Mercury Exposures in Population from Tieling Coal Mine Area,Liaoning,China

Mercury( Hg) concentrations were determined in human hair,blood and urine samples from Tieling coal mine area,to assess the potential health risks associated with Hg due to coal mining activities. The total Hg levels in hair( average 0. 87 μg / g) and blood( average 3. 74 μg /L) of coal miners were quite low at around the same levels as the general population, but the urine Hg levels( average 12. 13 μg /L) were much higher than those from administrators and control group. This study indicated that workers mainly exposed to inorganic Hg through long-time inhalation contaminated air and dust; however other population mainly exposed to methylmercury( Me Hg).

Development Strategy of Post-Coal Mine Area in Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia

East Kalimantan province is one of the largest coal deposit reserve source, especially in the mining and quarrying sector. Mining sector is a strategic sector in East Kalimantan but post coal mining land has the problem for land using. The research method used survey method and laboratory test on 21 entities/companies with the status of cooperative and non-cooperative approach and land resource evaluation on 30 respondent keys （key informant）. Analysis of data is using the evaluation of land potential： Analytical Hierarchy Process （AHP）, IRR, NPV and BCR. The results showed that there are 2 scenarios decisions in the development of coal mining region that is the optimistic scenario on 2 aspects namely： （1） tourism （recreational parks and historical tours） and （2） aspects of the fishery （tilapia, goldfish, catfish）. Then, in the moderate scenario, there are 3 aspects of development： （1） services （administration and housing）; （2） fisheries （cork fish and damselfish） and （3） agriculture （guava, melinjo and dragon fruit）. Optimizing the utilization of post-coal mining land in the regency of Kutai Kartanegara can be carried out with reference to these two types of scenarios as a manifestation of an engine of regional development.

Quantitative analysis of biotechnical reinforcement for a steep slope consisting of composite coal-gangue-soil medium adjacent to a mined-out area

The engineering and geological characteristics of a steep slope consisting of coal gangue, rock and soil medium in Huating coal mine have been comprehensively investigated. Owing to humid weather, heavy rainfall, vegetation and porous characteristics of the soil and rock mass, the steep slope will be destabilized and induce mud-rock flow or derive hazard easily. Firstly, based on the classical slope reinforcement theory, some regularity between the shear and displacement in the destabilized zone of the slope with or without root strength contribution is presented. Then, based on the experimental and statistical analysis of root strength, hydrological characteristics and stability status, etc., some possible biotechnical techniques for reinforcement of the steep slope have been suggested. These methods are important for quantitative analysis of destabilization of the slope and design of the biotechnical reinforcement.

Effects of Coal Mining Subsided Water Area on Temperature Change in Huaibei Coal Mine

[Objective] The study aimed to discuss the effects of coal mining subsided water area on temperature change in Huaibei coal mine. [Method] Based on the data of monthly temperature from 1957 to 2007 recorded by Suixi （coal mining subsided water area） and Fuyang stations （control）, the effects of coal mining subsided water area on temperature change in Huaibei coal mine were discussed using linear trend estimation and comparative analysis methods. [Result] Spring, autumn, winter and annual average temperatures of coal mining subsided water area （Suixi） were increased in the last 51 years, and the increase of winter temperature was mostly significant with a tendency rate of 0.49 ℃/10 a. Meanwhile, annual temperature range of coal mining subsided water area was decreased from 1957 to 2007. Temperatures of Suixi in four seasons were lower than those of Fuyang from the 1960s to 1990s, and temperatures of coal mining subsided water area （Suixi） were higher than those of Fuyang in spring, autumn and winter but lower than those of Fuyang in summer from 2000 to 2007. [ Result] Coal mining subsided water area had certain effects on temperature change of Huaibei coal mine.

Optimum location of surface wells for remote pressure relief coalbed methane drainage in mining areas

Based on engineering tests in the Huainan coal mining area,we studied alternative well location to improve the performance of surface wells for remote pressure relief of coalbed methane in mining areas.The key factors,affecting location and well gas production were analyzed by simulation tests for similar material.The exploitation results indicate that wells located in various positions on panels could achieve relatively better gas production in regions with thin Cenozoic layers,low mining heights and slow rate of longwall advancement,but their periods of gas production lasted less than 230 days,as opposed to wells in regions with thick Cenozoic layers,greater mining heights and fast rates of longwall advancement.Wells near panel margins achieved relatively better gas production and lasted longer than centerline wells.The rules of development of mining fractures in strata over panels control gas production of surface wells.Mining fractures located in areas determined by lines of compaction and the effect of mining are well developed and can be maintained for long periods of time.Placing the well at the end of panels and on the updip return airway side of panels,determined by lines of compaction and the effect of mining,would result in surface wells for remote pressure relief CBM obtaining their longest gas production periods and highest cumulative gas production.

