Advances in clinical applications of bioceramics in the new regenerative medicine era

In this editorial,we comment on the hard and soft tissue applications of different ceramic-based scaffolds prepared by different mechanisms such as 3D printing,sol-gel,and electrospinning.The new concept of regenerative medicine relies on biomaterials that can trigger in situ tissue regeneration and stem cell recruitment at the defect site.A large percentage of these biomaterials is ceramic-based as they provide the essential requirements of biomaterial principles such as tailored multisize porosity,antibacterial properties,and angiogenic properties.All these previously mentioned properties put bioceramics on top of the hierarchy of biomaterials utilized to stimulate tissue regeneration in soft and hard tissue wounds.Multiple clinical applications registered the use of these materials in triggering soft tissue regeneration in healthy and diabetic patients such as bioactive glass nanofibers.The results were promising and opened new frontiers for utilizing these materials on a larger scale.The same results were mentioned when using different forms and formulas of bioceramics in hard defect regeneration.Some bioceramics were used in combination with other polymers and biological scaffolds to improve their regenerative and mechanical properties.All this progress will enable a larger scale of patients to receive such services with ease and decrease the financial burden on the government.

Data analysis guidelines for single‑cell RNA‑seq in biomedical studies and clinical applications

The application of single-cell RNA sequencing(scRNA-seq)in biomedical research has advanced our understanding of the pathogenesis of disease and provided valuable insights into new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.With the expansion of capacity for high-throughput scRNA-seq,including clinical samples,the analysis of these huge volumes of data has become a daunting prospect for researchers entering this field.Here,we review the workflow for typical scRNA-seq data analysis,covering raw data processing and quality control,basic data analysis applicable for almost all scRNA-seq data sets,and advanced data analysis that should be tailored to specific scientific questions.While summarizing the current methods for each analysis step,we also provide an online repository of software and wrapped-up scripts to support the implementation.Recommendations and caveats are pointed out for some specific analysis tasks and approaches.We hope this resource will be helpful to researchers engaging with scRNA-seq,in particular for emerging clinical applications.

The non-antibacterial effects and possible clinical applications of macrolide antibiotics

As one group of the most widely used oral antibacterial drugs, macrolides have been clinically applied for more than 50 years because of their safety and efficacy. Recently, the non-antibacterial applications of macrolides are frequently reported, such as the therapy of malignant tumor, exudative pleurisy, pulmonary fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, bronchiectasis, asthma, gastrointestinal peristalsis disorders, and so on with new pharmacological effects, including reverse of tumor resistance, anti-chemical adherence, anti-fibrosis, and modulations of gastrointestinal motility as well as immune activity. The in-depth research of marcolides’ non-antibiotic actions can not only extend the application fields of macrolides, but provide a new way to treat some refractory diseases.

Insight into Crosstalk Between Mitophagy and Apoptosis/Necroptosis:Mechanisms and Clinical Applications in Ischemic Stroke

Ischemic stroke is a serious cerebrovascular disease with high morbidity and mortality.As a result of ischemia-reperfusion,a cascade of pathophysiological responses is triggered by the imbalance in metabolic supply and demand,resulting in cell loss.These cellular injuries follow various molecular mechanisms solely or in combination with this disorder.Mitochondria play a driving role in the pathophysiological processes of ischemic stroke.Once ischemic stroke occurs,damaged cells would respond to such stress through mitophagy.Mitophagy is known as a conservatively selective autophagy,contributing to the removal of excessive protein aggregates and damaged intracellular components,as well as aging mitochondria.Moderate mitophagy may exert neuroprotection against stroke.Several pathways associated with the mitochondrial network collectively contribute to recovering the homeostasis of the neurovascular unit.However,excessive mitophagy would also promote ischemia-reperfusion injury.Therefore,mitophagy is a double-edged sword,which suggests that maximizing the benefits of mitophagy is one of the direction of future efforts.This review emphasized the role of mitophagy in ischemic stroke,and highlighted the crosstalk between mitophagy and apoptosis/necroptosis.

Helicobacter pylori neutrophil-activating protein:From molecular pathogenesis to clinical applications

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) neutrophil-activating protein (HP-NAP) was originally identified as a virulence factor of H. pylori for its ability to activate neutrophils to generate respiratory burst by releasing reactive oxygen species. Later on, HP-NAP was also found to be involved in the protection of H. pylori from DNA damage, supporting the survival of H. pylori under oxidative stress. This protein is highly conserved and expressed by virtually all clinical isolates of H. pylori. The majority of patients infected with H. pylori produced antibodies specific for HP-NAP, suggesting its important role in immunity. In addition to acting as a pathogenic factor by activating the innate immunity through a wide range of human leukocytes, including neutrophils, monocytes, and mast cells, HP-NAP also mediates adaptive immunity through the induction of T helper cell type I responses. The pro-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of HP-NAP not only make it play an important role in disease pathogenesis but also make it a potential candidate for clinical use. Even though there is no convincing evidence to link HP-NAP to a disease outcome, recent findings supporting the pathogenic role of HP-NAP will be reviewed. In addition, the potential clinical applications of HP-NAP in vaccine development, clinical diagnosis, and drug development will be discussed.

PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY—AN UPDATE ON CLINICAL APPLICATIONS

Photodynamic therapy(PDT)has received increased attention since the regulatory approvals of several photosensitizers and light applicators in numerous countries and regions around the world.In recent years,much progress has been seen in basic research as well as clinical application.PDT clinical application has now extended from treating malignant diseases to nonmalignant diseases.This review article will present recent clinical data published in English journals.The data will be organized according to their clinical specialties.The new development and future direction in clinical applications of PDT for the management of both malignant and nonmalignant diseases will be discussed.

X-ray photon counting detectors for preclinical and clinical applications

Photon counting detectors(PCDs) have attained w ide use in X-ray imaging for various preclinical and clinical applications in the past decade. This paper briefly review s the preclinical and clinical applications of PCDs based X-ray imaging systems.Starting with an introduction of X-ray single photon detection mechanism,the brief review first describes tw o major advantages of utilizing PCDs: photon energy resolving capability and electronic noise elimination. Compared to energy integrating detectors(EIDs),the aforementioned advantages make PCDs more favorable in X-ray imaging with profound benefits such as enhanced tissue contrast,decreased image noise,increased signal to noise ratio,decreased radiation dose to the small animals and patients,and more accurate material decomposition. The utilizations of PCDs in X-ray projection radiography and computed tomography(CT)including micro-CT,dedicated breast CT,K-edge CT,and clinical CT are then review ed for the imaging applications ranging from phantoms to small animals and humans. In addition,optimization methods aiming to improve the imaging performance using PCDs are briefly review ed. PCDs are not flaw less though,and their limitations are also discussed in this review. Nevertheless,PCDs may continuously contribute to the advancement of X-ray imaging techniques in future preclinical and clinical applications.

Chemical Composition, Pharmacological Effects and Clinical Applications of Cinobufacini

Chinese medicine cinobufacini is an extract from the dried skin of Bufo bufo gargarizans Cantor,with active ingredients of bufadienolides and indole alkaloids.With further research and clinical applications,it is found that cinobufacini alone or in combination with other therapeutic methods can play an anti-tumor role by controlling proliferation of tumor cells,promoting apoptosis,inhibiting formation of tumor neovascularization,reversing multidrug resistance,and regulating immune response;it also has the functions of relieving cancer pain and regulating immune function.In this paper,the chemical composition,pharmacological effects,clinical applications,and adverse reactions of cinobufacini are summarized.However,the extraction of monomer components of cinobufacini,the relationship between different mechanisms,and the causes of adverse reactions need to be further studied.Also,high-quality clinical studies should be conducted.

Biological properties and clinical applications of berberine

Berberine,an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from the Chinese herb Coptis chinens is and other Berber is plants,has a wide range of pharmacological properties.Berberine can be used to treat many diseases,such as cancer and digestive,metabolic,cardiovascular,and neurological diseases.Berberine has protective capacities in digestive diseases.It can inhibit toxins and bacteria,including Helicobac terpylo riprotect the intestinal epithelial barrier from injury,and ameliorate liver injury.Berberine also inhibits the proliferation of various types of cancer cells and impedes invasion and metastasis.Recent evidence has confirmed that berberine improves the efficacy and safety of chemoradiotherapies.In addition,berberine regulates glycometabolism and lipid metabolism,improves energy expenditure,reduces body weight,and alleviates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.Berberine also improves cardiovascular hemodynamics,suppresses ischemic arrhythmias,attenuates the development of atherosclerosis,and reduces hypertension.Berberine shows potent neuroprotective effects,including antioxidative,antiapoptotic,and anti-ischemic.Furthermore,berberine exerts protective effects against other diseases.The mechanisms of its functions have been extensively explored,but much remains to be clarified.This article summarizes the main pharmacological actions of berberine and its mechanisms in cancer and digestive,metabolic,cardiovascular,and neurological diseases.

