Angle-Based Beamforming in mmWave Massive MIMO Systems with Low Feedback Overhead Using Multi-Pattern Codebooks

The integration of millimeter-wave(mmWave)communications and massive multiple input multiple output(MIMO)techniques is a promising solution to dramatically increase the 5G network throughput.By using large antenna arrays,beamforming can be adopted to improve the 5G capacity by employing spatial domain resources.In a frequency division duplexing(FDD)based 5G mmWave MIMO system,beamforming operation requires timely downlink channel state information(CSI)feedback.However,the rapid channel variations caused by short wavelength of mmWave band,and the high-level feedback information required due to the large number of antennas in massive MIMO system lead to the significantly increased beamforming overhead.In this paper,by exploiting the higher angular stability of such channels,we propose an angle-based beamforming scheme to reduce the feedback frequency and the number of feedback bits.To facilitate this approach users are initially selected to reduce the intra-zone interference before beamforming.Besides,location related feedback,which is not affected by the number of antennas,is adopted to reduce overhead.The simulation results show that two proposed user selection algorithms can adapt to scenarios with diverse requirements,while the feedback overhead of proposed angle-based beamforming algorithm is sharply reduce compared with that of CSIbased beamforming algorithm.

Towards an Efficient Hierarchical Codebooks for Content-Based Images Retrieval

In space feature quantization, the most important problem is designing an efficient and compact codebook. The hierarchical clustering approach successfully solves the problem of quantifying the feature space in a large vocabulary size. In this paper we propose to use a tree structure of hierarchical self-organizing-map （H-SOM） with the depth length equal to two and a high size of branch factors （50, 100, 200, 400, and 500）. Moreover, an incremental learning process of H-SOM is used to overcome the problem of the curse of the dimensionafity of space. The method is evaluated on three public datasets. Results exceed the current state-of-art retrieval performance on Kentucky and Oxford5k dataset. However, it is with less performance on the Holidays dataset. The experiment results indicate that the proposed tree structure shows significant improvement with a large number of branch factors.

一种基于主成分分析的Codebook背景建模算法

混合高斯(Mixture of Gaussian,MOG)背景建模算法和Codebook背景建模算法被广泛应用于监控视频的运动目标检测问题,但混合高斯的球体模型通常假设RGB三个分量是独立的,Codebook的圆柱体模型假设背景像素值在圆柱体内均匀分布且背景亮度值变化方向指向坐标原点,这些假设使得模型对背景的描述能力下降.本文提出了一种椭球体背景模型,该模型克服了混合高斯球体模型和Codebook圆柱体模型假设的局限性,同时利用主成分分析(Principal components analysis,PCA)方法来刻画椭球体背景模型,提出了一种基于主成分分析的Codebook背景建模算法.实验表明,本文算法不仅能够更准确地描述背景像素值在RGB空间中的分布特征,而且具有良好的鲁棒性.

一种改进的基于平均背景模型的运动目标检测算法

通过实验仿真分析探讨了基于背景差分法的两种运动目标检测算法(平均背景模型法和codebook模型法)的性能和存在问题,并在此基础上提出了一种改进的平均背景模型的算法.算法采用当前图像与背景相减后差分图像的灰度直方图进行阈值的选取,同时引进新的背景更新方法,由分割得到的前景图像来控制背景更新的区域.实验结果表明,改进后的算法在与原算法使用相同的初始帧数的基础上,目标检测的完整性和有效性均有所提高,且能够适应背景缓慢变化的场景.

