Nonplanar flow-induced vibrations of a cantilevered PIP structure system concurrently subjected to internal and cross flows

Pipe-in-pipe(PIP)structures are widely used in offshore oil and gas pipelines to settle thermal insulation issues.A PIP structure system usually consists of two concentric pipes and one softer layer for thermal insulation consideration.The total response of the system is related to the dynamics of both pipes and the interactions between these two concentric pipes.In the current work,a theoretical model for flow-induced vibrations of a PIP structure system is proposed and analyzed in the presence of an internal axial flow and an external cross flow.The interactions between the two pipes are modeled by a linear distributed damper,a linear distributed spring and a nonlinear distributed spring along the pipe length.The unsteady hydrodynamic forces due to cross flow are modeled by two distributed van der Pol wake oscillators.The nonlinear partial differential equations for the two pipes and the wake are further discretized by the aid of Galerkin’s technique,resulting in a set of ordinary differential equations.These ordinary differential equations are further numeri cally solved by using a fourth-order Runge-Kutta integration algorithm.Phase portraits,bifurcation diagrams,an Argand diagram and oscillation shape diagrams are plotted,showing the existence of a lock-in phenomenon and figure-of-eight trajectory.The PIP system subjected to cross flow displays some interesting dynamical behaviors different from that of a single-pipe structure.

Effects of supported angle on stability and dynamical bifurcations of cantilevered pipe conveying fluid

The effects of the supported angle on the stability and dynamical bifurcations of an inclined cantilevered pipe conveying fluid are investigated. First, a theoretical model of the pipe is developed through the force balance and stress-strain relationship. Second, the response surfaces, stability, and critical lines of the typical hanging system （H-S） and standing system （S-S） are discussed based on the modal analysis. Last, the bifurcation diagrams of the pipe are presented for different supported angles. It is shown that pipes will undergo a series of bifurcation processes and show rich dynamic phenomena such as buckling, Hopf bifurcation, period-doubling bifurcation, chaotic motion, and divergence motion.

Dynamical Stability of Cantilevered Pipe Conveying Fluid with Inerter-Based Dynamic Vibration Absorber

Cantilevered pipe conveying fluid may become unstable and flutter instability would occur when the velocity of the fluid flow in the pipe exceeds a critical value.In the present study,the theoretical model of a cantilevered fluid-conveying pipe attached by an inerter-based dynamic vibration absorber(IDVA)is proposed and the stability of this dynamical system is explored.Based on linear governing equations of the pipe and the IDVA,the effects of damping coefficient,weight,inerter,location and spring stiffness of the IDVAon the critical flow velocities of the pipe system is examined.It is shown that the stability of the pipe may be significantly affected by the IDVA.In many cases,the stability of the cantilevered pipe can be enhanced by designing the parameter values of the IDVA.By solving nonlinear governing equations of the dynamical system,the nonlinear oscillations of the pipe with IDVA for sufficiently high flow velocity beyond the critical value are determined,showing that the oscillation amplitudes of the pipe can also be suppressed to some extent with a suitable design of the IDVA.

AN ANALYSIS ON CHARACTERISTIC OF MAGNETOELASTICITY OF A MAGNETIC FIELD MICROSENSOR MADE OF CANTILEVERED PLATES WITH FERROMAGNETIC FILMS

The purpose of this paper is to study the magnetomechanicalcharacteristic of a microsensor which is composed of a cantileveredbeam-plate with ferromagnetic films in order to measure the magneticfield from the deformation of plate when the microsensor is locatedin the magnetic field. To this end, a nu- merical approach made up ofthe finite element method for magnetic field and the finitedifference method for deflection of the microsensor is proposed toperform the numerical analysis of deflection under magnetoelasticinteraction. Some quantitative results of a case study for themagnetoelastic characteristic between the mag- netic field anddeflection of the microsensor in the magnetic field are given. Theresults show that this mi- crosensor can be used not only to measurethe magnitude of magnetic intensity, but also to possibly monitor thedirection of the vector of the magnetic field.

