Estimation of illumination chromaticity via adaptive reduced relevance vector machine

A new regression algorithm of an adaptive reduced relevance vector machine is proposed to estimate the illumination chromaticity of an image for the purpose of color constancy. Within the framework of sparse Bayesian learning, the algorithm extends the relevance vector machine by combining global and local kernels adaptively in the form of multiple kernels, and the improved locality preserving projection （LLP） is then applied to reduce the column dimension of the multiple kernel input matrix to achieve less training time. To estimate the illumination chromaticity, the algorithm is trained by fuzzy central values of chromaticity histograms of a set of images and the corresponding illuminants. Experiments with real images indicate that the proposed algorithm performs better than the support vector machine and the relevance vector machine while requiring less training time than the relevance vector machine.

Novel colored flames via chromaticity of essential colors

Colored flame compositions have distinctive variety of applications ranging from military signaling,rocket tracking, and illuminating devices. Certain elements and compounds when heated to high temperature are able to emit unique wavelengths in the visible region. This study, reports on the development of novel colored flames that cannot be generated by emitting atomic/molecular species. This was achieved by using chromaticity of basic colored flames. Mixing of high quality primary colored flames including Blue, Yellow, and Red in proper ratio was conducted; any interfering incandescent emission resulted from MgO was eliminated using Al metal fuel. The spectral characteristics in terms of luminous intensity, and color quality were evaluated using digital luxmeter and UV-Vis. spectrometer respectively.High quality mixed colored flames include violet, sweet pink, and marigold were developed. This study shaded the light on the state of the art for the real development of novel colored flame compositions and chromaticity of basic colored flames.

Chromaticity Characteristics of Fluorescent Dyes in Cloth

Chromaticity characteristics of several fluorescent dyes in cloth were studied in terms of chromaticity diagram. The dominant wavelength and color purity of the samples were calculated and chromaticity diagrams were drawn to provide countermeasures with which the perceptual color attributes such as hue and saturation are correlated.

Study Chromaticity of Solar Spectrum

The chromaticity of solar spectrum is studied with the help of a Solar Spectrum Monitor system that can detect individual color in the spectrum. Recent observations done by the detector on the Solar Radiation and the Erath Milieu Experiment suggest that the sun’s visible spectral irradiance changes from May 2009 to September 2012. The data of Earth’s coordinates and environment have been taken since April 2005 after the devastating Tsunami (December, 2004) of India. The bizarre data of?zenith angle,?azimuth angle, and?temperature?of the Earth’s atmosphere show their changes of maxima and minima epoch to epoch. The data of solar spectrum monitor have been taking since 2009 and significant transformations of colored ratios?ΔRB/W?and?ΔRR/W?per hour are observed among the regions of each solstice between 2009 and 2012. The author advocates that the abrupt vagaries of the Earth’s movements may cause devastating tsunamis, earthquake, volcanic eruption, cyclones and tornadoes in addition of anomalous changes of solar spectral irradiation, humidity, temperature and pressure;those effects may spoil ecological balance and extinct some living species from the soil of the earth.

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPLETE 5-PARTITE GRAPHS AND CHROMATICITY OF 5-PARTITE GRAPHS WITH 5n VERTICES

For a graph G,P(G,λ)denotes the chromatic polynomial of G.Two graphs G and H are said to be chromatically equivalent,denoted by G～H,if P(G,λ)=p(H,λ).Let [G]={H|H～G}.If [G]={G},then G is said to be chromatically unique.For a complete 5 partite graph G with 5n vertices, define θ(G)=(α(G,6)-2 n+1 -2 n-1 + 5)/2 n-2 ,where α(G,6) denotes the number of 6 independent partition s of G.In this paper, the authors show that θ(G)≥0 and determine all g raphs with θ(G)=0,1,2,5/2,7/2,4,17/4.By using these results the chromaticity of 5 partite graphs of the form G-S with θ(G)=0,1,2,5/2,7/2,4,17/4 is inve stigated,where S is a set of edges of G.Many new chromatically unique 5 partite graphs are obtained.

An Approach to Chromaticity of K_4-homeomorphs

We introduce a new method for studying the chromaticity of K4-homeomorphs,by which some new results are obtained.

Improved isochronous mass spectrometry with tune measurement

In conventional isochronous mass spectrometry(IMS)performed on a storage ring,the precision of mass measurements for short-lived nuclei depends on the accurate determination of the revolution times(T)of stored ions.However,the resolution of T inevitably deteriorates due to the magnetic rigidity spread of the ions,limiting the mass-resolving power.In this study,we used the betatron tunes Q(the number of betatron oscillations per revolution)of the ions and established a correlation between T and Q.From this correlation,T was transformed to correspond to a fixed Q with higher resolution.Using these transformed T values,the masses of ^(63)Ge,^(65)As,^(67)Se,and ^(71)Kr agreed well with the mass values measured using the newly developed IMS(Bρ-IMS).We also studied the systematics of Coulomb displacement energies(CDEs)and found that anomalous staggering in CDEs was eliminated using new mass values.This method of T transformation is highly effective for conventional IMS equipped with a single time-of-flight detector.