结合背景更新和亮度范围的改进Codebook模型算法

传统的Codebook背景模型算法是在RGB颜色空间下建立的,该算法计算复杂、分割质量不高且抗扰动能力较差。首先利用YUV颜色空间下亮度与色度分离的特性,建立Codebook背景模型,其次针对背景模型的亮度范围定义不合理的问题,采用码本中码字的Y分量均值重新定义亮度范围,最后在运动目标检测过程中使用双层码本与短时滑动窗口相结合的背景更新方法提高抗干扰能力。实验表明,改进算法的亮度范围能够随背景变化不断更新。与传统的Codebook背景模型算法相比,该算法能够有效更新背景,同时提高检测的准确性。

光照改变预测的自适应码本模型算法

为解决传统的Codebook背景模型算法需设置的参数较多,存在光照变化自适应能力不足以及检测精度不高等问题,利用增加学习率的方法对背景模型进行自适应更新,使其适应不同的光照变化环境;对YUV颜色空间中的Codebook模型进行改进,减少经验参数的设置;在双层Codebook模型基础上,通过增加光照改变预测机制,判断当前像素与码字平均Y分量差值和阈值的大小,使背景模型更加准确。实验结果表明,该算法在光照变化的复杂环境下具有较好的检测率。

基于局部结构分割的维吾尔文笔迹鉴别方法

针对基于纹理分析的全局特征提取受文本组合或字符连接影响较大,导致特征提取不稳定的现象,以及现有局部特征提取方法存在的不足,提出一种基于局部结构分割构建Codebook的维吾尔文文本无关笔迹鉴别方法。该方法根据笔迹图像的像素值提取维吾尔文笔迹样本中具有代表性的轮廓,生成描述书写者书写风格的Codebook并进行相似性度量,从而达到笔迹鉴别的目的。实验结果表明,该方法对于维吾尔文笔迹是一种简单、可行,具有较高识别率的笔迹鉴别方法。

基于改进codebook算法的运动目标检测

为解决运动目标检测算法鲁棒性和实时性差的问题,在原始codebook算法的基础上提出一种改进的codebook算法。在匹配码字时将最近更新的码字调整至码本列表的最前端,加快码字匹配的速度;以适应光照变化且运算简单的局部二值模式(local binary patterns,LBP)直方图向量代替原有的RGB向量,采用码本记录局部区域的纹理特性,并通过实验比较原始的codebook、混合高斯算法及改进后的codebook。结果表明:改进后的codebook算法较其他2种算法具有更快的处理速度和更好的检测效果,且增强对场景中光照变化的适应力。

基于Codebook的视频火焰识别算法

为了提高视频火焰识别的准确度,提出了一种基于Codebook的火焰识别方法,创新地在YUV空间使用Codebook背景模型检测火焰区域,定期更新背景,综合火焰的动静态多特征进行火焰识别。首先,提取视频中的每一帧图像,利用原始图像中R、G、B三个分量间存在的线性关系作为颜色模型,初步提取火焰颜色区域;然后,为了利用YUV颜色空间的有利特性,将颜色空间从RGB转化到YUV,使用Codebook背景模型进行背景学习、背景差分,提取出具有火焰颜色的动态前景;最后,利用火焰面积变化率、区域重叠率、质心位移这3个特征来训练反向传播(BP)神经网络,通过训练好的神经网络判断视频图像是否存在火焰。选取相机位置以及方向固定的视频进行实验,所提算法在复杂的视频场景中的识别准确度达到96%以上。实验结果表明,所提算法有效提高识别的准确度,同时降低多种干扰物场景的误判率。

基于OpenCV的公交客流计数方法

公交车客流统计是计算机视觉领域的重要研究方向,然而由于阴影、光照变化等动态纹理因素的影响使得构建一个实时精确的客流统计算法变得较为困难。针对以上难题,提出一种基于OpenCV实现单目视觉下的客流统计方法。首先对取得的实时图像进行预处理;然后运用Codebook和形态学滤波相结合的方法建立背景模型,消除动态纹理对前景的影响;最后采用改进的Hough变换提取乘客的头部区域,进行跟踪计数。实验结果表明,乘车环境中该方法的检测准确率达88.6%以上,可应用于实时的客流计数系统。

