Feed nutritional value of brewers’ spent grain residue resulting from protease aided protein removal

Background:This study was conducted to evaluate the feed nutritional value of brewers’spent grain(BSG)residue resulting from protease aided protein removal.The nutritional value was measured as nutrient content,gas production,nutrient digestibility and fermentation characteristics in batch culture.Results:Protein extraction process decreased content of crude protein but concentrated the neutral detergent fibre(NDF)and ferulic acid in BSG residue.The changes in the chemical composition of BSG residue varied with enzyme and enzyme dosage.Digestibility of dry matter(DMD)and NDF of residue differed among proteases.Increasing alcalase dosage linearly decreased DMD,whereas,the DMD linearly increased as everlase or flavourzyme dosage increased.Compared with BSG,the DMD,gas production and fermentation acid concentration of BSG residues were lower,whereas NDF digestibility was higher.Conclusions:The substantially increased NDF content and improved in vitro NDF digestibility due to protease hydrolysis suggest that BSG residue can be potentially exploited as a viable fibre source for ruminant feeding.

Properties of Bacillus species Cellulase Produced Using Cellulose from Brewers Spent Grain (BSG) as Substrate

The properties of extracellular cellulase obtained from Bacillus species (FIIRO Strain B223) on supplying cellulose from Brewers Spent Grain (BSG) were studied. Generally, a crude cellulase activity between 11,757 Units to 13,930 Units was observed for both sources of carbon (BSG and crystalline cellulose). The optimum pH and temperature of 5.0, and 30°C - 40°C for both sources of carbon was observed. Heavy metals such as copper, zinc, and iron inhibited the activities of B223 cellulase while the cellulase activities on alkaline earth metal (manganese) were moderate. The co-factor behaviour of manganese ion was also established. Local production of cellulase in Nigeria using local raw materials such as Brewers Spent Grain reduces enzyme cost;cost of finished products and increases gross domestic products.

The Economic Potential of Brewer’s Spent Grain (BSG) as a Biomass Feedstock

This paper analyzes a pro-forma economic market and supply chain system for the reuse of a lignocellulose (brewer’s spent grain) in an industrial biotechnology environment. An extant literature review was conducted, followed by a technical analysis of BSG, and the development of a supply chain system and economic market analysis based upon a participant brewing company and industry experts. In this paper, it was found that, even with the potential for future improvements in the conversion of brewer’s spent grain (BSG) from an efficiency standpoint, this industrial residual is supply chain prohibitive as a biofeedstock in comparison to other lignocellulose materials, therefore, centralized market relationships would not be advantageous for sellers and buyers. Future research should consider the viability of centralized supply chain structures for alternatives that may exist as future bio-feedstocks.

Techniques Optimization of Combined Enzymatic Hydrolysis on Brewers＇ Spent Grain from Novozymes

Purpose： To extract protein, decrease the cellulose and facilitate the digestion and absorption of brewers＇ spent grain by animal. Topic： Discuss and optimize the hydrolysis conditions of the combined enzymatic hydrolysis by Novozymes. Method： The fresh brewers＇ spent grain was firstly dried, smashed and sifted. Then as indicators of the protein extraction rate in the enzyme solution and the content of cellulose in the index, the parameters of enzymatic hydrolysis, such as the solid-liquid ratio, reaction temperature, pH, enzyme dosage and reaction time, were investigated in detailed. After hydrolysis, the brewers＇ spent grain was put in the boiling water bath for inactivation for 15 minutes, and centrifuged, the supernatants were volume to 100 mL and the protein content was measured. After the precipitate was dried, the cellulose content was also measured. Achievements： The optimized conditions were with temperature of 50 ℃, pH 6.5, enzyme amount of 30 mg for Novozymes enzyme and 2.5 h for reaction time. Under these conditions, the protein extraction rate in the enzyme reaction reached 41.82%, and the cellulose content reached 13.90%, the degradation rate of cellulose was 18.86%.

