Review on the mesoscale characterization of cement-stabilized macadam materials

The base layer constructed by cement-stabilized macadam(CSM)has been widely used in highway construction due to its low elasticity deformation and high carrying capacity.As a bearing layer,the CSM base is not exempt from fatigue cracking under cyclic loading in the service process.Cracks in the base will create irreversible structural and functional deficiencies,such as the potential for reflective cracking of subsequently placed asphalt concrete overlays.The fracture of the base will shorten the service life of the pavement.The quality of the CSM base is directly related to the bearing capacity and integrity of the whole pavement structure.It is of practical significance to further study the fatigue failure behavior of CSM material for the long-term performance of the pavement.The CSM material is a typical heterogeneous multiphase composite.On the mesoscale,CSM consists of aggregate,cement mortar,pores,and the interface transitional zone(ITZ).On the microscale,the hardened mortar contains a large number of capillary pores,unhydrated particles,hydrated crystals,etc.,which makes the spatial distribution of its material properties stochastic.In addition,cement hydration,dry shrinkage,and temperature shrinkage can also produce micro-crack defects in cement mortar.These microcracks will have crossscale evolution under load,resulting in structural fracture.Macroscopic complex deformation and mechanical response are the reflections of its microscopic and even mesoscale composition and structure.This study summarized the existing studies on the mesoscopic properties of CSM materials,respectively from the three aspects of mesostructure,structural characterization,and mesoscale fatigue damage analysis,to help the development of long-life pavement.The future research direction is to explore the mesoscale characteristics of CSM using multiscale representation and analysis methods,to establish the connection between mesoscale characteristics and macroscopic mechanical properties.

Polyvinyl alcohol fiber cement-stabilized macadam:A review and performance evaluation

This review evaluated research results on polyvinyl alcohol fiber cement-stabilized macadam(PVA-FCSM)to further improve the long-term durability of road structures and promote its in-depth study and high-quality application.The suitable PVA fiber technical indexes for ordinary cement-stabilized macadam(CSM)were recommended.The difference in the mechanical properties between CSM and PVA-FCSM was described.The extent to which PVA fibers enhance the durability of CSM were clarified.Additionally,the mechanism of enhancement of CSM by PVA fibers was revealed.Finally,the performance of each type of fiber cement-stabilized macadam(FCSM)was compared and evaluated.The results indicated that the suggested PVA fiber length and content for CSM were 12-30 mm and 0.6-1.2 kg/m^(3),respectively.At different ages,the mean degree of improvement in the unconfined compressive strength was 14%,20%,and 14%,that in the compressive resilience modulus was 8%,11%,and 6%,and that in the splitting strength was 29%,15%,and 22%,respectively.At different ages,the mean degree of decreased in the dry shrinkage coefficient was 21%,16%,and 15%and that in the temperature shrinkage coefficient(20℃-30℃)was 23%,23%,and 18%,respectively.The coefficients increased with extended curing age.Moreover,at the same stress level,PVA-FCSM has a higher fatigue life compared to CSM.The bridging effect,high strength,and high modulus of PVA fiber enhance the strength and anti-cracking of CSM.The recommended fiber type for CSM is PVA fiber.

A strength model for cement-stabilized mud subjected to various curing temperatures and its early-stage quality control

The influence of curing temperature on the strength development of cement-stabilized mud has been well documented in terms of strength-increase rate and ultimate strength.However,the strength development model is not mature for the extremely early stages.In addition,there is a lack of studies on quality control methods based on early-stage strength development.This paper presents a strength model for cement-stabilized mud to address these gaps,considering various curing temperatures and early-stage behaviors.In this study,a series of laboratory experiments was conducted on two types of muds treated with Portland blast furnace cement and ordinary Portland cement under four different temperatures.The results indicate that elevated temperatures expedite strength development and lead to higher long-term strength.The proposed model,which combines a three-step conversion process and a hyperbolic model at the reference temperature,enables accurate estimate of the strength development for cement-treated mud with any proportions cured under various temperatures.With this model,a practical early quality control method is introduced for applying cement-stabilized mud in field projects.The back-analysis parameters obtained from a 36-h investigation at temperature of 60C demonstrated a sufficient accuracy in predicting strength levels in practical applications.