Soil Heavy Metal Pollution and Health Risk Assessment of Abandoned Land in Coal Mining Areas in Xingren County

Total contents of heavy metals （ Pb, Cr, Cd, Hg, As, Cu, Zn, and Ni） in 68 soil samples were determined to evaluate the contamination level of soil from five coal mine areas in Xingren County, Guizhou province. The pollution levels of heavy metals were characterized by anthro- pogenic influence multiple, and the pollution of heavy metal in soil was evaluated using geo-accumulation index. Based on the health risk models recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency （ US EPA）, the health risks of heavy metals in the soils were assessed. The results showed that the abandoned land in the five coal mining areas were contaminated by heavy metals, and the order of pollution levels of eight heavy metals was As 〉 Pb 〉 Cu 〉 Hg 〉 Ni 〉 Cr 〉 Cd 〉 Zn. The soils suffered moderate-heavy pollution from As and Pb, and the contents of As and Pb in the soils were 13.16 and 4.76 times higher than the background values of Guizhou Province, followed by Cu, Hg and Ni , while soil pollution from Cr, Cd and Zn was mild. The order of non-caminogenic risks of the heavy metals in the soils was As 〉 Pb 〉 Cr 〉 Ni 〉 Cu 〉 Hg 〉 Cd 〉 Zn, and the non-carcinogenic dsk value of As was higher than that its threshold value 1, which indicated that As had a high potential health risk to adults and children. The order of carcinogen risks of the four heavy metals was As 〉 Cd 〉 Cr 〉 Ni, and the carcinogenic risk value of As was higher than its threshold value, indicating that As had a high carcinogenic risk to adults and children. The carcinogenic risk values of other three heavy metals （ Cd, Cr and Ni） were lower than the threshold value, so they had no carcinogenic risk to human health. Moreover, children were more sensitively affect- ed by heavy metals from the abandoned land. Therefore, the health of children in such areas should be paid more attention to. The HI value of the eight heavy metals to children was seven times higher than that to adults. The contribution rate of HQAs to HI was about 88%, and the contribution rate of CRA, to TCR was about 98%, so As was the most crucial factor influencing non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic dsk in the abandoned soils.

A Synergetic Study on Large-Scale Coal Mining and Eco-Environment Protection in Shendong Coal Mining Area

Based on the sharp contradiction between the economic benefits and adverse ecological impact of coal development in China's west,this paper establishes an evaluation model for the synergetic eco-environmental development in Shendong Coal Mining Area through using synergism of five laws and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. The analysis on synergy between large-scale coal mining and the eco-environment protection in Shendong is also conducted,arriving at the conclusion that synergetics of Shendong 's eco-environment protection is"good". And thus,the result sheds light on the fact that while working to quench China's energy demand on its path towards a modernized large coal mine complex,Shendong,as part of Shenhua Group's mining operation,has applied innovative management concepts and models to improve eco-environment for harmony and win-win results between resource exploration and environmental protection.

Monte-Carlo Method for Coalbed Methane Resource Assessment in Key Coal Mining Areas of China

Monte-Carlo method is used for estimating coalbed methane （CBM） resources in key coal mining areas of China. Monte-Carlo method is shown to be superior to the traditional volumetric method with constant parameters in the calculation of CBM resources. The focus of the article is to introduce the main algorithm and the realization of functions estimated by Monte-Carlo method, including selection of parameters, determination of distribution function, generation of pseudo-random numbers, and evaluation of the parameters corresponding to pseudo-random numbers. A specified software on the basis of Monte-Carlo method is developed using Visual C＋＋ for the assessment of the CBM resources. A case study shows that calculation results using Monte-Carlo method have smaller error range in comparison with those using volumetric method.

Groundwater impact of open cut coal mine and an assessment methodology:A case study in NSW

Large scale open cut coal mining operations have significant impacts to groundwater in surrounding areas in both active and post-mining phases. The prediction of water inflows into a surface mine excavation is one of the many components involved in mine design phase. Groundwater performance also reacts to mining activities from the operational, economic and safety implications perspective. Under NSW planning legislation, as part of the comprehensive risk assessment, a groundwater impact assessment has to be conducted for a coal project to predict and mitigate the impacts in consideration of the government requirements. In this paper, the groundwater assessment modelling of mine pits was discussed in predicting of groundwater inflows and reviewing analytical and numerical approaches. A methodology of groundwater impact assessment for an open cut mine in NSW with a three-dimensional groundwater flow model Modflow Surfact demonstrated its functions in simulating the project's impacts on the groundwater regime. The key findings with mitigations are discussed and recommended in the paper to reduce impacts on groundwater and fulfil regulation requirements in NSW.

