AAV-mediated expression of p65shRNA and bone morphogenetic protein 4 synergistically enhances chondrocyte regeneration

BACKGROUND:Adeno-associated virus(AAV)gene therapy has been proven to be reliable and safe for the treatment of osteoarthritis in recent years.However,given the complexity of osteoarthritis pathogenesis,single gene manipulation for the treatment of osteoarthritis may not produce satisfactory results.Previous studies have shown that nuclear factorκB could promote the inflammatory pathway in osteoarthritic chondrocytes,and bone morphogenetic protein 4(BMP4)could promote cartilage regeneration.OBJECTIVE:To test whether combined application of AAV-p65shRNA and AAV-BMP4 will yield the synergistic effect on chondrocytes regeneration and osteoarthritis treatment.METHODS:Viral particles containing AAV-p65-shRNA and AAV-BMP4 were prepared.Their efficacy in inhibiting inflammation in chondrocytes and promoting chondrogenesis was assessed in vitro and in vivo by transfecting AAV-p65-shRNA or AAV-BMP4 into cells.The experiments were divided into five groups:PBS group;osteoarthritis group;AAV-BMP4 group;AAV-p65shRNA group;and BMP4-p65shRNA 1:1 group.Samples were collected at 4,12,and 24 weeks postoperatively.Tissue staining,including safranin O and Alcian blue,was applied after collecting articular tissue.Then,the optimal ratio between the two types of transfected viral particles was further investigated to improve the chondrogenic potential of mixed cells in vivo.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The combined application of AAV-p65shRNA and AAV-BMP4 together showed a synergistic effect on cartilage regeneration and osteoarthritis treatment.Mixed cells transfected with AAV-p65shRNA and AAV-BMP4 at a 1:1 ratio produced the most extracellular matrix synthesis(P<0.05).In vivo results also revealed that the combination of the two viruses had the highest regenerative potential for osteoarthritic cartilage(P<0.05).In the present study,we also discovered that the combined therapy had the maximum effect when the two viruses were administered in equal proportions.Decreasing either p65shRNA or BMP4 transfected cells resulted in less collagen II synthesis.This implies that inhibiting inflammation by p65shRNA and promoting regeneration by BMP4 are equally important for osteoarthritis treatment.These findings provide a new strategy for the treatment of early osteoarthritis by simultaneously inhibiting cartilage inflammation and promoting cartilage repair.

脱细胞软骨细胞外基质匀浆联合氧化苦参碱治疗大鼠骨关节炎

背景:脱细胞软骨细胞外基质治疗骨关节炎具有一定的效果,但其单独应用时的治疗效果有限。氧化苦参碱可缓解白细胞介素1β诱导的软骨细胞凋亡和细胞外基质降解。目的:观察不同剂量氧化苦参碱与脱细胞软骨细胞外基质联合膝关节腔注射对大鼠骨关节炎的治疗作用。方法:获取SD大鼠股骨软骨,采用物理、化学与酶相结合的方法制备脱细胞软骨细胞外基质。取50只SD大鼠,利用随机数字表法分为假手术组、骨关节炎组、单纯材料组、低剂量药物组、高剂量药物组,每组10只,后4组采用改良Hulth法建立大鼠骨关节炎模型。造模成功后,单纯材料组大鼠膝关节腔注射脱细胞软骨细胞外基质匀浆,低剂量药物组、高剂量药物组膝关节腔分别注射含50,100μg氧化苦参碱的脱细胞软骨细胞外基质匀浆。注射4周后取材进行相关检测。结果与结论:①与假手术组比较,骨关节炎组关节腔积液中白细胞介素1β、肿瘤坏死因子ɑ、丙二醛水平升高(P<0.05),超氧化物歧化酶水平降低(P<0.05);与骨关节炎组比较,低剂量药物组、高剂量药物组关节腔积液中白细胞介素1β、肿瘤坏死因子ɑ、丙二醛水平降低(P<0.05),超氧化物歧化酶水平升高(P<0.05),其中高剂量药物组变化更显著。②Tunel染色显示,与假手术组相比,骨关节炎组凋亡软骨细胞增多;与骨关节炎组相比,单纯材料组、低剂量药物组、高剂量药物组凋亡软骨细胞减少,其中高剂量药物组减少更显著。③苏木精-伊红与免疫组化染色显示,骨关节炎组大鼠膝关节软骨严重退变,软骨组织中Ⅱ型胶原表达降低(P<0.05)、基质金属蛋白酶9表达升高(P<0.05);与骨关节炎组相比,单纯材料组、低剂量药物组、高剂量药物组大鼠膝关节软骨退变明显改善,软骨组织中Ⅱ型胶原表达升高(P<0.05)、基质金属蛋白酶9表达降低(P<0.05),其中高剂量药物组改善最显著。④Western blot检测显示,与假手术组相比,骨关节炎组软骨组织中Nrf2、HO-1、Bcl-2蛋白表达降低(P<0.05),Cleaved-caspase-3、Cleaved-caspase-9、Bax蛋白表达升高(P<0.05);与骨关节炎组相比,低剂量药物组、高剂量药物组Nrf2、HO-1、Bcl-2蛋白表达升高(P<0.05),Cleaved-caspase-3、Cleaved-caspase-9、Bax蛋白表达降低(P<0.05),其中高剂量药物组改善更显著。⑤结果表明,膝关节腔内联合注射脱细胞软骨细胞外基质与氧化苦参碱可通过促进细胞外基质的合成、抑制炎症与氧化应激反应、抑制软骨细胞凋亡发挥骨关节炎治疗作用,该治疗作用可能与激活Nrf2/HO-1通路有关。