Effects of Span Length and Additional Structure on Flow-Induced Transverse Vibration Characteristic of a Cantilevered Rectangular Prism

We consider the effects of the aspect ratio L/H (where L is the length of a prism, and H is the height of a prism normal to the flow direction) and the size of additional structures (which are a plate and a fin on the surface of a prism) on a vibration characteristic of a cantilevered rectangular prism. The present research is intended to support the analysis of energy harvesting research on the flow-induced vibration in water flow using a magnetostrictive phenomenon. The prisms are constructed from stainless steel and mounted elastically to a plate spring attached to the ceiling wall of the water tunnel. The prisms with aspect ratios of L/H ≥ 5 have reasonably identical vibration characteristics. However, the difference in the vibration characteristic appears distinctly on a rectangular prism with an aspect ratio of L/H = 2.5. The rectangular prism with an aspect ratio of L/H = 10 and a side ratio of D/H = 0.2 has a stable and large response amplitude and oscillates with a lower velocity. The length of the added plate and the size of the added fin influence the velocity of vibration onset. If the length of the added plate and fin size on the rectangular prism with D/H = 0.2 becomes large, the curve of the response amplitude shifts to that of the rectangular prism with D/H= 0.5. The response amplitude of the rectangular prism with/without plate or fin is found to be related to the second moment of area of the prism.

A Stability Analysis of the Cantilevered Blocks in the Underground Gold Mine of Akka （Anti-Atlas of Morocco）

A cantilevered block is instable rock which results from a combination of several discontinuities, in interaction with an underground mining excavation giving a mass rocky under-gangway without natural support. Since the starting of the gold mine of Akka in 1998, 4 deaths and 26 grave accidents happened that are associated to the falling of the cantilevered blocks. However, this study analyzes the causes of apparition of this instability in the underground gold mine of Akka which is in the buttonhole of Tagragra （Anti-Atlas, Morocco） taking into account the geological and geotechnical aspects. The more utilized geotechnical approaches were used to evaluate the quality of rocky mass including RQD, RMR and Q System method besides laboratory tests and geomechanical stations. After development of some classical formulas and using of simulation software and analytical methods, a way of support by bolting is proposed to stabilize the risk of blocks collapse inherent to the mining operations. Also we discuss here other technical solutions and theirs application limits in these cases. Finally, we confirmed the reliability of our conclusions and the type of the support proposed during 2012 and 2013 because we did not register any accident associated to cantilevered block falling.

Snap-through behaviors and nonlinear vibrations of a bistable composite laminated cantilever shell:an experimental and numerical study

The snap-through behaviors and nonlinear vibrations are investigated for a bistable composite laminated cantilever shell subjected to transversal foundation excitation based on experimental and theoretical approaches.An improved experimental specimen is designed in order to satisfy the cantilever support boundary condition,which is composed of an asymmetric region and a symmetric region.The symmetric region of the experimental specimen is entirely clamped,which is rigidly connected to an electromagnetic shaker,while the asymmetric region remains free of constraint.Different motion paths are realized for the bistable cantilever shell by changing the input signal levels of the electromagnetic shaker,and the displacement responses of the shell are collected by the laser displacement sensors.The numerical simulation is conducted based on the established theoretical model of the bistable composite laminated cantilever shell,and an off-axis three-dimensional dynamic snap-through domain is obtained.The numerical solutions are in good agreement with the experimental results.The nonlinear stiffness characteristics,dynamic snap-through domain,and chaos and bifurcation behaviors of the shell are quantitatively analyzed.Due to the asymmetry of the boundary condition and the shell,the upper stable-state of the shell exhibits an obvious soft spring stiffness characteristic,and the lower stable-state shows a linear stiffness characteristic of the shell.

Nanomotion of bacteria to determine metabolic profile

In addition to their visible motion such as swimming(e.g.,with the help offlagella),bacteria can also exhibit nanomotion that is detectable only with highly sensitive instruments,and this study shows that it is possible to detect bacterial nanomotion using an AFM detection system.The results show that the nanomotion characteristics depend on the bacterial strain,and that nanomotion can be used to sense the metabolic activity of bacteria because the oscillations are sensitive to the food preferences of the bacteria and the type of surrounding medium.

Deformation mechanism and roof pre-splitting control technology of gob-side entry in thick hard main roof full-mechanized longwall caving panel

This paper explores the deformation mechanism and control technology of roof pre-splitting for gob-side entries in hard roof full-mechanized longwall caving panel(LTCC).The investigation utilizes a comprehensive approach that integrates field monitoring,theoretical analysis,and numerical simulation.Theoretical analysis has illuminated the influence of the length of the lateral cantilever beam of the main roof(LCBM)above the roadway on the stability of the gob-side entry behind the panel.Numerical simulations have further revealed that the longer LCBM results in heightened vertical stress within the coal pillar,developed cracks around the roadway,and more pronounced damage to the roadway.Moreover,numerical simulations also demonstrate the potential of roof pre-splitting technology in optimizing the fracture position of the hard roof.This technology significantly reduces the length of the LCBM,thereby alleviating stress concentration in the coal pillars and integrated coal rib while minimizing the destruction of the gob-side entry.Therefore,this manuscript first proposes the use of roof pre-splitting technology to control roadway deformation,and automatically retain the entry within a hard roof LTCC panel.Field implementation has demonstrated that the proposed automatically retained entry by roof pre-splitting technology effectively reduces gob-side entry deformation and achieves automatically retained entry.