Addressing challenges in the clinical applications associated with CRISPR/Cas9 technology and ethical questions to prevent its misuse

The recently developed RNA-guided clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat （CRISPR）/CRISPR-associated 9 （Cas9） nuclease system has progressed to be an invaluable technology for genome manipulation in somatic cell types and germline model organisms. While the unprecedented advance in human embryo gene editing research has great potential in next-generation therapeutics, it raises various ethical concerns that need to be addressed before being translated for clinical use. Here, we discuss the current and potential applications of CRISPR/Cas9 technology and its limitations in clinical applications, as well as ethical and legal considerations in the treatment, disease prevention or disability in somatic cells or human embryo via gene editing.

Emerging roles and potential clinical applications of translatable circular RNAs in cancer and other human diseases

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a special class of single-stranded RNA molecules with covalently closed loops widely expressed in eukaryotic organisms. CircRNAs have long been considered to play important roles in various physiological and pathological processes as non-coding RNAs. However, circRNAs have recently garnered considerable attention due to their ability to be translated into peptides/proteins via internal ribosome entry site- or N6-methyladenosine-mediated pathways or rolling translation mechanisms. Furthermore, dysregulation of translatable circRNAs and their encoded proteins has been associated with developing and progressing diseases such as cancer. This review aims to summarize the driving mechanisms of circRNA translation and the available strategies in circRNA translation research. The main focus is on the emerging biological functions of translatable circRNAs, their regulatory mechanisms, and potential clinical applications in human diseases to provide new perspectives on disease diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted therapy.

Meeting Report for the UCLA Center for East-West Medicine 2006 Annual Conference:Integration of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine——Research and Clinical Applications

This is the meeting report for the 2006 UCLA Center for East-West Medicine （CEWM） annual conference held at the UCLA Jules Stein auditorium on Saturday, October 28th. The event began with registration and a continental breakfast that allowed participants the opportunity to meet one another and discuss their experiences with integrative medicine. After the guests had checked-in and settled into the auditorium, Dr. Ka-Kit Hui, the Wallis Annenberg Professor in Integrative East West Medicine and the Founder and Director of the UCLA Center for East-West Medicine, introduced Dr. Alan Fogelman, Executive Chairman of the Department of Medicine, who gave opening remarks. Dr. Fogelman welcomed the audience, particularly the Center＇s distinguished guest - Professor Keji Chen, the Center＇s visiting professor of integrative medicine from China, emphasizing the importance of integrative medicine and praising the Center＇s leadership role in this field. Then Dr. Hui briefly introduced the audience to the field of integrative medicine, and discussed his own experience with integrative medicine and the history of the CEWM.

Phytochemistry,Pharmacology,and Clinical Applications of Centella Asiatica(L.)Urban

Centella asiatica,a traditional Chinese medicine belonging to the Umbelliferae family,was recorded in the Eastern Han Dynasty.Owing to its wide developmental prospects,many scholars have extensively explored C.asiatica and made significant progress in recent years.In this study,we summarize the phytochemistry,pharmacology,and clinical applications of C.asiatica(L.)Urban based on Google Scholar,PubMed,and CNKI databases.Triterpenes and their glycosides,flavonoids,terpenoids,and volatile oils occur in herbs.The pharmacological effects mainly comprise improving cognition and memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease and anti-inflammation activity.Clinical applications include the treatment of chronic kidney diseases,malignant intestinal obstruction,radiation dermatitis,precancerous lesions,chronic prostatitis,Alzheimer's disease,and other diseases.This review provides insights into the phytochemistry,pharmacology,and clinical applications of C.asiatica and summarizes the shortcomings of the research in recent years to provide a reference for future research.

Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Applications of Radix Astragali

Radix Astragali(RA),a traditional Chinese medicine from the dried root of Astragalus species,is widely distributed throughout the temperate regions of the world.The major bioactive constituents of RA are triterpene glycosides,flavonoids,saponins,and alkaloids,and these compounds mostly exert pharmacological activities on the cardiovascular,immune,respiratory,and hepatic systems.This review summarizes the recent studies on RA and provides a comprehensive summary regarding the status of resources,ethnopharmacology,phytochemistry,pharmacology,toxicology,clinical application,and patent release of RA.We hope this review can provide a guidance for further development of therapeutic agents from RA.

Recent advances of antibody drug conjugates for clinical applications

Antibody drug conjugates(ADCs)normally compose of a humanized antibody and small molecular drug via a chemical linker.After decades of preclinical and clinical studies,a series of ADCs have been widely used for treating specific tumor types in the clinic such as brentuximab vedotin(Adcetris?)for relapsed Hodgkin’s lymphoma and systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma,gemtuzumab ozogamicin(Mylotarg?)for acute myeloid leukemia,ado-trastuzumab emtansine(Kadcyla?)for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer,inotuzumab ozogamicin(Besponsa?)and most recently polatuzumab vedotin-piiq(Polivy?)for B cell malignancies.More than eighty ADCs have been investigated in different clinical stages from approximately six hundred clinical trials to date.This review summarizes the key elements of ADCs and highlights recent advances of ADCs,as well as important lessons learned from clinical data,and future directions.

