A new acyclic peroxide from Aspergillus nidulans SD-531,a fungus obtained from deep-sea sediment of cold spring in the South China Sea

A new acyclic peroxide derivative asperoxide A(1),along with 13 known compounds,namely,microperfuranone(2),9-hydroxymicroperfuranone(3),gibellulin A(4),lecanoric acid(5),terrequinone A(6),sterigmatocystin(7),isosecosterigmatocystin(8),arugosin C(9),curvularin(10),3,3'-diindolylmethane(11),austinol(12),austin(13),and dehydroaustin(14),were isolated and identified from the culture extract of Aspergillus nidulans SD-531,a fungus obtained from the deep-sea sediment of cold spring in the South China Sea.Their structures were determined based on detailed interpretation of nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)spectroscopic and mass spectrometry data analysis.All the isolated compounds were evaluated for antimicrobial activities against human and aquatic bacteria as well as plant pathogenic fungi.Compounds 1–8,10,and 11 exhibited antimicrobial activities against some of the tested strains with minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)values ranging from^2 to 64μg/mL.Compounds 4 and 6 displayed strongest activities among the tested samples and might be used as promising molecules for the development of natural antimicrobial agents.

Microbial diversity in two cold springs on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

The microbial diversity in Wuli Area, Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau was investigated using 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic analyses. A total of 117 bacterial and 66 archaeal 16S rRNA gene clones were obtained from the Wuli cold springs, The bacterial clones could be classified into Proteobacteria, Acid- obacteria, Deinococci, Sphingobacteria, Flavobacteria, Nitrospirae, Actinobacteria, Gemmatimona- detes, and unclassified-bacteria; and the archaeal clones could be classified into Crenarchaeota and Thaumarchaeota. Among the major groups, Proteobacteria and Crenarchaeota were dominant in the bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA gene clone libraries, respectively. The clone sequences obtained in Wuli cold springs were closely related to those from cold habitats, such as snow/ice/soils on high mountains or at high latitude. Especially, the microbial community composition of Wuli Area was more similar to that in Tibetan glaciers than cold environments of other locations. The data presented in this study have impli- cations for a better understanding of microbial diversity in cold springs on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.

COLD SPRING HARBOR ASIA CONFERENCES

Overview Cold Spring Harbor Asia conferences will be held at Suzhou Dushu Lake Conference Center in Suzhou, China, sixty miles west of Shanghai and in easy reach of international and domestic airports. Suzhou is an ancient city known as the Venice of China, famous for its canals and private gardens and home to scholars for more than two millenia.

Cold Spring Harbor Asia Conferences:Development,Function and Disease of Neural Circuits

The conference will include eight oral sessions and one poster session.Many talks will be selected from the openly submittedabstracts on the basis of scientific merit and relevance.Social events throughout the conference provide ample opportunity forinformal interactions.Major topics on the conference include:neurogenesis,axon guidance,synapse formation,dendritemorphogenesis,developmental plasticity。

The ＂Loss＂ of Purity： Changes and Persistence in the Cultural Memory of the Cold Spring Pavilion

Ever since the Cold Spring Pavilion （Lengquan ting 冷泉亭） was built, it has been extolled by scholar-literati as a place of purity, where the dust of the mundane world could be cleansed by the cold spring water flowing beside it. For centuries, people tried to reinforce the image of the pavilion as an innocent haven through writing poems, stories, and essays about their visits there. But they were unaware, or refused to admit, that their admiration of the place also possessed the power to destroy whatever sacredness and serenity it stood for. This paper examines representations of the Cold Spring Pavilion in Chinese literature through the lens of a paradox that has haunted the pavilion since it was first built. The paper argues that, ever since the pavilion was built, it has, through its literary-historical representation, been slowly but inevitably absorbed or assimilated into what it had originally been built to fend off. Like the Cold Spring, which flowed into West Lake, the Cold Spring Pavilion, which was created to help people resist the temptations of city life, was inevitably absorbed into the very fabric of the city.

