptysis and incision bleeding.The enhanced CT showed distal occlusion of the left ECA and irregular thickening of the broken ends of the artery encased in an uneven enhancement of soft tissue density.Infected ECA occlusion and rupture were considered.The patient was transferred to a vascular unit for transcatheter ECA embolization and recovered well.CONCLUSION Surgeons need to pay attention to vascular lesions caused by chronic infection that may develop into acute CBS.

Gas Blowout Impacts on Ground Water Environs around the Tengratila Gas Field, Chattak, Bangladesh

Gas blowout is one of the major hazard in petroleum field which normally damages the gas bearing geologic formation, structure, local tectonic setting, environment and so on. In Bangladesh, there have been three well known gas blowouts. Among them, the most dangerous gas well blowout took place on 8 January 2005 in Sunamganj district when chattak-2 (also known as Tengratila) gas field was drilled. As a result, the surrounding area is facing various problems among them water is the top of the list. From this point of view, the present study has been considered to find the impact of blowout on water around the gas blowout area. In this regard, the water samples (some are very near and some are away from the well) are collected and analyzed in the laboratory following the standard method. Some physical and chemical parameters of water such as pH, turbidity, EC, total solids, dissolved solids, suspended solids, manganese ion, calcium ion, magnesium, iron, chloride and total hardness have measured where without turbidity, manganese and iron, all are still in tolerable state for all purposes and ranging within standard limit based on WHO, EU and EQS for Bangladesh. The quality of the near well tube wells water is much decreased than far away tube wells water which might be the direct or indirect influence of the blowout incident around the area.

Off-Pump Multilayered Sutureless Repair for a Left Ventricular Blowout Rupture after Aortic Dissection Repair

A left ventricular (LV) free wall rupture is a highly lethal condition. A 75-year-old female who experienced chest pain was diagnosed as having an acute aortic dissection Stanford type A and underwent emergent surgery. Under cardiopulmonary bypass with LV venting through the right superior pulmonary vein, a proximal aortic stamp was formed. The patient was cooled, selective antegrade brain perfusion was performed, and a hemiarch repair was performed. After the patient was transferred to the intensive care unit, her blood pressure suddenly fell to 50 mmHg. She had a blowout rupture in the left ventricular anterolateral free wall. Since the bleeding hall was not large and the damage to the surrounding left ventricular tissue was not very wide, an off-pump multilayered sutureless repair was performed by using three layers of collagen fleece squares with fibrinogen-based impregnation (TachoComb;CSL Behring, Tokyo, Japan) and three layers of gelatin-resorcin-formalin glue reinforced by an equine pericardial patch (Xenomedica;Edwards Lifesciences, LLC, Irvine, CA). The blow-out rupture seemed to be caused by perioperative myocardial infarction generated by the compression of the left ventricular vent to the LV lateral wall. The patient was free from re-rupture or aneurysm enlargement. The thickness of the hemostatic material seemed to help control the bulging of the aneurysm and to prevent further LV aneurysm enlargement and re-rupture.

油气井井喷失控着火应急救援技术及发展方向

井喷失控是石油天然气工业领域性质严重、损失巨大的灾难性事故,尤其是“三高井”井喷失控着火后,井口火势大、热辐射高、流体冲击强,对抢险技术、装备及作业安全的要求极高,导致处置过程极其复杂、周期极其漫长。为了充分认识“三高井”井喷失控着火后的处置难点,以井喷失控着火应急救援技术与装备为研究对象,分析了技术发展历程、技术现状、发展方向,创新研究形成了从险情侦察、冷却掩护、清障切割到井口重置的全系列陆上井喷应急救援特色技术。研究结果表明:(1)我国井喷失控着火应急救援技术目前已完成由早期缺少专业技术与装备向近井口高危区域无人化迭代升级;(2)形成的险情侦察技术、冷却掩护技术、清障切割技术、井口重置技术能够满足105 MPa、1000×10^(4)m^(3)/d的高压高产井失控抢险需要;(3)运用相关研究成果成功处置了国内外多起井喷失控、着火及井口刺漏等井控险情,技术能力达到国际先进水平。结论认为:虽然国内陆上油气井井喷失控着火应急救援技术水平已得到大幅度提升,但未来仍需要在可视化、智能化、信息化方面持续攻关,推动技术与装备迈上新台阶。

定容气藏水平井停喷原因判识方法及应用

水平气井停喷是定容气藏开发中后期面临的普遍问题,需要及时判识停喷原因并采取生产恢复措施。为此,将水平井临界携液理论方程与水平井二项式产能方程、井底流压计算方程相结合,建立临界携液流量、临界举升压差、临界地层压力3个停喷判据,分析井口压力、油管内径等因素对判据的影响,研究3个判据在气井停喷原因判识中的作用,并创建了快速判识水平井停喷原因的方法。研究表明:临界携液流量与井口压力和油管内径均呈乘幂函数递增关系,井口压力越高、油管内径越大,临界携液流量越大,当气井实际气量低于临界携液流量时,即可判定井筒已开始积液;临界举升压差与油管内径无关,只随井口压力呈线性上升,当实际举升压差低于临界举升压差时,需考虑气井举升液体动力不足的问题;油管内径保持不变时,临界地层压力随井口压力呈线性上升,在地层压力消耗较大的情况下,临界地层压力易超出气井实际地层压力,即气井会因驱动能量不足而引发停喷。应用实例证明,该方法能够有效判识水平气井停喷原因,为工艺措施提供理论依据。该方法的建立对于定容气藏低压阶段的高效开发具有重要指导意义。

BOP shear force evaluation under complex scenarios

As the“throat”of the drilling well control system,ram blowout preventers(BOPs)can effectively prevent blowout accidents.However,the ram shear mechanism under complex working conditions is unclear,and it is difficult to evaluate the ram BOP shear force,leading to frequent shear failure accidents in oilfields.Aiming at the above problems,this paper takes the double-V ram BOP as the research object,and integrates the methods of theoretical analysis,simulation modeling,and test verification to analyze the shear force in the pipe shear process under both static and moving conditions.A ram BOP shear force evaluation method is proposed based on equivalent stress.Finally,by comparing with calculation data and experimental data,the error between them is less than 5%,demonstrating the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed method.The research results can provide a theoretical basis for oilfield operations of ram BOPs.