Study on influence factors of cement-stabilized soil compressive strength

The cement dry jet mixing method has been used to reinforce soft cohesive ground to increase the strength of soft cohesive ground and to decrease its deformation. The study briefly introduces the curing mechanism of cement-soil,presents the factors of influencing on compressive strength,mainly analyses the factors including cement mixing ratio,cement strength grade,curing age,moisture content and soil texture and puts forward some rational proposals at last.

胶粉纤维改性水泥稳定碎石抗裂性能研究

针对水泥稳定碎石基层易开裂问题,在混合料中掺入适量胶粉及聚乙烯醇(PVA)纤维,开展强度、抗压回弹模量、干缩性能和扫描电镜试验(SEM);分别掺入橡胶粉、改性胶粉、PVA纤维、不同水泥剂量的胶粉纤维,对比其对混合料抗裂性能的影响。发现掺入材料对水泥稳定碎石混合料性能具有明显影响。掺入胶粉、改性胶粉后会降低混合料强度和抗压回弹模量,提升抗干缩性能;掺入纤维能增强混合料强度、模量和抗干缩性能;加入不同水泥剂量的胶粉纤维对混合料强度、抗压回弹模量提升效果明显,但降低了抗干缩性能;宏观力学指标试验和SEM试验结果显示出改性胶粉纤维与水泥基具有良好的黏结性,可以提升水泥稳定碎石混合料的抗裂能力。

水泥稳定碎石拉压不同力学特性研究

为解决现行路面结构设计参数及其取值与材料实际力学特性不匹配的问题,选取典型水泥稳定碎石开展了不同水泥剂量与加载速度下的单轴压缩及直接拉伸试验,研究了其应力应变特性,并分析了压拉强度、模量及泊松比的变化规律及其相互关系,揭示了水泥稳定碎石的拉压不同力学特性.结果表明:水泥稳定碎石拉压受力状态下的应力应变性质符合双模量理论的双线性特征,2%~3%水泥剂量范围为水泥稳定碎石力学本质特性发生变化的过渡区;水泥稳定碎石的拉压力学参数与加载速度和水泥剂量均呈良好的非线性变化关系;就影响因素而言,水泥剂量对材料拉压参数的影响程度远大于加载速度;就力学参数而言,模量受水泥剂量和加载速度的影响最大,其次为强度,最后为泊松比,且相较于抗压,抗拉力学参数受这2种因素的影响更为显著;压拉模量比及压拉泊松比的比值受加载速度和水泥剂量的影响较小,压拉强度比随水泥剂量的增大而逐渐减小,当水泥剂量超过3%时,压拉强度比趋于稳定,据此建立了水泥稳定碎石的拉压力学参数量化取值模型.研究结果可为基于双模量理论的路面结构设计参数取值提供依据.

用MacAdam椭圆检验CIE1964 LUV和CIE1976 LAB色空间的均匀性

绘制出C IE1964 LUV和C IE1976 LAB色空间色度图中的M acAdam色分辨椭圆,并利用M acAdam椭圆的分布情况对这2种色空间的均匀性进行了检验。比较和分析的结果表明C IE1976LAB色空间在均匀性上比C IE1964 LUV有所提高,并由此指出了2种颜色空间适用的使用领域。

考虑养生期水化热影响的高海拔地区水泥稳定碎石层温度分布研究

为了揭示高海拔地区水泥稳定碎石层养生期温度分布规律,采用有限元软件ABAQUS建立了基于水化热的水泥稳定碎石层养生期三维非稳态计算模型,分析了日最低气温、日温差、太阳辐射总量、风速、水泥稳定碎石厚度及水泥剂量等因素对水泥稳定碎石层养生期温度场分布的影响及其敏感性。分析表明:随着日最低气温、日温差、日太阳辐射总量及水泥剂量的增大,水泥稳定碎石层表面及层中温度逐渐提高;随着风速的增大,水泥稳定碎石层表面及层中温度逐渐降低;水泥稳定碎石层表面最低温度的关键影响因素为风速,层中最低温度的关键影响因素为水泥稳定碎石厚度。