Analysis on Causes for "Late Spring Coldness" in Dalian in 2008

The NCEP data were applied to analyze causes of 'late spring coldness' occurring twice in Dalian in late April and mid May of 2008.The results showed that the 500 hPa Baikal ridge of high pressure maintained or strengthened in a stable manner.The delivery of accumulated cold air toward southeast was along the northwest airstream before the ridge.Therefore,the ridge of high pressure over Lake Baikal provided access for the cold air southward so that the cold air could continue to decline,resulting in the appearance of low temperature in late April and formation of 'late spring coldness'.The Northeast cold vortex(NECV) occurred frequently in mid May.There was a high possibility for low temperature and pluvial damages over Dalian.Thus the phenomenon of 'late spring coldness' appeared again.

Late spring cold reduces grain number at various spike positions by regulating spike growth and assimilate distribution in winter wheat

Late spring cold(LSC) occurred in the reproductive period of wheat impairs spike and floret differentiation during the reproductive period,when young spikelets are very cold-sensitive.However,under LSC,the responses of wheat spikelets at various positions,leaves,and stems and the interactions between them at physiological levels remain unclear.In the present study,two-year treatments at terminal spikelet stage under two temperatures(2 C,-2 C) and durations(1,2,and 3 days) were imposed in an artificial climate chamber to compare the effects of LSC on grain number and yield in the wheat cultivars Yannong 19(YN19,cold-tolerant) and Xinmai 26(XM26,cold-sensitive).The night temperature regimes were designed to reproduce natural temperature variation.LSC delayed plant growth and inhibited spike and floret differentiation,leading to high yield losses in both cultivars.LSC reduced dry matter accumulation(DMA,g) in spikes,stems,and leaves,reducing the DMA ratios of the spike to leaf and spike to stem.Plant cell wall invertase(CWINV) activity increased in upper and basal spikelets in YN19,whereas CWINV increased in middle spikelets in XM26.Under LSC,soluble sugar and glucose were transported and distributed mainly in upper and basal spikelets for glume and rachis development,so that spike development was relatively complete in YN19,whereas the upper and basal spikelets were severely damaged and most of the glumes in middle spikelets were relatively completely developed in XM26,resulting in pollen abortion mainly in upper and basal spikelets.The development of glumes and rachides was influenced and grain number per spike was decreased after LSC,with kernels present mainly in middle spikelets.Overall,reduced total DMA and dry matter partitioning to spikes under LSC results in poor spikelet development,leading to high losses of grain yield.

Extreme spring cold spells in North China during 1961–2014 and the evolving processes

This study presents the major features of extreme spring cold spells(ESCS)in North China during 1961–2014 and the evolving processes.During an ESCS,northern Eurasia is controlled by large-scale positive SLP anomalies and an anomalous anticyclone that continuously transport northern cold air to North China,causing significant,persistent,lower-than-normal daily temperatures.In fact,these positive SLP and anticyclonic wind anomalies begin to appear over northwestern Europe about 10 days prior to the ESCS.The anticyclonic wind anomalies keep moving southeastward and expand to the west of Lake Baikal until two days before the ESCS.Then,the center of the anomalous low-level anticyclone moves over Lake Baikal,inducing northerly wind anomalies that transport cold air into North China.In the following days,as the positive SLP anomalies weaken,the anomalous anticyclone and related northerly winds appear to wane,and the ESCS gradually comes to an end.The results may prove meaningful for the prediction and early warning of ESCSs.

Analysis of Continuous Rainy and Cold Weather in Yiwu in Early Spring of 2009

Continuous rainy and cold weather in Yiwu in early spring of 2009 was analyzed. The results showed that the continuous rainy and cold weather occurred after temperature increased in early days. It is mainly because that the high geopotential height near Ural Mountains lasted for a long time, while the geopotential height was abnormally low in the east of central Asia. Meanwhile, the Iow-prassure trough in the south of Qinghai -Tibet Plateau was very active and moved towards the east frequently, and subtropical high was strong. Compared with continuous rainy and cold weather in early 2008, during the process of this continuous rainy and cold weather in 2009, the decrease in sea surface temperature of the middle and eastern Pacific Ocean near the equator was weaker; the blocking high pressure was slightly weaker, and the low pressure over Mongolia was strong; subtropical high was stronger and showed zonal distribution; south trough was slightly weaker. Compared with the previous continuous rainy and cold weather, the duration of this continuous rainy and cold weather in 2009 was not the longest, and its sunshine hours were not the least, but its temperature was higher, which might result from obvious increase of temperature in the early days. The research could provide scientific references for the prediction of continuous rainy and cold weather in future.

