嵌套网格技术中的Collar网格和虚拟网格方法

针对嵌套网格技术中的结合部问题,提出了Collar网格和虚拟网格方法.用双曲型微分方程生成的处于结合部的有两个边界分别处于不同固定曲面上的Collar网格,在保证计算网格的生成方便快捷而且网格质量高的前提下,解决了为物体结合部的内外边界点提供有效插值单元的问题.虚拟网格为紧贴物面的面网格,它的作用是将物面边界条件传递给其它网格的边界面,而其本身不作流场计算.计算实践表明,将Collar网格和虚拟网格结合起来应用在嵌套网格技术中能保证几何外形不发生变化,有效地处理各种复杂组合体外形的结合部问题.

Collar网格的生成及其在嵌合体技术中的应用

本文应用双曲型方程生成表面网格和空间网格的方法生成Collar网格 ,并将Col lar网格应用到嵌合体技术中 ,在保证计算网格的生成方便快捷而且网格质量高的前提下 ,有效地解决了为物体结合部的内外边界点寻找插值单元的问题。经数值计算验证 ,用本文方法求解有结合部的复杂组合体绕流可以得到精确可靠的数值结果。

Isolation and Identification of Fungus Causing Collar Rot Disease of Rubber Tree

Collar rot caused the death of Hevea rubber in a village located in Jino County of Xishuangbanna in September, 2012. In order to elucidate the causal agent of collar rot and its taxonomic status, the causal fungus was isolated and identified through a series of tests about its pathogenicity, morphology, culture feature and biological characteristics. The results indicated that the fungus was Fusarium venfrico- sum. It could grow at temperatures ranging from 10 to 40 ℃, and the most suitable temperature was 30 ℃. Its mycelium growth was inhibited above 40 ℃ or below 10 ℃. The accumulated water in wet season was the main reason for this disease occurrence.

Study on the Mathematic Model of Apparel Lapel Collar Pattern

Fabrics of different thickness were selected and made into notch lapels in the experiment. The variation between the outside and inside lapel patterns after the lapel being folded was observed and measured. Besides,many factors leading to the variation were analyzed. Then the relation between fold angle and fabric thickness,and the variation of fabric thickness were obtained. The experimental results prove that the biggest horizontal variation between the outside lapel and inside lapel is at the breast line,and when the measuring point is above (or below) the breast line level,the farther it is away from the level,the smaller the variation becomes. In addition,conclusions can be drawn that the thicker the fabric is,the bigger the curve variation will be,and there is a certain mathematic relation between them.

Generalized collar waves in acoustic logging while drilling

Tool waves, also named collar waves, propagating along the drill collars in acoustic logging while drilling （ALWD）, strongly interfere with the needed P- and S-waves of a penetrated formation, which is a key issue in picking up formation P- and S-wave velocities. Previous studies on physical insulation for the collar waves designed on the collar between the source and the receiver sections did not bring to a satisfactory solution. In this paper, we investigate the propagation features of collar waves in different models. It is confirmed that there exists an indirect collar wave in the synthetic full waves due to the coupling between the drill collar and the borehole, even there is a perfect isolator between the source and the receiver. The direct collar waves propagating all along the tool and the indirect ones produced by echoes from the borehole wall are summarized as the generalized collar waves. Further analyses show that the indirect collar waves could be relatively strong in the full wave data. This is why the collar waves cannot be eliminated with satisfactory effect in many cases by designing the physical isolators carved on the tool.

Partially decoupling and collar bonding of the encapsulated rebar rockbolts to improve their performance in seismic prone deep underground excavations

Rockbolt is widely employed all over the world as an effective ground reinforcement element in order to secure the underground workplaces.Ordinary encapsulated rebar or rebar rockbolt is most popular and commonly used as reinforcement in a ground support system because of its accessibility,cost effectiveness and easy practicability.Reinforcement elements in a seismic condition such as rock burst have to dissipate the energy release of the dynamic impact via their deformation and ultimate load capacity,knowing that the former is more important.In other words,achieving early stiff behaviour along with large deformation capacity in rockbolts are the goals for new development in rock reinforcement.Yielding rockbolts are expensive while some of them have large deformation capability with low ultimate load capacity.In this paper,modifications were made on encapsulation of rebar rockbolts to utilise it effectively as a yielding reinforcement in seismic conditions.Applying a sufficient decoupled length in the shank of rebar rockbolts which industry has regularly been using to control the bulking of the stress fractured ground,improves the deformation capacity of the bolt.Additionally,leaving a collar bonding underneath of the bearing pad and plate removes the weaknesses of the head anchorage of rockbolt.Therefore the dynamic performance of the bolt is improved by these easily applicable modifications.The behaviour and performance of encapsulated rockbolts have been discussed first,then the effects of modifications are illustrated.The proposed modification of the rebars is not only cost effective but also easy to apply in the field and improves the performance of reinforcements in seismic prone zones.