啤酒糟挥发油化学成分的GC-MS分析及对DPPH自由基的清除作用

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取啤酒糟挥发油,利用气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)分析挥发油的化学成分,并以面积归一化法测定各成分的相对含量。从挥发油中共鉴定出38个化合物,占挥发油总量的91.09%,含量较高的成分有棕榈酸(48.90%)、亚油酸(26.10%)、肉豆蔻酸(3.02%)、硬脂酸(2.74%)、糠醛(1.47%)、苯乙醛(0.94%)。利用分光光度法测定啤酒糟挥发油对DPPH自由基的清除作用,其清除作用明显,清除率与样品量呈量效关系,25%挥发油IC50值为50.53μL。

产Surfactin芽孢杆菌的筛选及特性研究

以发酵上清液表面活性的排油活性、乳化能力、表面张力为初筛参数,srfA基因为复筛指标,定向筛选产表面活性剂surfactin的菌株。通过薄层层析(thin layer chromatography,TLC)定性分析和超高效液相色谱-电喷雾四级杆飞行时间质谱(ultra performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight high-resolution/mass spectrometry,UPLC-ESI/Q-TOF/MS)定量分析,筛选获得1株可利用啤酒糟高产surfactin的菌株41-3,鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis),采用液质分析所产surfactin同系物组分。B.subtilis 41-3在MSM培养基中发酵,surfactin产量为541.32 mg/L,同系物以脂肪酸链为C 14和C 13的surfactin为主,两者含量约占75%。以啤酒糟酶解液作为碳源,发酵生产surfactin,产量提高1.38倍,达到746.35 mg/L。且surfactin的合成向长链脂肪酸surfactin迁移,表明其具有更强的生物表面活性。该研究结果为surfactin菌株筛选提供新的思路,为发酵生产surfactin提供了新的原料来源,为啤酒糟综合利用提供新的途径,具有应用前景。

Nutrition promotion of brewer’s spent grain by symbiotic fermentation adding Bacillus velezensis and Levilactobacillus brevis

Brewer’s spent grain(BSG)is the main byproduct of the beer industry and is commonly used as a low-value animal feed or food ingredient.This study investigated the role of symbiotic fermentation with Bacillus velezensis and Levilactobacillus brevis in improving the nutritional value of BSG.The addition of B.velezensis increased the cell growth of L.brevis by over thirty-fold higher than that in the single-strain system.Simultaneously,cellulase and protease activities were substantially increased,and more soluble sugars were produced.Total amino acid,glutamic acid,andγ-aminobutyric acid(GABA)levels increased by 52.2%,155.1%,and 144.1%,respectively.Conversely,lactic acid production decreased.Genetic analysis showed that the glycolysis-related gene pykA,pentose phosphate pathway gene gnd,and GABA-related gene gad were upregulated,while the heterolactin-related gene xpkA was downregulated,explaining that B.velezensis might inhibit heterolactin fermentation while enhancing GABA biosynthesis.This study provides a potential strategy for the high-value utilization of BSG in the food or feed industry.

Efficient Protein-based Bait Formulation for Attraction and Feeding Response of Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Myanmar

Protein baitsprays were produced from many different sources for the controlling fruit flies in the integrated pest management program around the world.Here,fruit fly baits were formulated based on cost-effective bait mixtures such as local jaggery,brewers spent grain(BSG),apple cider vinegar,wheat bran powder and local red wine with the fresh enzyme from papaya and pineapple.Fruit fly Baits were prepared by mixing the small amount of local detergent as insecticide.Our results indicated that the best efficient fruit fly bait for area wide integrated pest management(AW-IPM)is the BSG-based bait whereas the second efficient bait is local red wine-based bait.The highest fruit fly per trap per day(FTD)value by BSG-based bait traps was discovered.The highest female captured percentage is BSG-based bait with papaya solution.The field analysis of one week and one month old protein-based bait showed that FTD values decreased slightly while only one month old wheat bran-based bait dropped to the base.The BSG-based baits analysis is effective not only female fruit flies but also cockroaches male in Myanmar’s tropical region.Thus our results reveal that the efficient protein-based bait is the fresh BSG-based bait with papaya solution.