Differences in biochemical responses to cold stress in two contrasting varieties of rape seed (Brassica napus L.)

Changes in isozymes of peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, polyphenol oxidase, and esterase and activities of per- oxidase and polyphenol oxidase in two annual Brassica varieties （AS-3 and CON, cold-tolerant and cold-sensitive, respectively） after 4℃ treatment were assayed. After the low temperature treatment, PAGE patterns of isozymes of peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, polyphenol oxidase, and esterase showed that the expressions and activities of these enzymes in the AS-3 variety were higher than the CON variety. Under normal and cold conditions, peroxidase and esterase activities of AS-3 were higher than those of CON. The relative freezing tolerance of these two cultivars was discussed.

遂宁市倒春寒时空演变特征分析

利用1960—2022年遂宁市3个国家基本气象站逐日气象资料,依据《倒春寒气象指标》(GB/T34816-2017),通过统计遂宁市倒春寒个例并计算其气象指标k值,对近60 a遂宁市倒春寒的时空演变、成因及影响进行分析。结果表明:1960—2022年遂宁市几乎每年3—5月都有倒春寒发生,多为轻度倒春寒;倒春寒气象指标k值在空间上整体呈西高东低的分布特征,在时间上存在30~35 a、12~15 a及8~10 a共3种不同尺度的周期变化;贝加尔湖附近强冷空气东移南下,其底部冷平流结合高原槽或南支槽共同影响遂宁市,产生剧烈降温,导致重度倒春寒气象灾害发生;当春季出现超过4℃以上的降温且后期温度回升缓慢时,需重点关注倒春寒气象灾害对农业的影响。

药隔期倒春寒对小麦根际细菌群落结构的影响

以抗倒春寒性强的小麦品种烟农19(YN)和抗倒春寒性弱的小麦品种新麦26(XM)为实验材料,于小麦幼穗分化的药隔形成期利用智能超低温培养箱进行4℃(T1)和-4℃(T2)低温胁迫处理,以15℃作为对照(CK),利用高通量测序技术对开花期小麦根际土壤细菌群落进行测定,研究药隔期倒春寒对小麦根际细菌多样性和群落结构的影响。结果表明:(1)倒春寒危害后两品种小麦根际土壤细菌的ACE指数较CK均有所降低,且对抗倒春寒性弱的品种XM影响显著(P<0.05)。(2)两品种小麦根际土壤细菌群落主要由变形菌门(53.20%~57.55%)、放线菌门(13.34%~21.69%)、拟杆菌门(10.56%~12.37%)和芽单胞菌门(6.17%~9.19%)等33个门及819个属的细菌组成,且不同程度倒春寒处理间各菌门相对丰度表现出差异性,其中放线菌门(Actinobacteria)相对丰度在YN中升高9.79%~19.11%,在XM中降低26.43%~38.47%。(3)根际土壤细菌功能预测分析显示,药隔期倒春寒提高了膜运输、氨基酸代谢、碳水化合物代谢、复制与修复功能基因在YN根际土壤中的相对丰度,降低了其在XM根际土壤中的相对丰度。综上所述,药隔期倒春寒降低了小麦根际土壤细菌群落的丰富度,改变了细菌群落结构,影响了细菌群落的膜运输、氨基酸代谢、碳水化合物代谢和复制与修复功能。