New chromaticity compensation approach and dynamic aperture increase in the SSRF storage ring

Strong chromatic sextupoles used to compensate natural chromaticities in the third generation light source storage ring usually reduce dynamic aperture drastically. Many optimization methods can be used to find solutions that provide large dynamic apertures. This paper discusses a new optimization approach of sextupole strengths with step-by-step procedure, which is applied in the SSRF storage ring, and a better solution is obtained. Investigating driving terms generated by the sextupoles in every step can analyze their convergences and guide the weight setting among different terms in object function of the single resonance approach based on the perturbation theory.

Effects of different processing methods on the quality of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua

Background:In this study,we explored the effects of different processing methods on the quality of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua(PC),and the role of Huangjiu in the processing procedure.Methods:The sensory characteristics of the crude product,steamed product,and wine-processed product of PC were described.The colorimeter was used to analyze the chromatic values of three different processed products on PC.At the same time,the contents of the water extract and alcohol extract were measured separately.The content of three different processing Polygonatum Polysaccharide(PCP)was determined using 0.2%anthrone-sulfuric acid.The correlation difference between the chromatic values and chemical composition of different PC products was analyzed using various analytical methods.Results:The surface colors gradually deepened,the sweetness increased,the viscosity strengthened,and the tongue-numbing sensation disappeared after PC processing.The contents of extract and L^(*) gradually decreased from the crude to the steamed to the wine-processed product,consistent with the pattern of surface color alteration.While,E^(*)ab gradually increased.The content of PCP was crude product>wine-processed product>steamed product.The results of multivariate statistical analysis showed that the samples processed for crude,steamed,and wine-processed product were clustered into three classes.The correlation analysis showed that L^(*)and E^(*)ab were highly significant positively correlated with the content of PCP,and a*was significantly negatively correlated with the content of PCP.Conclusion:The results showed that the wine-processed product had the best quality.The internal quality of the PC was correlated with its characteristics and chromatic value.In this study,we investigated the internal and external quality of three different products of PC in order to provide a reference for further research on the impact of different processing methods on PC quality,the standardization of PC processing,and the role of Huangjiu in the processing of PC.

Evaluation of interaction between Sn and passivated stainless steel through an easy chromaticity approach

The interaction between Sn and passivated stainless steel was evaluated through an easy chromaticity approach.The microstructure of Fe-Sn intermetallics(IMCs)was observed,and their growth was inspected at differenf time after the in teract io n.The oxide film on stainless steel exposed in air locally delayed IMC growth,and the chemically passivated film protected stainless steel from Fe-Sn compound formation.To investigate the interaction mechanism,the integrity of passivated films grown on stainless steel was evaluated by chromogenic inspection.The interaction extern was related to colour measurement a*.Results indicated that the measured value of a*from the inspection decreased with the increasing exposure time,and a minimum a*value was found in chemically passivated samples.The tendency of the colour measureme was consistent with the effect of passive film on IMC growth.The in terfacial reaction of passivated stainless steel with Sn was illustrated based on the integrity of the passive films.

Optimized optical design of thin-film transistor arrays for high transmittance and excellent chromaticity

Transmittance and chromaticity are essential requirements for optical performance of thin-film transistor(TFT)arrays.However,it is still a challenge to get high transmittance and excellent chromaticity at the same time.In this paper,optimized optical design by using antireflection film theory and optical phase modulation is demonstrated in low temperature poly-silicon(LTPS)TFT arrays.To realize high transmittance,the refractive index difference of adjacent films is modified by using silicon oxynitride(SiOxNy)with adjustable refractive index.To realize excellent chromaticity,the thicknesses of multilayer films are precisely regulated for antireflection of certain wavelength light.The results show that the transmittance and chromaticity have been improved by about 6%and 18‰,respectively,at the same time,which is a big step forward for high optical performance of TFT arrays.The device characteristics of the TFT arrays with the optimal design,such as threshold voltage and electron mobility,are comparable to those of conventional TFT arrays.The optimized optical design results in enhanced power-conversion efficiencies and perfects the multilayer film design on the basic theory,which has great practicability to be applied in TFT arrays.

Improved step-by-step chromaticity compensation method for chromatic sextupole optimization

The step-by-step chromaticity compensation method for chromatic sextupole optimization and dynamic aperture increase was proposed by E. Levichev and P. Piminov （E. Levichev and P. Piminov, 2006）. Although this method can be used to enlarge the dynamic aperture of a storage ring, it has some drawbacks. In this paper, we combined this method with evolutionary computation algorithms, and proposed an improved version of this method. In the improved method, the drawbacks are avoided, and thus better optimization results can be obtained.

A general strategy to quantify analytes through fluorescence chromaticity and luminosity

To realize a fast,easy-operation and precise way using fluorescence probes to quantify analytes is a goal to facilitate detection,especially in situ.Herein,we are reporting an approach which can be generally employed for the differentiation and quantitation of analytes through fluorescence chromaticity and luminosity.Seven representative fluorescent probes,targeting p H,cysteine,hydrogen sulfide,hydrogen peroxide,palladium and hydrazine,were synthesized and tested.Without utilizing costly instrumentations,portable devices were employed to collect data of photographs from the fluorescence samples in responses to different analytes.Subsequently,the photographic images were digitally processed to generate calibration curves between chromaticity/luminosity verse concentrations after mapping to the CIE 1931 xy Y standard color space.Good linear calibration curves and quantitative analysis of unknown samples with low errors through the spectral technology demonstrated the reliability of this method.Thus,we showed the analytical method with a simple and on-site constructible/portable device which is promising for applications in more fluorescence probes.