蠲痹汤含药血清调控线粒体自噬抑制白细胞介素1β诱导的关节软骨细胞损伤

背景:软骨细胞线粒体自噬的缺陷会引起细胞凋亡和基质消失等软骨细胞退行性病变的变化。目的:探讨蠲痹汤含药血清对白细胞介素1β诱导的大鼠膝关节软骨细胞炎症反应和凋亡的影响及可能作用机制。方法:50只雄性SD大鼠随机给予生理盐水、蠲痹汤低、中、高剂量(1.24,2.48,4.96 g/kg)、塞来昔布(阳性药物),连续灌胃2周后获得含药血清。①分离软骨细胞,将其随机分为对照组、白细胞介素1β组、蠲痹汤低、中、高剂量含药血清组及阳性药物血清组。CCK-8法检测细胞存活率、免疫荧光双染检测线粒体自噬水平、免疫荧光检测磷酸化腺苷酸激活蛋白激酶水平、Western blot检测PTEN诱导激酶1/Parkin通路相关蛋白和裂解的半胱氨酸蛋白酶蛋白3表达、ELISA检测炎症因子水平;②分别采用PTEN诱导激酶1 siRNA和Compound C进行干预,探究AMPK/PTEN诱导激酶1/Parkin通路在蠲痹汤含药血清调控线粒体自噬中的作用。结果与结论:①与对照组比较,白细胞介素1β组软骨细胞存活率、Ⅱ型胶原蛋白表达、磷酸化腺苷酸激活蛋白激酶、PTEN诱导激酶1、Parkin和微管相关蛋白1轻链3蛋白水平以及线粒体自噬水平明显降低(P<0.05),而裂解的半胱氨酸蛋白酶蛋白3蛋白水平、白细胞介素6、白细胞介素8和肿瘤坏死因子α水平显著升高(P<0.05);与白细胞介素1β组比较,蠲痹汤各剂量含药血清组和阳性药物血清组上述各项指标呈现相反的变化(P<0.05);②PTEN诱导激酶1 siRNA可显著抑制蠲痹汤含药血清对白细胞介素1β处理软骨细胞线粒体自噬的影响,降低蠲痹汤含药血清对白细胞介素1β诱导的软骨细胞炎症与凋亡的保护作用;Compound C逆转了蠲痹汤含药血清对白细胞介素1β处理软骨细胞中PTEN诱导激酶1/Parkin信号通路的影响。结论:蠲痹汤含药血清通过影响线粒体自噬水平来抑制软骨细胞炎症和凋亡,从而减轻白细胞介素1β诱导的软骨细胞退化,其机制可能与调控AMPK/PTEN诱导激酶1/Parkin通路有关。

The Effect of Nivalenol on Metabolism of Cultured Chondrocytes and the Protection of Selenium

Objective: To investigate the possible effect of nivalenol on metabolism ofthe cultured chondrocytes and the protection of selenium. Methods: The quantitative analyses ofmetabolism in single- layer cultured chondrocytes were performed by biocliemical means and theimpairment of DNA was observed by both of the single cell microgel electrophoresis assay and theagarose gel electrophoresis assay. Results: In the media containing different concentrations ofnivalenol (0. 000 5-0. 020 0 mg/L), the amounts of DNA and proteoglycan in matrix of thechondrocytes were decreased. The syn-thesis of protein was reduced and the impairment of DNAdeteriorated with the increase of the concentrations of nivalenol in tlte given dose. When seleniumwas added into the media, the impairment by nivalenol was decreased. In the media containingdifferent concentrations of nivalenol, however, the lipid peroxidation of the chondrocytes was notaffected by nivalenol, yet the amount of lipid peroxides significantly declined. Conclusion:Nivalenol may evidently cause impairment of the chondrocytes when its concentrations are in thepresent experimental range. Selenium can protect cultured cliondrocytes, but cannot prevent theirDNA from being impaired.