春茶萌芽期复杂地形下冷池气温特征及易发区识别

以西湖龙井主要产区为研究区域,利用2021年研究区内29个自动气象站春茶萌芽期的气温和雷达探空逆温数据,分析典型冷池易发区的冷池气温特征,探索基于DEM自动识别复杂地形下的冷池易发区方法。结果表明:2021年2月20日-3月31日,西湖龙井产区典型冷池易发区的冷池日发生频率为45%。冷池日发生频率和强度与天气类型有关,晴天和多云天气条件下极易出现冷池日,寡照天气下较少发生,强冷池日多出现于晴天条件。冷池增加了逆温频率和强度,与平地相比,逆温频率增加了23%,平均最大逆温强度增加了1.26℃·100m^(-1)。一次典型的强冷池过程包含了形成加强、维持和消弱消散3个阶段,消弱消散阶段谷底的最大小时升温幅度达到11.3℃,比形成加强阶段最大小时降温幅度(7.2℃)高4.1℃。由DEM数据中的坡度、相对高度百分率、地形曲率3个地形因子构建判别指标识别冷池易发区,识别效果较好,对冷池易发区和非易发区站点的识别准确率分别为80%和78%。研究区内茶园有约26%面积分布在冷池易发区内,因极端低温和剧烈升温过程影响,更易在春茶萌芽期导致春茶受霜冻危害。

暖冬及倒春寒天气对平欧杂种榛的影响及对策

平欧大榛子在我国栽培历史较短,由于品种多,栽培地域广泛,各地气候、土壤条件差异较大,加上种植者对各品种特性了解不足,生产上出现了各种各样的问题。该文就暖冬及倒春寒天气对平欧大榛子影响情况进行调查,并分析原因、提出应对的解决措施,希望能为种植户及拟发展该产业者提供帮助。

南宋德寿宫北苑复原新探

南宋临安德寿宫北苑地位尊崇、特色鲜明、记载丰富,因在中国园林史上承前启后而具有重要认知意义,随着考古推进和德寿宫遗址博物馆建设,对其研究需要进一步展开。针对现有研究中存在的诸多问题,进一步发掘相关历史文献,并结合相关园林史研究与各类相关园林图像信息,展开平面关系和景物形态的深入探讨,获得新的德寿宫北苑的总平面推测复原图;并对其中作为重点山水景观的仿飞来峰、冷泉及冷泉堂的营造进行细致探讨。从而获得对德寿宫北苑的新知,也对南宋园林的历史发展认识产生新的推动作用。

Analyses of spring mean circulations for major andminor dust storm years in China-Mongolia area

To better understand the dust storm (hereafter DS) inducing circulation in the China-Mongolia (CM) DS activity area,the spring mean circulation features and differences on lower levels in three subregions of the CM DS area for the majorandminor-DS years have,as a whole (not partly),been analyzed,utilizing the National Centers for Environmental Prediction and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalyzed gridded data,the observed DS frequency data in the CM area,and the composite analysis method.The main conclusions are as follows:(1) Judging from the differences in the DS-inducing systems,dust origins,paths of invading cold air,and main DS-strike areas,the whole CM DS area is roughly divided into the three subre-gions:the East-,Middleand West-CM subregions (in this paper,referred to as E-,M-,and W-CM).(2) In major DSs during spring over the E-CM,the middleand lower-level troughs or cyclones over the Japan Sea and northeastern China (NEC) domi-nate.The invading cold air along the northeastern (NE) or north by east (NE) path often causes the DS in the E-CM region.But nearly the opposite is true inminor DS during spring in E-CM.(3) In the major DS during spring over the M-CM region,the Mongolian troughs or cyclones are the main DS-inducing systems.The strong invading cold air along the northwestern (NW)or north by west (Nw) path causes the DSs in the M-CM region.(4) In the major DSs during spring over the W-CM region,the South Xinjiang heat lows prevail,the intruding cold air has a western path,and creates the DSs in South Xinjiang.(5) In the past 50 years,the DSs over the M-CM region have had the most severe impact on the preceding three subregions of the CM DS area.Overall,DS activities over all of three regions of the CM area decreased in the past (particularly,over Mand W-CM regions since the mid-1980s.But there existed a short and sudden increasing in E-CM in the years 2000-2002.(6) It is circulation changes and desertification evolutions that cause the yearly and decadal changes of DS in CM area,especially the former.With the backdrop of global warming in the future,perhaps the decreased DS activities over Mand W-CM will persist for some time again,and special attention should be paid to ones over E-CM or to the individual DS events over Mand W-CM.