Autophagy-mediated regulation of neutrophils and clinical applications

Autophagy,an adaptive catabolic process,plays a cytoprotective role in enabling cellular homeostasis in the innate and adaptive immune systems.Neutrophils,the most abundant immune cells in circulation,are professional killers that orchestrate a series of events during acute inflammation.The recent literature indicates that autophagy has important roles in regulating neutrophil functions,including differentiation,degranulation,metabolism and neutrophil extracellular trap formation,that dictate neutrophil fate.It is also becoming increasingly clear that autophagy regulation is critical for neutrophils to exert their immunological activity.However,evidence regarding the systematic communication between neutrophils and autophagy is insufficient.Here,we provide an updated overview of the function of autophagy as a regulator of neutrophils and discuss its clinical relevance to provide novel insight into potentially relevant treatment strategies.

Recent advances toward clinical applications of photoacoustic microscopy: a review

Photoacoustic imaging(PAI) is an emerging technology that has been dramatically developed in the last decade. PAI, a combination of optical illumination and ultrasound detection, allows us to achieve fine resolution and obtain fruitful information of endogenous and exogenous chromophores. Among PAI imaging techniques, photoacoustic computed tomography(PACT)has been extensively used in human studies due to its deep tissue penetration(several centimeters). Alternatively, photoacoustic microscopy(PAM) offers higher resolution at the expense of penetration depth, which can also be advantageous in clinics.Recently, there has been increasing attention and studies on PAM of human tissues. In this paper, we will review principles of PAM and its applications to human tissues, including the breast tissue, carotid atheroma tissue, eye, gastrointestinal tissue,ovarian tissue and tooth ex vivo as well as the oral cavity and dermatological tissue in vivo. The paper is closed with the outlook regarding the potential applications of PAM in clinics.

Clinical application value of long non-coding RNAs signatures of genomic instability in predicting prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)presents challenges due to its high recurrence and metastasis rates and poor prognosis.While current clinical diagnostic and prognostic indicators exist,their accuracy remains imperfect due to their biol-ogical complexity.Therefore,there is a quest to identify improved biomarkers for HCC diagnosis and prognosis.By combining long non-coding RNA(lncRNA)expression and somatic mutations,Duan et al identified five representative lncRNAs from 88 lncRNAs related to genomic instability(GI),forming a GI-derived lncRNA signature(LncSig).This signature outperforms previously re-ported LncSig and TP53 mutations in predicting HCC prognosis.In this editorial,we comprehensively evaluate the clinical application value of such prognostic evaluation model based on sequencing technology in terms of cost,time,and practicability.Additionally,we provide an overview of various prognostic models for HCC,aiding in a comprehensive understanding of research progress in pro-gnostic evaluation methods.

Current Status of Clinical Application and Basic Research on Draba nemerosa Hebecarpa Jujube Lung-Diarrhoea Soup

The clinical application and basic research of Draba nemerosa Hebecarpa jujube diarrhoea lung soup focus on respiratory diseases and circulatory diseases, and its clinical application is more compared with the basic research, and Draba nemerosa Hebecarpa jujube diarrhoea lung soup is mostly used in the form of “Draba nemerosa Hebecarpa Hebecarpa jujube diarrhoea lung soup with additional subtractions or other formulas combining Draba nemerosa Hebecarpa Hebecarpa Hebecarpa jujube diarrhoea lung soup” in the clinical application. This article will focus on the main mechanisms of Draba nemerosa Hebecarpa jujube diarrhoea lung soup and its main components in the treatment of respiratory and circulatory diseases, and will give a review of the basic research on Draba nemerosa Hebecarpa Hebecarpa jujube diarrhoea lung soup as follows.

Clinical Application and Prospect of New Radiotherapy Technology in Cancer Treatment

Objective: Carbon ion therapy, a new radiotherapy technology, has shown its remarkable efficacy and potential in cancer treatment, especially in the treatment of refractory tumors. Methods: This paper clarifies the physical basis, technological change, and clinical practice effect of carbon ion therapy, comprehensively discusses the future prospects, and evaluates the clinical application effect. Results: The technology has significantly improved the treatment effectiveness and received a positive response from patients. Conclusion: Carbon ion therapy technology has become a major innovation in the field of cancer treatment. It not only has a profound impact on many current cancer therapy methods but also indicates the application blueprint for a wider range of cancer types in the future, showing a new chapter of medical technology advancement.