刺芒柄花素对白细胞介素1β诱导软骨细胞损伤影响的机制

背景:刺芒柄花素是一种异黄酮类化合物,广泛存在于红车轴草、黄芪、鸡血藤中,具有抑制氧化应激、炎症因子释放及细胞凋亡的作用。目的:探讨刺芒柄花素对白细胞介素1β诱导软骨细胞损伤的影响及机制。方法:①收集骨关节炎患者及单纯半月板损伤患者的软骨组织,采用实时定量PCR检测miR-135b-5p表达。②体外培养人软骨细胞,分9组培养:正常对照组不进行任何处理,培养48 h;白细胞介素1β组加入白细胞介素1β处理48 h;白细胞介素1β+刺芒柄花素低浓度组加入25μmol/L刺芒柄花素处理24 h后加入白细胞介素1β处理48 h;白细胞介素1β+刺芒柄花素中浓度组加入50μmol/L刺芒柄花素处理24 h后加入白细胞介素1β处理48 h;白细胞介素1β+刺芒柄花素高浓度组加入100μmol/L刺芒柄花素处理24 h后加入白细胞介素1β处理48 h;白细胞介素1β+miR NC组转染miR NC 6 h后加入白细胞介素1β处理48 h;白细胞介素1β+miR-135b-5p组转染miR-135b-5p模拟物6 h后加入白细胞介素1β处理48 h;白细胞介素1β+刺芒柄花素高浓度+anti-miR-NC组转染anti-miR-NC 6 h后加入100μmol/L刺芒柄花素处理24 h,再加入白细胞介素1β处理48 h;白细胞介素1β+刺芒柄花素高浓度+anti-miR-135b-5p组转染anti-miR-135b-5p 6 h后加入100μmol/L刺芒柄花素处理24 h,再加入白细胞介素1β处理48 h。处理结束后进行相关检测。结果与结论:①骨关节炎患者软骨组织中miR-135b-5p表达低于单纯半月板损伤患者(P<0.05)。②与正常对照组比较,白细胞介素1β组软骨细胞miR-135b-5p表达、增殖活力、超氧化物歧化酶活性、Ⅱ型胶原蛋白、Bcl-2蛋白表达均降低(P<0.05),细胞凋亡率、乳酸脱氢酶活性、丙二醛水平、促炎因子水平、基质金属蛋白酶13蛋白、Bax蛋白表达均升高(P<0.05);刺芒柄花素可抑制白细胞介素1β对软骨细胞造成的损伤,并且呈现浓度依赖性。转染miR-135b-5p模拟物可提升白细胞介素1β组miR-135b-5p表达,抑制白细胞介素1β对软骨细胞造成的损伤;转染anti-miR-135b-5p可降低白细胞介素1β+刺芒柄花素高浓度组miR-135b-5p表达,抑制刺芒柄花素发挥软骨细胞作用。③结果表明,刺芒柄花素对白细胞介素1β诱导软骨细胞损伤的保护作用可能与调控miR-135b-5p表达有关。

富血小板血浆干预细胞自噬和凋亡治疗骨关节炎

背景:富血小板血浆通过调节自噬和凋亡细胞因子、信号转导通路等方面在干预骨关节炎发展过程中发挥了重要作用。目的:总结近年来富血小板血浆在骨关节炎中发挥作用的细胞因子与信号通路,以及与软骨细胞自噬和凋亡的相关性,为未来治疗骨关节炎提供有效的靶点。方法:在中国知网、万方数据库、维普、PubMed、Web of Science和Medline数据库进行文献检索,以“富血小板血浆,软骨细胞,细胞凋亡,细胞自噬,骨关节炎,细胞因子,信号通路”作为中文检索词,以“platelet-rich plasma,chondrocyte,apoptosis,autophagy,osteoarthritis,cytokines,signaling pathway”作为英文检索词,对最终纳入的66篇文献进行了系统性的总结和归纳。结果与结论:现有研究显示富血小板血浆能够通过多种途径促进软骨修复,助力骨组织愈合,其主要分为3个方面:①富血小板血浆参与调控了微自噬小体的延伸、闭合与成熟,并在特定条件下促进软骨细胞巨自噬和分子伴侣介导的细胞自噬,促进LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ、Beclin1等自噬相关因子的表达,抑制P62/SQSTM1的表达,目前尚未有明确的研究直接探讨富血小板血浆对热休克蛋白的具体作用,未来在这一领域值得进一步研究;②富血小板血浆释放的各类生长因子抑制促凋亡因子Caspase、白细胞介素1β、肿瘤坏死因子α的表达,促进抗凋亡因子Bcl-2的表达,阻止软骨细胞凋亡和变性;③富血小板血浆通过激活PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路、NF-κB信号转导通路、死亡受体通路、线粒体应激通路等途径,抑制Bax和Caspase的表达,阻止细胞色素c的释放,从而抑制软骨细胞死亡和坏死性凋亡。综合而言,富血小板血浆促进软骨修复、支持软骨再生及发挥抗炎作用,其在软骨细胞中实现生物效应通常依赖于细胞自噬和凋亡相关细胞因子及信号通路的调控。

长链非编码RNA与骨性关节炎

背景:骨性关节炎作为中老年常见疾病,发病机制尚不清晰。长链非编码RNA通过多种途径参与骨性关节炎发病过程,如调控翻译、促进或者抑制mRNA表达、吸附miRNA等。目的:综述多种长链非编码RNA在骨性关节炎中的作用机制及研究进展。方法:检索中国知网、万方数据库、维普数据库、PubMed、Web of Science和Sciencedirect数据库,以“osteoarthritis,degenerative joint disease,degenerative arthritis,OA,LncRNA,long non-coding RNA,long noncoding RNA,long intergenic non-coding RNA”为英文检索词,以“骨性关节炎,骨关节炎,OA,长链非编码RNA,长链非编码核糖核酸,LncRNA”为中文检索词,检索1976年至2024年5月发表的所有相关文献,并对其进行筛选、归纳、分析、总结,最后纳入93篇文献进行综述。结果与结论:①收集了目前与骨性关节炎关系研究较多且较深入的25种长链非编码RNA;②长链非编码RNA可以充当miRNA的分子海绵,作为竞争性内源性RNA竞争性吸附miRNA,进而影响下游靶点;③长链非编码RNA可以调控软骨细胞的凋亡与增殖、软骨细胞外基质降解以及炎症反应等生理病理进程;④长链非编码RNA有望成为骨性关节炎临床诊断及治疗预后的生物标志物和潜在治疗靶点,未来可能会成为骨性关节炎临床治疗的新策略。