Fluid dynamics analysis and pyrolysis of brewer’s spent grain in a spouted bed reactor

Brewer’s spent grain (BSG) is a large-scale agroindustrial waste that could be more efficiently utilized. This waste is composed of lignocellulosic material and so may serve as a good source of biomass for thermochemical conversion. The present study investigated the fluid dynamics behavior of mixtures of sand and BSG in a spouted bed to assess the viability of the thermochemical conversion of this biomass via fast pyrolysis. Fluid dynamics analyses were performed while varying the mass fraction of BSG (6–80%) and the static bed height (6.6–13.4 cm). Empirical equations for predicting the minimum spouting conditions and the mixing index were obtained using a regression technique, and the selected fluid dynamics parameters were employed in the spouted bed pyrolysis. The bio-oil resulting from this process was rich in phenolic compounds, various nitrogenated compounds (representing precursors for pharmaceuticals) and long-chain hydrocarbons. The products obtained from the analytical and spouted bed pyrolysis processes were also compared.

Lipid-lowering effect of microencapsulated peptides from brewer’s spent grain in high-sucrose diet-fed rats

Brewer’s spent grain(BSG)-a byproduct generated from the processing of beer-brewing industry-is currently recognized as an important source of bioactive peptides with potential health benefits.In previous studies we demonstrated that peptides obtained from BSG(BSG-P)can exert in vitro biofunctional activities including hypolipidemic effects.However,there are no studies about the effects of gastrointestinal digestion on BSG lipid-lowering peptides and it is unknown whether the bioactive properties observed in vitro remain in vivo.The aims of this work were to evaluate the microencapsulation as strategy to preserve hypolipidemic BSG-P under a simulated gastrointestinal digestion,and the bioavailability of microencapsulated BSG-P using a rodent model of hyperlipidemia and other metabolic-related disorders induced by the consumption of a high-sucrose diet.In vitro studies showed that microencapsulation improved the BSG-P reduced hypolipidemic activity observed under a simulated gastrointestinal digestion by increasing the inhibition of the fat digestion enzymes,pancreatic lipase and cholesterol esterase.Furthermore,in vivo studies demonstrated that microencapsulated BSG-P were also able to reduce the increased serum lipid levels(triglycerides-TG-cholesterol and free fatty acids),energy intake,visceral adipocytes size and TG content observed in sucrose-rich diet-fed rats.This was accompanied by reduced liver lipids levels and the activities of key enzymes involved in dietary fat absorption.Therefore,our findings show that microencapsulation is a useful strategy to preserve the hypolipidemic activity of BSG-P and support the concept that microencapsulated BSG-P would be an interesting and cheaper natural source to prevent hyperlipidemias and its related-disorders.