喷施KH_(2)PO_(4)提高倒春寒胁迫小麦功能叶片和根系的生理活性

【目的】倒春寒是影响黄淮麦区小麦产量形成的主要灾害,喷施磷酸二氢钾(KH_(2)PO_(4))被广泛应用于减轻倒春寒对小麦的伤害。研究喷施磷酸二氢钾对低温胁迫下小麦花后功能叶与根系生理活性的调控效应,为小麦生产中的防灾减灾提供理论支撑。【方法】盆栽试验在田间条件下进行,选用抗倒春寒性强的小麦品种烟农19(YN)和抗倒春寒性弱的小麦品种新麦26(XM)为试验材料,设置常温对照+喷施清水(CK)、倒春寒处理+喷施清水(T1)、倒春寒处理+喷施KH_(2)PO_(4)(T2)3个处理。在小麦幼穗分化到四分体期,将T1和T2处理的盆栽移入人工气候室内(−4℃)处理4 h,然后移出,24 h后进行喷施处理。于小麦花后7、14、21、28天测定旗叶SPAD值、根系活力、旗叶与根系的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量。通过主成分分析(PCA),综合评价倒春寒对小麦花后28天地上部与地下部生理活性指标的影响。【结果】与CK处理相比,两小麦品种T1处理的旗叶SPAD值和抗氧化酶活性分别显著降低了13.94%~35.03%、16.09%~32.84%(SOD)、18.16%~50.10%(POD)和19.21%~75.40%(CAT),MDA含量显著增加了29.55%~124.56%;T1处理的根系活力显著降低了44.00%~75.63%,SOD和POD活性分别显著降低了42.42%~86.11%和31.00%~66.67%,MDA含量增加了61.54%~330.11%。与T1相比,两品种T2处理的旗叶SPAD值显著增加了7.90%~23.38%,SOD、POD和CAT活性分别显著增加了10.63%~32.28%、14.20%~57.20%和10.75%~115.56%,MDA含量显著降低了6.66%~36.08%;根系活力上升了44.71%~139.75%,根系SOD、POD活性分别显著增加了12.13%~102.01%和21.05%~146.61%,根系MDA含量显著降低了12.01%~51.23%。选定的花后28天地上部与地下部9个生理活性指标之间关系密切,一个主成分其可解释9个变量82.82%的变化,其综合生理活性指数的排序为:YNCK>XMCK>YNT2>XMT2>YNT1>XMT1。【结论】受倒春寒影响后,施用KH_(2)PO_(4)可提高小麦花后旗叶SPAD值、根系活力和抗氧化酶活性,降低旗叶和根系的MDA含量,从而延缓旗叶和根系的衰老,减轻倒春寒对小麦花后旗叶和根系生理活性的不利影响。

新疆“木吉火山群”的属性与特征

本文是首次对新疆“木吉火山群”综合地质调查研究结果的展示。在对该“火山群”进行全面深入野外调查和系统分析研究的基础上,笔者提出了“热火山”和“冷火山”的新概念,将泥火山和“木吉火山群”纳入“冷火山”。“木吉火山群”沿木吉河谷分布,至少有63个大小不等的“火山锥”,其中锥底直径>50m,锥高>5m的有13个。锥顶多具“火山口”,口中多有积水。锥体主要由灰岩组成,“火山口”水化学分析显示Ca 2+、HCO-3含量高,这都与周缘山地出露岩层中富含碳酸盐岩石相呼应。这些“火山锥”主要由木吉河谷地下水、泉水和流水溶蚀碳酸盐,喷出地表,再沉积而成。它们似火山,却不是传统意义上的火山,也不同于一般的泥火山,应属于钙质泉华型“冷火山”。