中药生物碱类成分防治膝骨关节炎的作用与机制

背景:目前现代医疗手段治疗膝骨关节炎仍具有一定局限性,中药生物碱类成分可通过多种作用机制有效防治膝骨关节炎。目的:对中药生物碱类成分防治膝骨关节炎的作用机制进行综述,为临床开发治疗膝骨关节炎的药物提供科学依据。方法:查阅中国知网、万方、Pub Med、Web of Science和Google Scholar数据库从建库至2024年5月发表的相关文献,中文检索词为“膝骨关节炎,骨关节炎,破骨细胞,软骨细胞,生物碱”,英文检索词为“knee osteoarthritis,osteoarthritis,osteoclast,chondrocyte,alkaloids”,排除陈旧及无参考意义的文献,最终纳入68篇文献进行综述。结果与结论:虽然中药治疗膝骨关节炎的历史悠久,但仅有少量的天然化合物处于抗膝骨关节炎的临床前研究阶段,生物碱类成分对于防治膝骨关节炎具有较大潜能,其中苦参碱、氧化苦参碱、青藤碱、甜菜碱等已被证实可通过调控多条信号通路抑制炎症反应、抗氧化反应、抑制软骨细胞凋亡、促进软骨细胞增殖、抑制破骨细胞形成与分化等延缓膝骨关节炎的进展。

叉头框转录因子O1信号通路与骨代谢

背景:在骨骼中,各种内源性或者外源性刺激会引起骨代谢失衡,导致骨量和骨强度的变化,进而引起骨关节炎、骨质疏松症等一系列骨相关疾病。在这个过程中,叉头框转录因子O1(Forkhead box transcription factor O1,FoxO1)起到了重要作用,FoxO1可以通过调节氧化应激、细胞增殖、分化和凋亡来调控骨代谢。目的:文章以FoxO1为中心,通过总结其上下游的调节机制,为未来治疗骨相关疾病提供新的思路。方法:以“FoxO1,骨”为检索词在中国知网和万方医学数据库进行检索,以“FoxO1,Bone,Skeleton”为检索词在PubMed和Web of Science数据库进行检索,排除陈旧、重复、质量较差以及不相关的文献,最终纳入56篇文献进行综述分析。结果与结论:①FoxO1通过增加Runt相关转录因子2、碱性磷酸酶和骨钙素的表达,促进骨髓间充质干细胞向成骨细胞分化,通过抑制过氧化物酶体增殖激活受体γ,将骨髓间充质干细胞由成脂分化向成骨分化转化,从而增加骨形成。此外,FoxO1还可以通过增加成骨细胞的数量来影响骨形成。②抑制骨髓单核-巨噬细胞中的FoxO1可以导致巨噬细胞集落刺激因子、核因子κB受体激活剂配体以及活化T细胞核因子1表达减少,促进破骨细胞表达更多的FoxO1,从而抑制破骨细胞分化。此外,直接激活FoxO1也可以抑制破骨细胞分化并减弱破骨细胞的活性。③增加软骨细胞内的FoxO1水平可以起到调节软骨细胞稳态、保护软骨细胞免受氧化应激损伤、促进自噬相关基因的表达和软骨细胞分泌蛋白多糖4的作用。④文章详细介绍了FoxO1在不同骨细胞中调节的分子机制,更加全面、深入地阐述了FoxO1在治疗骨相关疾病中的关键作用,为治疗骨关节炎、骨质疏松症及骨折愈合延迟等多种骨相关疾病提供新的思路。

Altered Gene Expression in Articular Chondrocytes of Smad3^(ex8/ex8) Mice, Revealed by Gene Profiling Using Microarrays

It has been previously reported that small mother against decapentaplegic 3 （Smad3） gene knockout （Smad3^ex8/ex8） mice displays phenotypes similar to human osteoarthritis, as characterized by abnormal hypertrophic differentiation of articular chondrocytes. To further clarify the crucial target genes that mediate transformation growth factor-β （TGF-β）/Smad3 signals on articular chondrocytes differentiation and investigate the underlying molecular mechanism of osteoarthritis, microarrays were used to perform comparative transcriptional profiling in the articular cartilage between Smad3^ex8/ex8and wild-type mice on day five after birth. The gene profding results showed that the activity of bone morphogenetic protein （BMP） and TGF-β/cell division cycle 42 （Cdc42） signaling pathways were enhanced in Smad3^ex8/ex8 chondrocytes. Moreover, there was altered gene expression in growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor 1 （Igfl） axis and fibroblast growth factor （Fgf） signaling pathway. Notably, protein synthesis related genes and electron transport chain related genes were upregulated in Smad3^ex8/ex8 chondrocytes, implying that accelerated protein synthesis and enhanced cellular respiration might contribute to hypertrophic differentiation of articular chondrocytes and the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis.