Bending strength degradation of a cantilever plate with surface energy due to partial debonding at the clamped boundary

This paper investigates the bending fracture problem of a micro/nanoscale cantilever thin plate with surface energy,where the clamped boundary is partially debonded along the thickness direction.Some fundamental mechanical equations for the bending problem of micro/nanoscale plates are given by the Kirchhoff theory of thin plates,incorporating the Gurtin-Murdoch surface elasticity theory.For two typical cases of constant bending moment and uniform shear force in the debonded segment,the associated problems are reduced to two mixed boundary value problems.By solving the resulting mixed boundary value problems using the Fourier integral transform,a new type of singular integral equation with two Cauchy kernels is obtained for each case,and the exact solutions in terms of the fundamental functions are determined using the PoincareBertrand formula.Asymptotic elastic fields near the debonded tips including the bending moment,effective shear force,and bulk stress components exhibit the oscillatory singularity.The dependence relations among the singular fields,the material constants,and the plate's thickness are analyzed for partially debonded cantilever micro-plates.If surface energy is neglected,these results reduce the bending fracture of a macroscale partially debonded cantilever plate,which has not been previously reported.

Inter-well internal resonance analysis of rectangular asymmetric cross-ply bistable composite laminated cantilever shell under transverse foundation excitation

The chaotic dynamic snap-through and complex nonlinear vibrations are investigated in a rectangular asymmetric cross-ply bistable composite laminated cantilever shell,in cases of 1:2 inter-well internal resonance and primary resonance.The transverse foundation excitation is applied to the fixed end of the structure,and the other end is in a free state.The first-order approximate multiple scales method is employed to perform the perturbation analysis on the dimensionless two-degree-of-freedom ordinary differential motion control equation.The four-dimensional averaged equations are derived in both polar and rectangular coordinate forms.Deriving from the obtained frequency-amplitude and force-amplitude response curves,a detailed analysis is conducted to examine the impacts of excitation amplitude,damping coefficient,and tuning parameter on the nonlinear internal resonance characteristics of the system.The nonlinear softening characteristic is exhibited in the upper stable-state,while the lower stable-state demonstrates the softening and linearity characteristics.Numerical simulation is carried out using the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method,and a series of nonlinear response curves are plotted.Increasing the excitation amplitude further elucidates the global bifurcation and chaotic dynamic snap-through characteristics of the bistable cantilever shell.

Numerical and theoretical study of large-scale failure of strata overlying sublevel caving mines with steeply dipping discontinuities

The deformation and fracture evolution mechanisms of the strata overlying mines mined using sublevel caving were studied via numerical simulations.Moreover,an expression for the normal force acting on the side face of a steeply dipping superimposed cantilever beam in the surrounding rock was deduced based on limit equilibrium theory.The results show the following:(1)surface displacement above metal mines with steeply dipping discontinuities shows significant step characteristics,and(2)the behavior of the strata as they fail exhibits superimposition characteristics.Generally,failure first occurs in certain superimposed strata slightly far from the goaf.Subsequently,with the constant downward excavation of the orebody,the superimposed strata become damaged both upwards away from and downwards toward the goaf.This process continues until the deep part of the steeply dipping superimposed strata forms a large-scale deep fracture plane that connects with the goaf.The deep fracture plane generally makes an angle of 12°-20°with the normal to the steeply dipping discontinuities.The effect of the constant outward transfer of strata movement due to the constant outward failure of the superimposed strata in the metal mines with steeply dipping discontinuities causes the scope of the strata movement in these mines to be larger than expected.The strata in the metal mines with steeply dipping discontinuities mainly show flexural toppling failure.However,the steeply dipping structural strata near the goaf mainly exhibit shear slipping failure,in which case the mechanical model used to describe them can be simplified by treating them as steeply dipping superimposed cantilever beams.By taking the steeply dipping superimposed cantilever beam that first experiences failure as the key stratum,the failure scope of the strata(and criteria for the stability of metal mines with steeply dipping discontinuities mined using sublevel caving)can be obtained via iterative computations from the key stratum,moving downward toward and upwards away from the goaf.