水泥稳定再生碎石物理力学性能研究进展

再生集料的使用对交通基础设施建设的可持续发展具有重要意义,将其用于集料占比大而强度要求低的水泥稳定碎石基层具有较大的推广价值,但目前相关研究及应用较少,缺乏系统总结。本文对水泥稳定再生碎石物理力学性能研究进行综述,统计了再生集料基本性能指标,总结了再生集料、水泥、龄期和外掺物等因素对水泥稳定再生碎石物理力学性能的影响,得到以下结论:再生集料性能较低,应进行表面处理并合理掺配,当掺量小于40%时,水泥稳定再生碎石各项性能降幅均较小,掺量较大时性能降低显著;再生集料替代粒径越大,干燥收缩性能越高,但强度、刚度和抗冲刷等性能降低;水泥掺量的增加提高了水泥稳定再生碎石的强度、刚度、抗冲刷和疲劳等性能,但其收缩性能降低,因此在满足基层强度和刚度的基础上,应适当减少水泥掺量以有效降低收缩;水泥稳定再生碎石的强度和收缩等均在28 d龄期达到稳定,因此其应进行适当龄期的养护,以满足后续面层施工要求;添加适当的外掺物虽然降低了水泥稳定再生碎石的强度和刚度,但提高了其收缩和疲劳性能,因此可缓解基层开裂。然而,不同粒径的再生集料对水泥稳定再生碎石物理力学性能的影响机理不明确,可将其作为今后研究的切入点,为其在路面工程设计和施工中的应用提供理论和技术支撑;此外,不同来源的再生集料对水泥稳定再生碎石性能的影响不同,今后研究应以吸水率和压碎值等作为修正系数控制指标,对其掺量与水泥稳定再生碎石性能模型进行修正。

掺建筑垃圾水泥稳定碎石力学强度增长规律与预测模型

本文研究了建筑垃圾再生集料掺量对水泥稳定碎石(CSM)力学强度的影响,以强度最高或掺量最大为原则提出了再生集料最佳掺量和配比,并在最优掺量下研究了再生集料水泥稳定碎石(CSMRA)的力学强度增长规律,提出了CSRA力学强度的预测模型,并进行了可靠性验证。结果表明:CSRA抗压强度随再生细集料掺量增加先增大后减小,随再生粗集料掺量增加而降低,再生集料最大掺量为70%(质量分数);所建立的力学强度增长方程和预测模型的相关系数均大于0.98,预测值与实测值误差不大于14.0%,表明在确定水泥掺量、集料类型、矿料配比及7 d强度后,该模型可准确预测CSRA在其他养生龄期时的力学强度。

Composition design and performance evaluation of rubber-particle cement-stabilized gravel

To improve the mechanical properties and durability of the cement-stabilized base,rubber particles of three different sizes and with three different contents were optimally selected,the evolution laws of the mechanical strength and toughness of rubber-particle cement-stabilized gravel(RCSG)under different schemes were determined,and the optimal particle size and content of rubber particles were obtained.On this basis,the durability of the RCSG base was clarified.The results show that with an increase in the rubber particle size and content,the mechanical strength of RCSG gradually decreased,whereas the toughness and transverse deformation ability gradually increased.1%content and 2–4 mm sized RCSG can better balance the relationship between mechanical strength and toughness.The 7 d unconfined compressive strength was 17.7%higher than that of the 4–8 mm RCSG.The 28 d toughness index and ultimate splitting strain can be increased by 9.8%and 6.3 times,respectively,compared with ordinary cement-stabilized gravel(CSG).In terms of durability,compared with CSG,RCSG showed a 3.7%increase in the water stability property of cement-stabilized base with 1%content and 2–4 mm rubber particles,5.5%increase in the frozen coefficient,and 80.6%and 37.9%increase in the fatigue life at 0.70 and 0.85 stress ratio levels,respectively.