淫羊藿苷含药血清促进3种细胞共培养体系中软骨细胞增殖和干细胞成软骨分化

背景:关节软骨损伤修复能力十分有限,组织工程技术为修复受损软骨提供了新的治疗方案,其中软骨细胞、骨髓间充质干细胞和滑膜间充质干细胞之间的相互影响和诱导作用是自体软骨损伤愈合的基础。目的:构建软骨细胞-骨髓间充质干细胞-滑膜间充质干细胞共培养体系用以模拟软骨细胞体内微环境,并探究其最佳细胞接种比例,同时观察淫羊藿苷含药血清对该体系中软骨细胞增殖和干细胞成软骨分化的影响。方法:提取、培养、鉴定大鼠膝关节软骨细胞、骨髓间充质干细胞和滑膜间充质干细胞,按不同细胞接种比例构建软骨细胞-骨髓间充质干细胞-滑膜间充质干细胞非接触共培养体系,共培养72 h后观察软骨细胞增殖活性和表型能力,选择综合效应最佳的共培养体系;用淫羊藿苷溶液(0.25 mg/m L)灌胃新西兰大白兔制备淫羊藿苷含药血清,对照组共培养体系用含体积分数为10%胎牛血清、1%双抗的高糖DMEM培养液培养,实验组共培养体系在此基础之上加入体积分数为10%淫羊藿苷含药血清进行干预,24,48 h后检测两组软骨细胞增殖活性和Ⅱ型胶原表达,14 d后采用免疫荧光染色检测骨髓间充质干细胞、滑膜间充质干细胞成软骨分化情况。结果与结论:(1)3种细胞以不同比例共培养时均可正常贴壁生长,当软骨细胞、骨髓间充质干细胞、滑膜间充质干细胞接种比例为2∶1∶1时,共培养体系中软骨细胞表现出最佳增殖活性和表型能力;(2)与对照组相比,实验组培养24 h后软骨细胞增殖活性和Ⅱ型胶原表达显著升高(P<0.01),48 h后两组仍有差异(P<0.05),培养14 d后两组骨髓间充质干细胞和滑膜间充质干细胞出现明显的软骨分化,部分细胞呈现圆形或椭圆形,胞浆Ⅱ型胶原免疫荧光染色为阳性,实验组荧光强度明显高于对照组(P<0.01);(3)结果表明,以非接触共培养方法可以成功建立软骨细胞-骨髓间充质干细胞-滑膜间充质干细胞共培养体系且细胞比例为2∶1∶1时软骨细胞增殖活性和表型能力最佳;同时淫羊藿苷含药血清具有促进该体系中软骨细胞增殖及骨髓间充质干细胞、滑膜间充质干细胞成软骨分化的作用。

基质细胞衍生因子1在软骨和软骨下骨稳态中的作用

背景:骨性关节炎是一种以软骨退变和软骨下骨异常骨重塑为特征的退行性病变。近年来,许多研究表明基质细胞衍生因子1在骨性关节炎的病理进展中发挥关键作用,靶向调控基质细胞衍生因子1及其CXC趋化因子受体4型和CXC趋化因子受体7型组成的信号通路是预防和治疗骨性关节炎的新方法。目的:综述基质细胞衍生因子1参与调控软骨细胞、骨髓间充质干细胞、成骨细胞及破骨细胞增殖、分化及凋亡的作用,以及这些细胞相互作用,探究导致软骨退变、软骨下骨异常骨重塑而加速骨性关节炎病理进展的机制,以期为骨性关节炎的防治提供新的思路。方法:以“基质细胞衍生因子1,软骨,软骨细胞,软骨下骨,骨髓间充质干细胞,成骨细胞,破骨细胞,CXC趋化因子受体4型,CXC趋化因子受体7型”为中文检索词检索中国知网、万方和维普数据库,以“Stromal cell-derived factor 1,SDF-1,CXCL12,cartilage,chondrocyte,subchondral bone,mesenchymal stem cells,osteoblasts,osteoclasts,CXCR4,CXCR7”为英文检索词检索PubMed、Medline和Embase数据库,检索各数据库建库至2024年1月的相关文献,根据纳入和排除标准,最终纳入77篇文献进行归纳总结。结果与结论:①基质细胞衍生因子1调控软骨细胞、骨髓间充质干细胞、成骨细胞和破骨细胞迁移、增殖、分化和死亡,在维持软骨和软骨下骨稳态以及促进或抑制骨性关节炎软骨退变、软骨下骨异常骨重塑等病理过程中均发挥至关重要的作用,靶向调控基质细胞衍生因子1/CXC趋化因子受体4型/CXC趋化因子受体7型信号通路有望成为今后防治骨性关节炎研究的重点。②由于基质细胞衍生因子1亚型在组织之间表达量的差异,目前以基质细胞衍生因子1α研究最为广泛,基质细胞衍生因子1β和基质细胞衍生因子1γ的相关研究多集中在探索影响干细胞生物学行为、在调控软骨和软骨下骨稳态中的作用,与骨性关节炎的相关性尚不清楚。③基质细胞衍生因子1能够有效促进干细胞归巢至软骨损伤部位,并诱导其增殖、存活及成软骨分化和应用负载基质细胞衍生因子1的生物支架来改善软骨修复质量已成为软骨组织工程研究的热点;然而,已有研究表明基质细胞衍生因子1可促进骨髓间充质干细胞向肥大型软骨细胞分化,而新生软骨细胞肥大表型会造成软骨内骨形成,软骨细胞凋亡,整个组织发生血管化和骨化,影响最终软骨修复的质量;另外,不同支架与基质细胞衍生因子1组合在修复部分软骨损伤和全层软骨损伤时,再生组织不都是理想的透明软骨组织。因而,未来深入探寻基质细胞衍生因子1在干细胞生物学效应中的潜在机制以及基质细胞衍生因子1与支架组合在修复不同软骨缺损的最佳组合方式将有助于提升软骨修复质量。④目前有关CXC趋化因子受体4型拮抗剂的研究主要集中在AMD3100,T140和TN14003,且绝大部分处于基础实验阶段,有待临床转化。针对基质细胞衍生因子1/CXC趋化因子受体4型/CXC趋化因子受体7型信号通路开发的治疗药物、方法的安全性、有效性仍需大量的生物学和临床试验加以佐证。