背景帧差与分块帧差相融合的运动目标检测

提出一种融合使用背景帧差和分块帧差的运动目标检测方法。该方法通过对图像的每个像素点进行学习,然后建立初始背景,通过不完全覆盖分块法对图像进行分块,对各子块进行帧间差分实现对前景图像的粗提取,采用otsu算法获取阈值,运用背景差分对前景图像进行细提取。背景采用分段学习的更新方法,能够消除光照变化、背景物体摇动等噪声。实验结果表明,该方法快速、准确,抗干扰能力强,能较好地满足实时检测运动目标的要求。

Two-Codebook-Based Cooperative Precoding for TDD-CoMP in 5G Ultra-Dense Networks

In ultra-dense networks （UDN）, the local precoding scheme for time-division duplex coordinated multiple point transmission （TDD-CoMP） can have a good performance with no feedback by using reciprocity between uplink and dovallink. However, if channel is time-varying, the channel difference would cause codeword mismatch between transmitter and receiver, which leads to performance degradation. In this paper, a linear interpolation method is proposed for TDD-CoMP system to estimate the uplink channel at the receiver, which would reduce the channel difference caused by time delay and decrease the probability of codeword mismatch between both sides. Moreover, to mitigate severe inter-cell interference and increase the coverage and throughput of celledge users in UDN, a two-codebook scheme is used to strengthen cooperation between base stations （BSs）, which can outperform the global precoding scheme with less overhead. Simulations show that the proposed scheme can significantly improve the link performance compared to the global precoding scheme.

基于Codebook背景建模的视频行人检测

针对视频序列,Codebook背景建模算法能检测出其中的运动物体,但却无法识别行人。而大部分基于支持向量机(SVM)训练的行人分类器,需要通过滑动窗口遍历图像检测行人。为加快行人检测的速度,提出将传统的行人分类器融入到Codebook背景建模算法中,通过背景建模算法为行人检测提供候选区域,减少搜索范围,降低了行人误检率;并根据行人的特点,构建临时块模型定期将满足条件的前景区域更新到背景模型中,解决了Codebook背景建模算法不能应对光照突变的问题。实验结果表明:所提算法能应对光照突变所带来的干扰,实现视频行人实时检测。

一种基于梯度和Vibe算法的运动检测算法

针对运动检测算法在动态背景下准确性不高的问题,提出了一种基于梯度图和改进后的Vibe算法相结合的运动检测算法。该算法首先利用Sobel算子计算出梯度图,然后采用Vibe算法与三帧差分法相融合的方法对梯度图进行检测,获取运动目标。该算法改变了传统的以原始图像来构建背景模型的思想,提出了用梯度来构建背景模型,有效地改善了运动检测中的误检问题。实验结果表明,与GMM(高斯混合模型)、Codebook相比,该算法在静态背景和动态背景下实时性和准确性都较好。

一种改进的基于光流法的运动目标跟踪算法

运动目标跟踪需要从背景中准确地检测出感兴趣目标并实现有效率的跟踪。文章结合Codebook模型和光流法提出了一个新的目标跟踪方法,首先用Codebook模型检测得到感兴趣目标,然后提取感兴趣目标内部的特征点并用光流法进行跟踪,跟踪过程中实时更新用以跟踪的目标内部的特征点。当目标发生遮挡时,采用Kalman滤波器预测目标的位置,遮挡结束后根据Kalman滤波器预测的位置和Codebook检测结果重新初始化感兴趣目标内部的特征点。实验结果表明,该算法具有较好的鲁棒性和较高的准确率,能够满足实时跟踪的要求。

基于巡逻小车的人脸遮挡异常事件实时检测

近年来,随着城市化进程的加快,银行、政府、学校等场所的安全越来越成为人们关心的问题,智能监控已成为目前的一个研究热点问题.本文主要研究室内巡逻小车监控下,面部异常遮挡问题.本文首先对监控视频进行前景提取;接着,基于提取的前景,进行肩部定位、头部区域椭圆拟合;然后通过肤色检测判断人脸区域;最后,通过Haar检测器检测人脸区域的眼睛和嘴巴,以此来判断是否存在异常遮挡行为.实验结果表明,本文提出的算法能够实时、有效的检测出面部异常遮挡问题.