宽幅大厚度水泥稳定碎石基层整体铺筑工艺及青海地区适用性分析

针对青海地区路面工程实际情况,从水泥稳定碎石基层混合料的拌合与运输、摊铺、压实三个方面入手,探究了宽幅大厚度水泥稳定基层的施工技术要点;通过对比传统的水泥稳定碎石基层并机分层摊铺施工工艺,总结了宽幅大厚度水泥稳定碎石基层整体铺筑技术在青海地区应用的优势及现存问题。研究分析表明:宽幅大厚度水泥稳定碎石基层整体铺筑过程中,需提高相应拌合运输能力,依工程实际从两种主要摊铺工艺中按需选择,通过合理的机械组合使基层整体压实度达到要求,并使上下压实度差异较小;从施工和性能两方面因素考虑,宽幅大厚度水泥稳定碎石基层整体铺筑技术在青海地区路面工程中的适用性更高,社会经济效益更好,建议在工程实践中结合项目实际加以推广应用。

水稳碎石材料细观修复行为及最佳修复时机

为了探究水稳碎石(CSM)材料的细观修复行为及最佳修复时机,基于损伤-愈合模型对其修复效果影响因素进行了分析。首先,基于离散元法(DEM)建立CSM的二维半圆弯曲(SCB)数值试件,引入损伤因子模拟材料的局部损伤与愈合效应,进而构建细观尺度的损伤-愈合数值模型。其次,通过虚拟SCB疲劳试验实现不同程度的荷载损伤,基于愈合变量来表征损伤修复过程,模拟局部损伤愈合行为。然后,基于损伤-愈合模型开展不同损伤状态下的修复效果评估,分析初始损伤状态、愈合程度对修复效果的影响规律,并进一步研究了CSM材料的最佳修复时机。结果表明:所提出的损伤-愈合模型能够再现CSM材料在细观尺度上的损伤与愈合行为,初始损伤状态和愈合程度对修复效果的影响具有非线性,在70%~85%的疲劳寿命阶段,局部损伤修复对结构强度的提升作用较为显著。基于对损伤修复效果的数值分析,推荐将70%~85%的疲劳寿命作为CSM材料的最佳修复时机,此外,选择强度优良、数量充足的愈合剂可以最大程度地提升局部损伤修复效果。

基于离散元的废旧二灰碎石与土混合料承载比细观力学特性研究

建筑垃圾应用于路基过程中,其材料承载力对道路服役性能具有重要影响。为评价建筑垃圾用于路基填料时的细观力学特性,该文利用离散元软件对不同含石率的废旧二灰碎石与土混合料进行承载比试验,并利用离散元法揭示强度形成机理。结果表明:混合料的承载比随含石率增大不断增加,含石率为80%时达到最大值。在离散元模拟承载比试验中,空隙率随着二灰碎石土的含石量的增大先降低后增大,当含石率为80%时混合料的空隙率最小,此时能达到最佳的承载效果。随着含石率的逐渐增大,废旧二灰碎石之间的颗粒相互嵌挤,形成骨架结构,因此能够有效承担来自贯入杆的荷载。

不同养生方式下的水稳材料关键力学性能试验研究

根据久马高速公路的情况,选取了PE薄膜密封养护、养护土工布覆盖滴灌节水保湿养护、可降解保湿膜养护三种常见养生方式,并辅以室内外养生作为环境条件。其中水稳材料的关键力学性能指标为无限制抗压强度、劈裂强度和回弹模量,按照要求进行检测和比较研究。结果显示,在核心技术指标即7 d力学性能试验中,PE薄膜和可降解保湿膜效果均表现优异,劈裂强度相差无几,相对而言土工布的方式的效果较差,在长期关键力学性能增长的过程中,可降解保湿膜效果均表现更为突出。说明可降解可降解保湿养生膜具有积极意义,一定程度上提升了水泥稳定碎石劈裂强度,同时这类塑膜还保持了可降解的特性,具备了较好环保特性,因此在有条件的情况下,环境脆弱或少水地区推荐采用可降解可降解保湿养生膜养生。