沙苑子苷A对关节软骨细胞凋亡的影响

背景:软骨细胞凋亡是骨关节炎发生发展的重要因素,沙苑子苷A具有类黄酮作用,可抑制多种细胞凋亡,但其对软骨细胞凋亡的影响及作用机制尚不明确。目的:基于Wnt/β-catenin信号通路探讨沙苑子苷A与软骨细胞凋亡的内在关联及作用机制。方法:①收集膝关节置换术中截取的股骨及胫骨部分软骨组织,体外分离培养及鉴定软骨细胞;②通过CCK-8检测沙苑子苷A在0-160μmol/L范围内是对软骨细胞的最佳干预浓度;③将软骨细胞分为空白组、硝普钠(1.5 mmol/L)诱导组、硝普钠(1.5 mmol/L)+沙苑子苷A(5μmol/L)组。采用CCK-8、流式细胞技术检测各组细胞活力、凋亡率;免疫荧光染色检测各组细胞中Ⅱ型胶原蛋白、SOX9表达;Western Blot检测细胞凋亡相关蛋白及Wnt/β-catenin通路蛋白的表达。结果与结论:①体外提取的细胞经培养、染色鉴定为软骨细胞;②沙苑子苷A在0-80μmol/L浓度范围内对软骨细胞无明显细胞毒性,在2.5-10μmol/L浓度范围内可明显提高软骨细胞活力,且当浓度为5μmol/L时作用较为显著;③硝普钠诱导组软骨细胞凋亡率高于空白组,硝普钠+沙苑子苷A组的细胞凋亡率低于硝普钠诱导组;④硝普钠诱导组软骨细胞Ⅱ型胶原蛋白、SOX9荧光强度弱于空白组,硝普钠+沙苑苷A组Ⅱ型胶原蛋白、SOX9的荧光强度高于硝普钠诱导组;⑤硝普钠诱导组Bax、Caspase-3、基质金属蛋白酶13、Wnt3a、Wnt5a和β-catenin的蛋白表达量高于空白组,Bcl-2蛋白表达低于空白组;硝普钠+沙苑子苷A组除Bcl-2的蛋白表达高于硝普钠诱导组外,上述其他蛋白表达均低于硝普钠诱导组。结果表明沙苑子苷A对软骨细胞凋亡具有一定的抑制作用,可调节凋亡相关蛋白、促进软骨细胞调节因子表达,推测可能通过抑制Wnt/β-catenin信号通路发挥作用。

骨关节炎软骨细胞中hsa-miR-3202的生物信息分析与功能验证

背景:软骨细胞增殖与凋亡的失衡在骨关节炎发生发展中起着重要作用,已有研究发现hsa-miR-3202参与调节多种细胞的增殖和凋亡过程,然而尚未有研究探讨hsa-miR-3202与骨关节炎的相关性。目的:探讨hsa-miR-3202在骨关节炎软骨细胞中的表达及其对软骨细胞增殖与凋亡能力的影响。方法:①通过生物信息分析筛选骨关节炎软骨细胞中差异表达的microRNA,基于国内外研究现状,选择hsa-miR-3202进行后续研究,采用GO功能富集和KEGG通路富集对其进行靶基因预测。②选择对数生长期的人正常软骨细胞系C28/I2,随机分4组培养:正常组加入普通培养基培养24 h,更换普通培养基培养6 h,更换普通培养基继续培养;脂多糖组加入含脂多糖的培养基培养24 h,更换普通培养基培养6 h,更换普通培养基继续培养;脂多糖+NC组加入含脂多糖的培养基培养24 h,加入has-miR-3202 mimics对照转染6 h,更换普通培养基继续培养;脂多糖+hsa-miR-3202 mimics组加入含脂多糖的培养基培养24 h,加入has-miR-3202 mimics转染6 h,更换普通培养基继续培养。继续培养48 h后,采用RT-qPCR检测细胞hsa-miR-3202表达,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡;继续培养0-72 h,采用CCK-8检测细胞增殖活力。结果与结论:①生物信息分析结果显示,hsa-miR-3202表达在骨关节炎软骨细胞中显著下调;GO功能富集与KEGG通路富集结果显示,hsa-miR-3202靶基因功能与细胞生长、凋亡密切相关。②体外细胞实验结果显示,与正常组比较,脂多糖组软骨细胞hsa-miR-3202表达与细胞增殖能力下降(P<0.05),细胞凋亡率增加(P<0.05);与脂多糖组比较,脂多糖+hsa-miR-3202 mimics组软骨细胞hsa-miR-3202表达与细胞增殖能力升高(P<0.05),细胞凋亡率减少(P<0.05)。③结果表明,hsa-miR-3202在骨关节炎软骨细胞中表达下调,其表达下调可抑制细胞增殖并促进细胞凋亡,进而影响骨关节炎疾病的发生和发展。