Application of DEM overlaying technique in surface subsidence identification─a case study in Ruqigou coal mining area of Ningxia,China

Subsidence occurred in many parts of the world. particularly in densely populated deltaic regions, causing extremely expensive damage. It can be resulted from natural causes. man-made induced causes, or other mixed causes. For identifying surface subsidence, many techniques have been employed, for example, geodetic monitoring, airborne laser subsidence measurement system,differential S.A.R., interferometry DGPS, and satellite radar measurements. However. all these methods require large time span and a large amount of field work. With the development of GIS techniques, identification of surface subsidence is becoming a relative easy problem. Ruqigou coal mining area was selected as a case study to identify the surface subsidence with DEM (digital elevation model) overlaying techniques. The result shows that DEM overlaying technique is a very useful method on surface subsidence identification. The accuracy of the results are largely dependent on the precision of the data-input.

Simulation Test for Evolution Laws of Tensile Fractures in a Coal Mining Area

In order to study evolution laws of tensile fractures in a coal mining area, based on the classification of the fractures formed by mining, a physical simulation test was carried out to simulate the dynamic evolution process of tensile fractures in coal mining areas. The results showed that after the coal in the mining area was mined, the mining area underwent obvious movement and deformation and forms tensile fractures. As the min-ing working face was advanced, the tensile fractures underwent the dynamic process of generation, development and closure. The changing curves of density of tensile fractures with the increase of mining length of the working face liked a ladder （it increased slowly and then rapidly） and then had two peaks （the second peak was higher than the first peak）.

Prevention and Control Mode of Desertification in China＇s State Energy Group Shendong Mining Area with Annual Coal Output of 200 Million Tons

According to the strategic goal of sustainable development,construction and management for the construction of Shendong mining area with ecological safety,the ecological restoration principle of ＂ control protects development and development promotes control＂ for desertification prevention and control was adopted,and engineering measures,plant greening measures,and enclosure management and protection measures were taken to prevent and control desertification in the mining area based on careful detailed investigation and accurate planning and design in the early period. After 32 years,the desertification ecological landscape environment of the mining area has undergone a qualitative change,and the vegetation coverage has increased from 3%-8% to above 60% after the development. The former desertification land has become a modern green energy base that has produced 200 million tons of coal every year. The construction and management mode of an ecologically safe and modernized green coal mining area built by Shendong in the desertification region of northwestern China shows that taking appropriate comprehensive ecological restoration construction technology and management measures that integrate engineering,plants and enclosure management and protection is an effective technical and management paradigm for the construction of a modernized green large-scale coal mining area in China＇s arid and semi-arid regions.

Impact of Reclamation in Coal Mining Subsidence Area on Urban Spatial Expansion of Huaibei City

Based on the GIS data platform,and taking the spatial analysis as the main means,this paper explored the impact of reclamation in coal mining subsidence area on urban spatial expansion of Huaibei City. The analysis took the time evolution of urban space development as the basis,took the sectors,circle rings and sub-district offices as the basic spatial units. From the aspects of urban expansion rate,expansion direction,function and construction intensity,it analyzed the impact of reclamation on the urban spatial expansion. In addition,it analyzed the correlation between the reclamation utilization of the subsidence area and the changes in spatial expansion. Finally,it summarized the characteristics of the impact.

Investigating spatial and temporal variations of soil moisture content in an arid mining area using an improved thermal inertia model

Mining operations can usually lead to environmental deteriorations. Underground mining activities could cause an extensive decrease in groundwater level and thus a dramatic variation in soil moisture content（SMC）. In this study, the spatial and temporal variations of SMC from 2001 to 2015 at two spatial scales（i.e., the Shendong coal mining area and the Daliuta Coal Mine） were analyzed using an improved thermal inertia model with a long-term series of Landsat TM/OLI（TM=Thematic Mapper and OLI=Operational Land Imager） data. Our results show that at large spatial scale（the Shendong coal mining area）, underground mining activities had insignificant negative impacts on SMC and that at small spatial scale（the Daliuta Coal Mine）, underground mining activities had significant negative impacts on SMC. Trend analysis of SMC demonstrated that areas with decreasing trend of SMC were mainly distributed in the mined area, indicating that underground mining is a primary cause for the drying trend in the mining region in this arid environment.