Effect of Moving Endwall on Hub Leakage Flow of Cantilevered Stator in a Linear Compressor Cascade

The cantilevered stator has the advantages of reducing mass and axial length of highly loaded com-pressor.The details of the hub leakage flow resulting from the clearance between the high-speed moving hub and the cantilevered stator hub are unclear.In this paper,the effect of a moving endwall on the hub leakage flow of a cantilevered stator in a linear compressor cascade was studied.After the simulation method was verified with the experimental results,the time-averaged results of unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes(URANS)were selected to study a case with a hub clearance of 2 mm.The results show that the effect of the moving endwall of the cantilevered cascade on the general characteristics with below 30%span increases the leakage mass flow rate and reduces the static pressure coefficient at three conditions of 0°,6°,and-7°incidences,and the change is most significant at-7°incidence.The effect of the moving endwall on the total pressure loss coefficient varies with different operating conditions,which decreases by 15.94%at 0°incidence,and increases by 4.77%and 18.51%at 6°incidence and-7°incidence,respectively.The influence of the moving endwall is below 14%span at-7°incidence,below 23%span at 0°incidence,and below 30%span at 6°incidence.These effects correspond to the static pressure coefficient and the difference of static pressure coefficient representing the blade loading.In designing the cantilevered stator and matching between the stages of a multistage compressor,the quantitative research results of this paper have certain guiding significance.

The Effects of the Longitudinal Axis of Loading upon Bending, Shear and Torsion of a Thin-Walled Cantilever Channel Beam

Three aluminium channel sections of US standard extruded dimension are mounted as cantilevers with x-axis symmetry. The flexural bending and shear that arise with applied axial torsion are each considered theoretically and numerically in terms of two longitudinal axes of loading not coincident with the shear centre. In particular, the warping displacements, stiffness and stress distributions are calculated for torsion applied to longitudinal axes passing through the section’s centroid and its web centre. The stress conversions derived from each action are superimposed to reveal a net sectional stress distribution. Therein, the influence of the axis position upon the net axial and shear stress distributions is established compared to previous results for each beam when loading is referred to a flexural axis through the shear centre. Within the net stress analysis is, it is shown how the constraint to free warping presented by the end fixing modifies the axial stress. The latter can be identified with the action of a ‘bimoment’ upon each thin-walled section.

Theory of Flexural Shear, Bending and Torsion for a Thin-Walled Beam of Open Section

Aspects of the general Vlasov theory are examined separately as applied to a thin-walled channel section cantilever beam under free-end end loading. In particular, the flexural bending and shear that arise under transverse shear and axial torsional loading are each considered theoretically. These analyses involve the location of the shear centre at which transverse shear forces when applied do not produce torsion. This centre, when taken to be coincident with the centre of twist implies an equivalent reciprocal behaviour. That is, an axial torsion applied concentric with the shear centre will twist but not bend the beam. The respective bending and shear stress conversions are derived for each action applied to three aluminium alloy extruded channel sections mounted as cantilevers with a horizontal principal axis of symmetry. Bending and shear are considered more generally for other thin-walled sections when the transverse loading axes at the shear centre are not parallel to the section = s centroidal axes of principal second moments of area. The fixing at one end of the cantilever modifies the St Venant free angular twist and the free warping displacement. It is shown from the Wagner-Kappus torsion theory how the end constrained warping generates an axial stress distribution that varies with the length and across the cross-section for an axial torsion applied to the shear centre. It should be mentioned here for wider applications and validation of the Vlasov theory that attendant papers are to consider in detail bending and torsional loadings applied to other axes through each of the centroid and the web centre. Therein, both bending and twisting arise from transverse shear and axial torsion applied to each position being displaced from the shear centre. Here, the influence of the axis position upon the net axial and shear stress distributions is to be established. That is, the net axial stress from axial torsional loading is identified with the sum of axial stress due to bending and axial stress arising from constrained warping displacements at the fixing. The net shear stress distribution overlays the distributions from axial torsion and that from flexural shear under transverse loading. Both arise when transverse forces are displaced from the shear centre.

Optimization of cantilevered piezoelectric energy harvester with a fixed resonance frequency

Piezoelectric energy harvesting is widely used to scavenge vibration energy in the environment.For some vibration sources with fixed frequency,cantilevered harvester can generate the energy effectively,so the optimization theory for cantilevered harvester in such an application is needed.In this article,we present the theoretical and experimental studies of the cantilevered piezoelectric energy harvester with a fixed resonance frequency.An analytical model based on energy method is used to estimate the open-circuit voltage and generated energy.Considering that the harvester may be subjected to the static force or steady-state sinusoidal vibration excitation,static and dynamic analysis is performed for device structure to achieve efficient energy.In the analysis,the effects of geometrical dimension on the energy harvesting performance are discussed comprehensively.Eventually,a prototype is designed and fabricated using(1-x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-xPbTiO3(PMN-PT)single crystal with ultrahigh piezoelectric properties and coupling factor.Performances of the cantilever with different clamped length are evaluated under sinusoidal vibration excitation,proving the good consistency between experimental results and theoretical prediction.The established analysis can provide useful guidelines for the structure design of cantilevered piezoelectric energy harvester with a fixed resonance frequency.