神经生长因子促进兔骨髓间充质干细胞软骨分化并抑制肥大分化

背景:神经生长因子是一种诱导神经生长的蛋白质,能调节间充质干细胞的增殖、分化等生物学行为。目的:探讨神经生长因子对骨髓间充质干细胞成软骨分化的促进作用。方法:分离培养兔骨髓间充质干细胞,将神经生长因子通过慢病毒转染的方式转染到骨髓间充质干细胞,以转染空载病毒为对照,CCK-8法、细胞划痕实验、茜素红染色、Western blot检测神经生长因子对骨髓间充质干细胞增殖、迁移、肥大分化、成软骨分化的影响。为进一步探讨神经生长因子对骨髓间充质干细胞成软骨分化的促进作用,转染空载病毒和转染神经生长因子的骨髓间充质干细胞分别加入白细胞介素1β诱导培养14 d,Western blot检测成软骨分化、肥大分化相关蛋白的表达。结果与结论:(1)CCK-8检测结果表明神经生长因子对骨髓间充质干细胞增殖没有明显影响;(2)与对照组相比,过表达神经生长因子后细胞迁移能力增强,成软骨相关蛋白Ⅱ型胶原、SOX9的表达上调(P<0.05),肥大相关蛋白Ⅹ型胶原、RUNX2的表达下调(P<0.05);(3)与空载病毒+白细胞介素1β组相比,过表达神经生长因子+白细胞介素1β组成软骨相关蛋白Ⅱ型胶原、SOX9的表达上调(P<0.05),肥大相关蛋白Ⅹ型胶原、RUNX2的表达下调(P<0.05);(4)结果表明,神经生长因子可促进骨髓间充质干细胞成软骨分化。

神经纤毛因子1在骨折愈合中促进骨-血管偶联的作用

背景:神经纤毛因子1在骨折愈合过程中发挥重要作用,尤其是在促进骨-血管偶联方面。骨-血管偶联是骨折愈合过程中的关键事件之一,包括血管(尤其是H型血管)、新骨形成以及它们之间的关联。目的:回顾神经纤毛因子1在骨折愈合过程中促骨-血管偶联作用的研究进展。方法:在中国知网、PubMed数据库检索1982年1月至2024年4月发表的文献,以“Neuropilin-1,neuropilin 1,NRP1,neuropilin-1,NRP-1,Neuropilin 1,Nrp1,Nrp-1”为检索词,从中选择与骨折愈合、H型血管、动脉、骨细胞、骨-血管偶联关系紧密的文献43篇,增加手工检索的文献24篇,最终得到67篇文献。结果与结论:(1)在骨折愈合过程中骨-血管偶联的关键事件包括血管生成、新骨形成以及它们之间的关联,其中H型血管生成是骨折愈合过程中的关键事件之一,H型血管由血管内皮细胞以及周细胞组成;新骨形成主要是由成骨细胞、破骨细胞以及软骨细胞等骨细胞共同完成的;(2)神经纤毛因子1可以通过血管内皮生长因子和血小板衍生生长因子促进内皮细胞迁移、稳定,增强周细胞稳定性及其与内皮细胞之间的关联,从而促进血管再生;(3)神经纤毛因子1通过促进成骨细胞和软骨细胞形成、抑制破骨细胞生成来促进骨再生;(4)神经纤毛因子1可能是血管和骨偶联的关键因子之一;(5)局部应用神经纤毛因子1及其生物制剂,或将神经纤毛因子1、纳米载药系统以及高分子智能聚合材料等生物工程材料融合,为骨折治疗提供了新思路,有着广阔的应用前景。

Increase of TNFα-stimulated Osteoarthritic Chondrocytes Apoptosis and Decrease of Matrix Metalloproteinases 9 by NF-κB Inhibition