Behaviors of overlying strata in extra-thick coal seams using top-coalcaving method

Accidents such as support failure and excessive deformation of roadways due to drastic changes in strata behaviors are frequently reported when mining the extra-thick coal seams Nos.3e5 in Datong coal mine with top-coal caving method,which significantly hampers the mine's normal production.To understand the mechanism of strata failure,this paper presented a structure evolution model with respect to strata behaviors.Then the behaviors of strata overlying the extra-thick coal seams were studied with the combined method of theoretical analysis,physical simulation,and field measurement.The results show that the key strata,which are usually thick-hard strata,play an important role in overlying movement and may influence the mining-induced strata behaviors in the working face using top-coal caving method.The structural model of far-field key strata presents a 'masonry beam' type structure when'horizontal O-X' breakage type happens.The rotational motion of the block imposed radial compressive stress on the surrounding rock mass of the roadway.This can induce excessive deformation of roadway near the goaf.Besides,this paper proposed a pre-control technology for the hard roof based on fracture holes and underground roof pre-splitting.It could effectively reduce stress concentration and release the accumulated energy of the strata,when mining underground coal resources with top-coal caving method.

Changes of Precipitation Infiltration Recharge in the Circumstances of Coal Mining Subsidence in the Shen-Dong Coal Field,China

Coal mining subsidence is a universal environmental-geological problem in mining areas. By selecting the Shen-Dong coal mining subsidence area as the research field, this paper studies the changes in precipitation infiltration recharge in the circumstances of coal mining subsidence by means of field geological investigation and laboratory simulation experiments, which is expected to provide a scientific basis for eco-environmental restoration in the mining area. The results indicate that at the unstable stage of subsidence, three types of subsidence in the Shen-Dong mining area have positive effects on the precipitation infiltration recharge, and the type of full-thickness bedrock subsidence has the greatest influence. In the stable stage of subsidence, the precipitation infiltration process after long- term drought and the moisture migration in the aeration zone undergo three different stages： evaporation-infiltration before precipitation, infiltration-upward infiltration-infiltration during precipitation and evaporation-infiltration after precipitation. During a heavy rainfall infiltration process, the wetting front movement in fine sand, coarse sand and dualistic structure of fine-coarse sand consists of two stages： the stage of wetting front movement during precipitation, in which the wetting front movement distance has linear relationship with the depth, and the stage of wetting front movement after precipitation, in which the wetting front movement distance has the power function relationship with the depth. The wetting front movement velocity is influenced by the rainfall amount and the lithology in the aeration zone. However, as the depth increases, the movement velocity will decay exponentially.

高潜水位采煤沉陷区资源化、能源化、功能化利用构想与实践

高潜水位矿区井工开采往往造成地表大面积沉陷积水,矿区生态环境发生变化,沉陷区国土资源由以土地资源为主转变为水资源为主、水土资源共存的局面。目前,采煤沉陷区水资源开发利用不充分,可再生能源开发、多能互补利用和废弃矿井抽水蓄能等方面具有得天独厚的条件和巨大发展潜力,采煤沉陷区国土空间功能也需结合现有条件重新定位与建构。在此背景下,提出高潜水位采煤沉陷区资源化、能源化和功能化利用构想。系统阐述了“三化”面临的科学问题,如采煤沉陷水域水资源量和水生态环境演变规律、地表残余变形规律;“三化”涉及的关键技术与模式,包括监测与评价技术,如“天-空-地-水-井”一体化协同监测技术体系、采煤沉陷区水生态环境调查评价方法、采煤沉陷区建设场地地基稳定性评价方法,以及治理利用技术及模式,如采煤沉陷区水生态环境修复技术模式、采煤沉陷区水资源保持与高效利用技术模式、水资源区域协调开发与高效利用技术模式、风光互补模式、制氢-合成氨-掺氨燃烧发电模式、废弃矿井抽水蓄能模式、农业用地功能构建(复垦地土壤重构)技术、建设用地功能构建(采空区注浆地基加固)技术、生态用地功能构建(地表水系重构与生态湿地建设)技术;并从产业融合、资金筹集、科技创新、区域统筹等方面提出了具体的政策建议。