Bending characteristic of a cantilevered magnetostrictive film-substrate system

The bending problem of a film-substrate cantilever with arbitrary film-to-substrate thickness ratio is solved exactly by employing the force equilibrium equation, and then the optimization and application of the bending characteristic of the magne-tostrictive cantilever is discussed. Furthermore, the influence of geometrical and physical parameters of the two cantilever components on the maximum free-end deflection of the cantilever is addressed. The results indicate that as the substrate thickness is kept constant, the greater film-to-substrate stiffness ratio will induce a larger deflection, while for the case of fixed total cantilever thickness, the optimal cantilever deflection is independent of the physical parameters of the materials such as Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio.

Design and optimization of cantilevered magnetostrictive film-substrate microactuator

The exact solution for the bending problem of a free-end point loaded film- substrate cantilever with arbitrary film-to-substrate thickness ratio is obtained by using the basic mechanical equilibrium equation. And then the problem of design and optimization for microactuator buildup of film-substrate cantilever is discussed by taking into account the effect of geometrical and physical parameters of the cantilever components. Furthermore, the optimal condition for actuator application is presented and some theoretical problems are clarified. The results show that, in general, the greater the film-to-substrate thickness ratio, the higher the ability of taking load, namely the larger the exerted force of the cantilever when the thickness of substrate is kept constant. When the total thickness of the cantilever is kept constant, however, the free-end exerted force will experience a maximum and this maximum value of the exerted force will decrease with the increasing film-to-sub- strate stiffness ratio. Meanwhile, the optimal thickness ratio corresponding to this maximum exerted force also decreases with the increasing stiffness ratio. Whether for the cases of fixed substrate or fixed total thickness, the influence of Poisson’s ratio of two cantilever components on the exerted force is remarkable, and should not be neglected.

Tunnelling performance prediction of cantilever boring machine in sedimentary hard-rock tunnel using deep belief network

Evaluating the adaptability of cantilever boring machine(CBM) through in-depth excavation and analysis of tunnel excavation data and rock mass parameters is the premise of mechanical design and efficient excavation in the field of underground space engineering.This paper presented a case study of tunnelling performance prediction method of CBM in sedimentary hard-rock tunnel of Karst landform type by using tunneling data and surrounding rock parameters.The uniaxial compressive strength(UCS),rock integrity factor(Kv),basic quality index([BQ]),rock quality index RQD,brazilian tensile strength(BTS) and brittleness index(BI) were introduced to construct a performance prediction database based on the hard-rock tunnel of Guiyang Metro Line 1 and Line 3,and then established the performance prediction model of cantilever boring machine.Then the deep belief network(DBN) was introduced into the performance prediction model,and the reliability of performance prediction model was verified by combining with engineering data.The study showed that the influence degree of surrounding rock parameters on the tunneling performance of the cantilever boring machine is UCS > [BQ] > BTS >RQD > Kv > BI.The performance prediction model shows that the instantaneous cutting rate(ICR) has a good correlation with the surrounding rock parameters,and the predicting model accuracy is related to the reliability of construction data.The prediction of limestone and dolomite sections of Line 3 based on the DBN performance prediction model shows that the measured ICR and predicted ICR is consistent and the built performance prediction model is reliable.The research results have theoretical reference significance for the applicability analysis and mechanical selection of cantilever boring machine for hard rock tunnel.

A study of a slim compact piezo inertia actuator

Most previously reported inertia actuators suffer from the problems of low speed and large size.To overcome these shortcomings,this study proposes a slim compact piezo inertia actuator based on the principle of stick–slip drive.Actuated by the transverse motion of a cantilever beam forming part of a monolithic elastomer,this actuator achieves a high velocity.The construction and basic operating principle of the actuator are discussed in detail.Commercial finite element analysis software is employed to determine the appropriate geometry for the monolithic elastomer.To study the actuator’s mechanical characteristics,a prototype is fabricated and a series of experimental tests are performed.According to the results of these tests,the maximum velocity and maximum load force are about 24.03 mm/s and 1.96 N,respectively,and the minimum step size is about 0.47μm.It is shown that the inertia actuator based on a monolithic elastomer with a cantilever beam not only has a slim compact structure,but also exhibits good output characteristics.