Objective To investigate the in vitro effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester （CAPE）, a NF-KB inhibitor, on the apoptosis of osteoarthritic （OA） chondrocytes and on the regulation of the gelatinases matrix metalloproteinase 2 （MMP-2） and matrix metalloproteinase 9 （MMP-9）. Methods Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide （PI） labeling and western blotting were used to observe and determine the apoptosis in TNFa-stimulated primary cultured osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Also, gelatin zymography was applied to examine MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities in supernatants. Results it was confirmed by both flow cytometry and western blotting that chondrocytes from OA patients have an apoptotic background. Use of CAPE in combination with 10 ng/mL of TNFa for 24 h facilitated the apoptosis. MMP-9 in the supernatant could be autoactivated （from proMMP-9 to active MMP-9）, and the physiologic calcium concentration （2.5 mmol/L） could delay the autoactivation of MMP-9. The activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the fresh supernatant increased significantly in response to stimulation by 10 ng/mL of TNFa for 24 h. The stimulatory effect of TNFa just on proMMP-9 was counteracted significantly by CAPE. Conclusion NF-KB could prevent chondrocytes apoptosis though its activation was attributed to the increase of proMMP-9 activity induced by TNFa （a pro-apoptotic factor）. Therefore, therapeutic NF-KB inhibitor was a ＇double-edged swords＇ to the apoptosis of chondrocytes and the secretion of MMP-9.

T-2 toxin-induced apoptosis involving Fas,p53,Bcl-xL,Bcl-2,Bax and caspase-3 signaling pathways in human chondrocytes

Objective:To investigate the effects of T-2 toxin on expressions of Fas,p53,Bcl-xL,Bcl-2,Bax and caspase-3 on human chondrocytes.Methods:Human chondrocytes were treated with T-2 toxin(1～20 ng/ml)for 5 d.Fas,p53 and other apoptosis-related proteins such as Bax,Bcl-2,Bcl-xL,caspase-3 were determined by Western blot analysis and their mRNA expressions were determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).Results:Increases in Fas,p53 and the pro-apoptotic factor Bax protein and mRNA expressions and a decrease of the anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-xL were observed in a dose-dependent manner after exposures to 1～20 ng/ml T-2 toxin,while the expression of the anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2 was unchanged.Meanwhile,T-2 toxin could also up-regulate the expressions of both pro-caspase-3 and caspase-3 in a dose-dependent manner.Conclusion:These data suggest a possible underlying molecular mechanism for T-2 toxin to induce the apoptosis sig- naling pathway in human chondrocytes by regulation of apoptosis-related proteins.

Expression of miRNA-140 in Chondrocytes and Synovial Fluid of Knee Joints in Patients with Osteoarthritis

Objective To investigate the expression of miRNA-140 in chondrocytes and synovial fluid of osteoarthritis(OA) patients, and explore the relationship between the miRNA-140 expression and OA severity. Methods This study enrolled 30 OA patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty for chondrocytes sampling and 30 OA patients who underwent intra-articular injection for synovial fluid sampling. All OA patients were grouped into mild [Kellgren and Lawrence(KL) grade 1-2], moderate(KL grade 3) and severe(KL grade 4), with 10 in each subgroups for each sampling purposes. 7 non-OA patients and 10 patients with knee injury were collected for cartilage and synovial fluid sampling respectively as control groups. Chondrocytes were isolated from the cartilage tissue and cultured in vitro. Quantitative real time PCR for miRNA-140 in chondrocytes and synovial fluid were performed, and the U6 sn RNA was used as internal control. The expression difference of miRNA-140 among groups and correlation between the expression and the KL grade of OA were analysed using one-way ANOVA and Spearman test respectively. Results The expression of miRNA-140 in chondrocytes of knees in OA patients was reduced than that in normal knees, and the between-group difference was statistically significant(F=305.464, P<0.001). miRNA-140 could be detected in synovial fluid of both normal knees and OA knees, its relative expression level was reduced in synovial fluid of OA group compared with normal group, and the between-group difference was statistically significant as well(F=314.245, P<0.001). The relative expression level of miRNA-140 in both chondrocytes and synovial fluid were negatively correlated with the KL grade of OA(r=-0.969, P<0.001; r=-0.970, P<0.001). Conclusion miRNA-140 could be detected in chondrocytes and synovial fluid of OA patients, and its expression was negatively correlated with the severity of OA.

Sustained Akt signaling in articular chondrocytes causes osteoarthritis via oxidative stress-induced senescence in mice

Osteoarthritis(OA) is an age-related disorder that is strongly associated with chondrocyte senescence. The causal link between disruptive PTEN/Akt signaling and chondrocyte senescence and the underlying mechanism are unclear. In this study, we found activated Akt signaling in human OA cartilage as well as in a mouse OA model with surgical destabilization of the medial meniscus.Genetic mouse models mimicking sustained Akt signaling in articular chondrocytes via PTEN deficiency driven by either Col2a1-Cre or Col2a1-Cre^(ERT2) developed OA, whereas restriction of Akt signaling reversed the OA phenotypes in PTEN-deficient mice.Mechanistically, prolonged activation of Akt signaling caused an accumulation of reactive oxygen species and triggered chondrocyte senescence as well as a senescence-associated secretory phenotype, whereas chronic administration of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine suppressed chondrocyte senescence and mitigated OA progression in PTEN-deficient mice. Therefore,inhibition of Akt signaling by PTEN is required for the maintenance of articular cartilage. Disrupted Akt signaling in articular chondrocytes triggers oxidative stress-induced chondrocyte senescence and causes OA.