煤矿区土壤细菌群落结构及其对不同复垦模式的响应

科学揭示不同复垦模式土壤细菌群落稳定性及其潜在互作关系对于复垦土地差异化管理及可持续利用至关重要。本文以挖深垫浅、煤矸石充填和粉煤灰充填3种模式复垦土壤为研究对象,基于高通量Illumina Miseq 16S rRNA测序技术,采用方差分析、Spearman相关性等分析方法,研究不同复垦模式下的土壤细菌群落结构和多样性。通过构建分子生态网络模型,揭示不同复垦模式下土壤细菌群落的稳定性及菌群间潜在互作关系,明晰对细菌群落结构稳定性起关键作用的微生物种群。结果表明:①不同复垦模式土壤细菌群落的多样性与丰富度水平有显著差异(P<0.05),均表现为挖深垫浅>煤矸石充填>粉煤灰充填;不同复垦模式土壤细菌群落组成相似,变形菌门、酸杆菌门、放线菌门和拟杆菌门是所有模式土壤中的优势菌门,在各复垦模式土壤细菌群落中的占比之和均达70%以上。②不同复垦模式下土壤细菌群落的显著影响因子不同,部分优势细菌门与影响因子间的变化趋势不同,有机质含量是影响挖深垫浅复垦土壤细菌群落组成的主要影响因素,pH是影响煤矸石与粉煤灰充填复垦土壤细菌群落组成的主要影响因素。③挖深垫浅复垦土壤细菌网络复杂,群落联系紧密,能更好地传递物质、能量和信息;煤矸石充填复垦土壤细菌网络内部节点间的连通度低,但菌群信息交换速度慢,拥有4个关键节点,网络相对稳定;粉煤灰充填复垦的土壤细菌网络规模最小,节点连通度不高,在外界环境发生变化时反应快,网络稳定性最差。3种复垦模式土壤细菌群落间关系均以协同合作为主导,煤矸石充填复垦土壤细菌群落间的协同合作关系占比最高。本文揭示了3种不同复垦模式下土壤细菌群落结构与分子生态网络差异,研究结果可为高潜水位采煤塌陷区土地复垦模式的优选以及人为干预方式的选择提供支撑。

The Architecture Design Based on the Landscape Conditions: Taking the Architectural Design of Subsidence Area for Example

The relationship between architecture and people, architecture and city, architecture and nature has always been the soul of architectural design. In the architectural design, study on the relationship between architecture and nature needs "site analysis"(mapping), and "natural environment" tends to affect the design results[1]. In many special areas, the design needs analysis of geology, geomorphology, hydrology, vegetation and other landscape elements. Coal mining subsidence area is the product of the conf licts between human activities and natural environment in the process of industrialization. As the research object, coal mining subsidence area can be a good study object to demonstrate architectural design strategies and methods based on landscape, and fi eld defects of the site may be the origin of architectural space organization: architectural concept, structure, morphology, spatial organization are all from the landscape elements.

陕北煤矿区采动地裂缝对土壤抗蚀性的影响规律研究

采动地裂缝作为黄河流域中游陕北煤矿区最突出且典型的采动损害问题,引发的水土流失效应已经不容忽视。为了研究采动地裂缝发育对周边土壤抗蚀性的影响,以陕北煤矿区内宽度分别为0~10,10~20,20~30 cm的采动地裂缝为研究对象,采集周边水平距离80 cm以内,垂直深度40 cm以浅的土壤,测定了土壤水稳性团聚体、微团聚体、无机黏粒、有机黏粒、物理性质类等14个国内外学者普遍关注的用于量化表征土壤抗蚀性的指标,采用层次分析法、敏感性分析和因子分析相结合的方法甄选出陕北采动地裂缝发育区土壤抗蚀性的重要量化指标,构建了陕北采动地裂缝发育区土壤抗蚀性综合指数模型。结果表明:①综合层次分析法、敏感性分析和因子分析,甄选确定>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量、平均重量直径、<0.001 mm细黏粒含量、土壤团聚度、土壤有机质含量5个指标作为量化表征陕北采动地裂缝发育区土壤抗蚀性的重要指标;②采动地裂缝会降低周围土壤的5个土壤抗蚀性重要指标,其中>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量变化最为明显;③根据土壤抗蚀性重要指标,基于因子分析原理构建了陕北采动地裂缝发育区土壤抗蚀性综合指数模型;④采动地裂缝会降低周围土壤的抗侵蚀综合能力,且该效应随着裂缝宽度的增大和水平距离的减小而增强,当距采动地裂缝的水平距离超过170 cm时,采动地裂缝对周围土壤抗侵蚀综合能力的负效应基本消失,其可作为陕北采动地裂缝发育区土壤侵蚀防控的关键区域。研究结果可为黄河中游陕北矿区水土流失的精准防控提供科学依据。