基于Codebook的运动补偿内插方法

为提高帧率转换的有效性,提出一种基于Codebook的视频运动补偿内插方法。该方法应用传统块匹配方法得到运动矢量,利用Codebook模型实现背景区域和前景区域的分割并对前景区域的运动矢量进行可变块处理,同时使用块合并算法保证前景区域物体边缘结构信息的完整性,通过矢量中值滤波器和矢量平滑对前景区域进行处理以消除重影现象和方块效应。实验结果表明,与线性插帧、矢量中值滤波、轻决策运动估计方法相比,该方法能得到更加精确和鲁棒的前景区域,满足人们对视觉效果的高质量需求。

融合五帧差分和codebook模型的运动目标检测

针对传统codebook算法在复杂背景下抗干扰能力差以及传统帧差法易出现目标空洞的问题,提出了基于codebook模型的背景差法同五帧差法相结合的运动目标检测提取算法。该方法首先建立YUV颜色空间下codebook背景模型,将获得的背景帧与当前帧进行对比,得到前景图像;随后对连续的五帧图像进行预处理、差分二值化和形态学处理后,得到相应的前景图像;最后将基于codebook模型的背景差法和五帧差法所得到的前景图像进行像素的或运算,得到运动目标的精确区域。实验结果表明,该算法有效减少了目标图像中的噪声和阴影,可精确地检测出运动目标,具有良好的鲁棒性。

Codebook Design and Beam Training for Extremely Large-Scale RIS:Far-Field or Near-Field?

Reconfigurable intelligent surface(RIS)is more likely to develop into extremely large-scale RIS(XL-RIS)to efficiently boost the system capacity for future 6 G communications.Beam training is an effective way to acquire channel state information(CSI)for XL-RIS.Existing beam training schemes rely on the far-field codebook.However,due to the large aperture of XL-RIS,the scatters are more likely to be in the near-field region of XL-RIS.The far-field codebook mismatches the near-field channel model.Thus,the existing far-field beam training scheme will cause severe performance loss in the XL-RIS assisted nearfield communications.To solve this problem,we propose the efficient near-field beam training schemes by designing the near-field codebook to match the nearfield channel model.Specifically,we firstly design the near-field codebook by considering the near-field cascaded array steering vector of XL-RIS.Then,the optimal codeword for XL-RIS is obtained by the exhausted training procedure.To reduce the beam training overhead,we further design a hierarchical nearfield codebook and propose the corresponding hierarchical near-field beam training scheme,where different levels of sub-codebooks are searched in turn with reduced codebook size.Simulation results show the proposed near-field beam training schemes outperform the existing far-field beam training scheme.

A CSI Acquisition Approach for mm Wave Massive MIMO

Massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output(MIMO)is considered as a key technology for 4G and 5G wireless communication systems to improve spectrum efficiency by supporting large number of concurrent users.In addition,for the target frequency band of 5G system,mmWave band,massive MIMO is pivotal in compensating the high pathloss.In this paper,we investigate the channel state information(CSI)acquisition problem for mmWave massive MIMO.With hybrid analog-digital antenna architecture,how to derive the analog beamforming and digital beamforming is studied.An iterative analog beam acquisition approach is proposed to save system overhead and reduce beam searching complexity.Regarding the digital beamforming,a grouping based codebook is proposed to facilitate CSI feedback.The codebook is then extended to incorporate also analog beam acquisition.Furthermore,channel reciprocity is exploited to save CSI reporting overhead and a two-stage approach is proposed to fully utilize the channel reciprocity at both mobile station and base station side and accelerate the CSI acquisition procedure.