啤酒糟流化床气化中颗粒粒径对气固流动和产气影响的CPFD模拟

我国酿酒工业每年产生大量废弃啤酒糟,其具有挥发分含量高、硫含量低的特点,特别适合作为气化原料,而流化床气化炉以优异的气固混合和温度均匀性而著称,通过流化床气化实现啤酒糟的资源化和能源化利用具有重要意义。为探究啤酒糟流化床气化过程中颗粒粒径对气固流动行为和产气的影响,基于计算颗粒流体动力学(CPFD)方法,对以空气和水蒸气为气化剂的啤酒糟鼓泡流化床气化过程进行了数值模拟,研究了床料粒径和啤酒糟粒径的影响。通过CPFD数值模拟,获得了鼓泡流化床气化炉内颗粒体积分数分布、酒糟和床料的颗粒分布等流动特征,以及产气中主要气体组分的摩尔分数。借助鼓泡流化床气化实验装置,研究了床料粒径和啤酒糟粒径对产气中各气体组分体积分数的影响规律,并对数值模拟结果进行了验证。结果表明,床料粒径的增加不利于气化炉内的充分流态化和颗粒混合,使气化炉内温度沿高度的分布不均匀,并且不利于碳颗粒和水蒸气的充分混合以及气固反应和气相反应的均匀吸放热,造成H_(2)摩尔分数显著降低;啤酒糟粒径的适当增大有助于延长其在气化炉内的停留时间,从而提高固态碳与水蒸气、二氧化碳之间的反应转化率,生成更多的H_(2)和CO,但过大的啤酒糟粒径会造成啤酒糟和床料的混合较差,使啤酒糟比表面积减小,不利于热解和气化反应,导致H_(2)、CO、CH_(4)和NH_(3)等可燃组分的摩尔分数均降低。

具有抗氧化活性青稞酒糟蛋白酶解液对H_(2)O_(2)诱导HepG2细胞的保护作用

为实现青稞酒糟的高值化利用,该研究在提取青稞酒糟蛋白基础上,以DPPH自由基清除率和还原力为指标优化了青稞酒糟蛋白酶解液的制备工艺,并对该酶解液的体外抗氧化活性和细胞保护作用进行了探究。结果表明:青稞水酒糟和青稞白酒糟均含有丰富的蛋白质,含量分别为31.46 g/100 g和18.47 g/100 g;超声纤维素酶法辅助碱提酸沉法对青稞水酒糟的蛋白提取率高达76.10%(m/m),白酒糟的为29.88%;碱性蛋白酶最适合用于青稞水酒糟蛋白的酶解,其最佳酶解条件为:料液比1:60(m/V),超声时间15 min,酶添加量3.7%(m/m)及酶解时间3.5 h,此条件下制得的青稞水酒糟蛋白酶解液的DPPH自由基清除率高达95.02%;不同浓度的青稞水酒糟蛋白酶解液对HepG2细胞活力没有负面影响;随着青稞水酒糟蛋白酶解液浓度的升高,对经H_(2)O_(2)诱导的细胞内ROS逐渐降低,酶解液浓度为5.0 mg/mL(m/V)时可使受损细胞内的ROS比损伤组低约50%。该研究成果可为青稞水酒糟蛋白酶解液的制备及其在保健食品、化妆品中的高值化利用提供参考。

发酵啤酒糟营养价值、生产工艺及其在畜禽生产中的应用

我国啤酒糟产量巨大,常作为废弃物直接排放,资源浪费严重。如何将其有效应用于畜禽生产十分必要。发酵技术可以有效保存和改善啤酒糟的营养成分,提高啤酒糟作为动物饲料的价值。该文对发酵啤酒糟营养价值、生产工艺及其在畜禽生产中的应用进行了综述,以期为发酵啤酒糟应用提供参考。

啤酒糟在国内外食品加工中的利用现状

啤酒糟是啤酒酿造的最主要副产物,含有丰富的蛋白质和非淀粉多糖。随着啤酒原料中小麦芽使用量的增加(≥40%),啤酒糟中膳食纤维和蛋白质的含量明显增加。目前啤酒糟主要用作饲料或工业原料出售,但在食品加工中的应用研究较少。本文通过概述啤酒糟的营养、加工处理方法及其在国内外食品加工领域中的研究利用情况,为高蛋白膳食纤维啤酒糟食品的进一步开发提供了参考。

蛋白酶水解啤酒糟蛋白动力学研究

为了研究蛋白酶水解啤酒糟蛋白的动力学性质,采用pH-stat法,以蛋白酶对啤酒糟中提取的蛋白进行水解处理。探讨了底物浓度[S]、酶与底物浓度比[E]/[S]和反应时间t对产物水解度DH的影响。建立了[S]及t同DH间的数学模型。通过不同底物浓度加碱量随水解时间的变化速度,测定出蛋白酶水解啤酒糟蛋白的K值。