基于CT技术的水泥稳定碎石微裂程度控制模型

为探究水泥稳定碎石材料内部细观空隙特征变化对微裂程度的影响,借助CT无损检测技术提取微裂后水泥稳定碎石试件空隙特征参数,采用灰熵关联度探讨水泥稳定碎石空隙参数与微裂程度关联性,建立空隙数量与微裂程度灰色关系模型。结果表明:延长振动时间,面空隙率呈现先增大后减小趋势、微裂程度呈现先增长后降低趋势。微裂后水泥稳定碎石试件相比未微裂试件空隙数量有所增加,且微裂作用对面积在0~0.1 mm^(2)范围内的空隙影响最为显著。圆度在0~0.2范围内空隙占比随振动时间延长逐渐增大,微裂后空隙分形维数均大于未微裂试件,且材料内部空隙形状趋于复杂化。空隙数量与微裂程度关联度最高。基于上述结果建立的微裂程度GM(1,2)预测模型可为水泥稳定碎石微裂技术细观层面研究和应用提供理论参考。

高速公路快速养生再生水稳碎石基层关键技术研究与应用

当前,路面铣刨料(RAP)再生利用环节存在利用途径窄、利用层位偏下等问题,而且传统的水泥稳定碎石基层施工需要封闭交通7 d进行保水养生,之后才能实施沥青面层施工作业,容易引发交通拥堵问题和安全隐患。因此,文章针对上述不足之处,开展高速公路快速养生再生水稳碎石基层关键技术研究,提升了铣刨料再生应用层位,同时在混合料中添加自主研发的免养生剂,实现基层施工完成1 d后即可开放交通、开展下一道工序的施工,为当前高速公路尤其是应急工程及改扩建工程项目水稳施工提供了新的技术借鉴。

Assessment of Cement-Lime as Stabilizer on Mud Bricks

The aim of this study was to evaluate the compressive strength of clay bricks and their stability to water absorption by inserting stabilizers such as lime and cement of 0%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12% to 14%. Spectrometric analysis was used to characterize the various stabilizers and the clay used, and tests of resistance and water absorption were also carried out. The clay was found to be an aluminosilicate (15.55% to 17.17% Al2O3 and 42.12% to 44.15% SiO2). The lime contains 90.84% CaO and the cement has 17.80% SiO2, 3.46% Al2O3, 2.43% Fe2O3 and 58.47% CaO in the combined form of tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate and ferro-tetra calcium aluminate. The results showed that the insertion of locally available stabilizers (lime and cement) improved the strength of the material by almost 80% when the lime was increased from 0% to 14% for 14 days. For compressed cement, a 65% increase in strength was observed under the same conditions. Strength increases with drying time, with a 52% increase in strength at 28 days compared to 14 days. Furthermore, compressed cement bricks have a more compact structure, absorbing very little water (32%). In view of all these results, cement appears to be the best stabilizer, and compression improves compressive strength and reduces water absorption.

干拌水泥碎石桩在高速公路养护中的应用

介绍了干拌水泥碎石桩施工技术的特点,以某高速公路养护施工为例,阐述了干拌水泥碎石桩施工技术的工艺原理,对原材料处理、测量放样、试桩及钻机就位、钻孔施工、成桩处理、交通管控中的要点进行了分析,并提出制定管理制度、强化现场作业人员专业水平考核等质量控制措施。

聚丙烯纤维增强水稳基层抗裂性能评价及微观机理

为提升水泥稳定碎石基层的抗裂耐久性,可在其中加入不同掺量的聚丙烯纤维。通过试验测试不同养护龄期下试件的劈裂抗拉强度,确定了最佳聚丙烯纤维掺量;采用宏观力学性能试验,分析了聚丙烯纤维的掺入对试件抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度、抗弯拉强度的影响;对掺入和未掺入聚丙烯纤维的两组试件进行了半圆弯曲试验,并利用数字图像相关(digital image correlation,DIC)技术对加载过程进行了全时域监测对比,得到其位移时间曲线。试验结果表明:水稳碎石基层中聚丙烯纤维的最佳掺量为0.10%,聚丙烯纤维的掺入能提升水稳基层的宏观力学性能,延缓水稳基层裂缝的发展,并通过应力传递降低水稳基层的应变集中及位移激增。