Study on the effects of chromaticity and magnetic field tracking errors at CSNS/RCS

The Rapid Cycling Synchrotron （RCS） is a key component of the China Spallation Neutron Source （CSNS）. For this type of high intensity proton synchrotron, the chromaticity, space charge effects, and magnetic field tracking errors between the quadrupoles and the dipoles can induce beta function distortion and tune shift, and induce resonances. In this paper, the combined effects of chromaticity, magnetic field tracking errors and space charge on beam dynamics at CSNS/RCS are studied systemically. 3-D simulations with different magnetic field tracking errors are performed by using the code ORBIT, and the simulation results are compared with the case without tracking errors.

Influence of Production Sequence of Aluminum Alloy Hot Rolling on Strip Surface Quality

With the intensification of market competition in the aluminum alloy strip processing industry,it is dif-ficult to control the mass production of the same specifications,which is bound to affect the hot rolling production.This paper studied the effect of the hot rolling order of aluminum alloy on the surface quality of strip,such as roll printing,color difference,anodic oxidation,etc.,reasonable discharge sequence and corresponding optimization measures were formulated.

The Erdös-Faber-Lovász Conjecture for Gap-Restricted Hypergraphs

An edge coloring of hypergraph H is a function such that holds for any pair of intersecting edges . The minimum number of colors in edge colorings of H is called the chromatic index of H and is denoted by . Erdös, Faber and Lovász proposed a famous conjecture that holds for any loopless linear hypergraph H with n vertices. In this paper, we show that is true for gap-restricted hypergraphs. Our result extends a result of Alesandroni in 2021.

THE CHROMATICITY OF THE COMPLEMENT OF THE CYCLES UNION

The graphs considered here are finite and contain no loops nor multiple edges. Let G be such a graph, M(G; W) be its matching polynomial defined by Farrell in 1979, P(G; λ) be its chromatic polynomial. A graph G is matching unique if for any graph H,

Chromaticity of Complete 6-Partite Graphs with Certain Star or Matching Deleted Ⅱ

Let P（G, λ） be the chromatic polynomial of a graph G. Two graphs G and H are said to be chromatically equivalent, denoted G N H, if P（G, λ） = P（H, λ）. We write [G] = {HIH - G}. If [G] = {G}, then G is said to be chromatically unique. In this paper, we first characterize certain complete 6-partite graphs with 6rid＋1 vertices according to the number of 7-independent partitions of G. Using these results, we investigate the chromaticity of G with certain star or matching deleted. As a by-product, many new families of chromatically unique complete 6-partite graphs with certain star or matching deleted are obtained.

Single-image night haze removal based on color channel transfer and estimation of spatial variation in atmospheric light

The visible-light imaging system used in military equipment is often subjected to severe weather conditions, such as fog, haze, and smoke, under complex lighting conditions at night that significantly degrade the acquired images. Currently available image defogging methods are mostly suitable for environments with natural light in the daytime, but the clarity of images captured under complex lighting conditions and spatial changes in the presence of fog at night is not satisfactory. This study proposes an algorithm to remove night fog from single images based on an analysis of the statistical characteristics of images in scenes involving night fog. Color channel transfer is designed to compensate for the high attenuation channel of foggy images acquired at night. The distribution of transmittance is estimated by the deep convolutional network DehazeNet, and the spatial variation of atmospheric light is estimated in a point-by-point manner according to the maximum reflection prior to recover the clear image. The results of experiments show that the proposed method can compensate for the high attenuation channel of foggy images at night, remove the effect of glow from a multi-color and non-uniform ambient source of light, and improve the adaptability and visual effect of the removal of night fog from images compared with the conventional method.

Mechanical Characterization of Broadband Achromatic Optical Vortex Metalens

Metalenses,which may effectively manipulate the wavefront of incident light,have been proposed and extensively utilized in the development of various planar optical devices for specialized purposes.However,similar to traditional lenses,the metalens suffers from chromatic aberration problems due to the significant phase dispersion in each unit structure and the limited operational bandwidth.To mitigate the impact of chromatic aberration,we integrate a phase compensation approach with a novel utilization of a phase shift function to define the adjusted phase criterion satisfied by each α-Si resonance unit.This approach may lead to development of an innovative optical tweezer known as an achromatic optical vortex metalens(AOVM),offering reliable focusing capabilities across the 1300 nm and 1600 nm incident light range.Numerical simulations are conducted to investigate the optical properties of 200 nm diameter SiO_(2) particles at the focal plane of the AOVM.The trapping ability of the AOVM is successfully validated,exhibiting favorable characteristics including constant optical force,stable kinematic state of trapped particles,and consistent capture positions,surpassing those of the optical vortex metalens.