利用啤酒糟制备高品质饲料蛋白

通过刀片粉碎和筛分技术对啤酒糟进行预处理,对筛下物进行球磨处理、固态酶解和有益微生物发酵,可以显著提高啤酒糟的饲用品质,制备高品质饲料蛋白。啤酒糟经刀片粉碎后过60目筛,筛下物粗蛋白含量达到38.8%,粗纤维含量降低到1.89%,实现蛋白-纤维的初步富集分离。对筛下物球磨后,经纤维素酶、木聚糖酶和蛋白酶混合固态酶解和产朊假丝酵母JX-09固态发酵之后,其粗蛋白含量达到45.17%,比啤酒糟原样提高了59.6%,多肽含量从0.68%提高到5.21%,蛋白体外消化率从53.7%提高到61.8%,水解氨基酸总量达到42.18%,比啤酒糟原样提高了60%,必需氨基酸总量达到17.3%,比啤酒糟原样提高了60%,粗纤维含量达到1.66%,比啤酒糟原样降低了89%。

粉碎及酶处理对啤酒糟理化特性的影响

对啤酒糟进行机械预处理可以改变啤酒糟的物理结构，使得抗营养因子更容易降解，提高其生物利用率，改善饲用品质。采用球磨和刀片式粉碎预处理酒糟，粒径分布分别在300～1000μm和10—200μm。经球磨和刀片粉碎后的啤酒糟可溶性总糖含量分别提高了2．2倍和1．7倍，还原糖含量分别提高了40％和18．9％。球磨和刀片粉碎后的啤酒糟经纤维素酶、中性蛋白酶分别酶解后，可溶性总糖含量比啤酒糟原样经酶解后分别提高了2．5倍和1．7倍，还原糖含量分别提高了2．2倍和1．4倍，水溶性蛋白含量分别提高了1．8倍和1．4倍，多肽含量分别提高了2．2倍和1．2倍。经球磨后的啤酒糟酶解效率高于经刀片粉碎的啤酒糟，刀片粉碎并筛分可以初步实现蛋白-纤维的富集分离。

啤酒糟发酵应用

啤酒糟是微生物发酵的良好基质,利用微生物发酵啤酒糟的用途非常广泛。啤酒糟的再利用,有利于保护生态环境和节约资源。综述了近年来国内外啤酒糟在酶制剂、动物饲料、活性物质、食品添加剂方面的发酵应用。

酶解机械预处理啤酒糟制备饲用蛋白肽

啤酒糟经过粉碎后筛分,筛下物经球磨后粗蛋白含量提高到38.8%,比原样提高了36.1%,水溶性蛋白含量提高到2.53%,比原样提高了3.1倍,经中性蛋白酶液态酶解,水溶性蛋白含量达到12.85%,比原样的7.88%提高了1.6倍,机械预处理显著提高了酶解效率。通过单因素实验和混合水平均匀设计实验,确定了啤酒糟最优酶解条件:加酶量2 400 U/g,酶解温度45℃,酶解pH 8.0,酶解时间8 h,此时水溶性蛋白含量能够达到21.31%,提取率达到54.9%。对酶解液进行真空冷冻干燥,制备饲用蛋白肽,粗蛋白含量达到78.8%,氨基酸含量达到74.6%,必需氨基酸含量达到28.18%,多肽含量达到60.8%。

超声强化提取啤酒糟水溶性多糖的工艺研究

为获得啤酒糟水溶性多糖的工艺条件,采用超声强化法提取啤酒糟多糖,确定最佳工艺条件为超声功率180W、超声温度70℃、超声时间15min、液固比25:1(ml/g),在此条件下多糖的得率为5.79%。经过初步纯化,多糖质量分数达到了92.59%。结果表明,超声可有效强化提取啤酒糟水溶性多糖。