Centrifugal Casting of High Speed Steel/Nodular Cast Iron Compound Roll Collar

The centrifugal casting of compound HSS/nodular cast iron roll collar was studied,and the factors affecting transition zone quality were analyzed.The pouring temperature and interval in pouring are the main factors affecting transition zone quality.By controlling process parameter and flux adding during casting,high quality roll collar was obtained.The cause,why in the casting of HSS part,segregation appears easily,was analyzed and the countermeasure eliminating segregation was put forward,the measure eliminating heat treatment crackling was also put forward.

Effect of trapezoidal collars as a scour countermeasure around wing-wall abutments

Local scour around bridge abutments is a widespread problem that can result in structural failure. Collars can be used as a countermeasure to reduce the scour depth. In this study, the temporal scour development around a wing-wall abutment was investigated with and without collars. The tests were carried out under clear-water conditions for different abutment lengths, with collars of different sizes placed at the bed level. When no collar was used in the experiments, 70% of the maximum scour depth occurred in less than 2 h. However, when a collar with a width greater than the length of the abutment was used, no scour was observed for up to 200 min from the beginning of the experiments. The results show that an increase in the collar width not only led to a lag time for the onset of scouring but also reduced the maximum scour depth. Moreover, an increased collar width led to a better performance in mitigating scouring around smaller abutments. Generally, the scour depth decreased by 9%-37% with different collar widths.

Study on the Application of Turndown Collar Pattern

The relation between lining collar and face collar in the collar pattern designed by experiments and theoretical calculation is elucidated. In spite of the same constructions, the collar's shape and the fabric's thickness influence on the pattern of lining collar and the face collar, especially on the back center of the Iining and the two collar angles. The thicker the fabric, the more, with a proportional relation, the total variation. It is supposed that this work has made some contribution to the collar pattern design.

Hydrodynamic Analysis of Elastic Floating Collars in Random Waves

As the main load-bearing component of fish cages, the floating collar supports the whole cage and undergoes large deformations. In this paper, a mathematical method is developed to study the motions and elastic deformations of elastic floating collars in random waves. The irregular wave is simulated by the random phase method and the statistical approach and Fourier transfer are applied to analyze the elastic response in both time and frequency domains. The governing equations of motions are established by Newton＇s second law, and the governing equations of deformations are obtained based on curved beam theory and modal superposition method. In order to validate the numerical model of the floating collar attacked by random waves, a series of physical model tests are conducted. Good relationship between numerical simulation and experimental observations is obtained. The numerical results indicate that the transfer function of out-of-plane and in-plane deformations increase with the increasing of wave frequency. In the frequency range between 0.6 Hz and 1.1 Hz, a linear relationship exists between the wave elevations and the deformations. The average phase difference between the wave elevation and out-of-plane deformation is 60° with waves leading and the phase between the wave elevation and in-plane deformation is 10° with waves lagging. In addition, the effect of fish net on the elastic response is analyzed. The results suggest that the deformation of the floating collar with fish net is a little larger than that without net.

Study on the Application of Standing Collar Pattern

The relations between the lining collar and the face collar in pattern design of standing collar by experiments and theoretical calculation is elucidated. The collar's shape and the fabric thickness, although with the same construction, influence the lining collar and the face collar, especially the back center of the lining and the two collar angles. With a proportional relation, the thicker the fabric is, the more the total variation is. It is supposed to have some practical value to the collar pattern design, as well as to the fashion CAD.

Three-dimensional Simulation and Pattern Making of Collar Using Geometric Model

An algorithm is presented for computationally simulating collars and drafting patterns. The collar shape was modeled by three-dimensional Bezier patch. Changing the position of consol points of the patch can interactively control the collar shape. Using triangular surface developing method, patterns of various styles of stand collar and separating collar were drafted. As the subsystem of 3D apparel design system, an interactive collar design system is constructed. To inspect the practical usage, we reproduced the collars using these patterns drafted by the interactive collar design system.Comparing with simulated collars, the system demonstrated well and we found it is more reliable and accurate than the method of handwork.

Collar of Lady's Wear in Qing Dynasty

The research is started with a query that whether the width of collar in Qing Dynasty is too small. The paper bases on the statistics which come from the collection of the Costume Museum of Denghua University. compares the results with the national standard specification, then analyzes the structure and shape of collars in Qing Dynasty, and tells the relationship between collar and the garment. Furthermore, the paper discusses the function of lady＇s collar in Qing Dynasty and gives a suggestion that collar being an indicator to distinguish women＇s wear from children＇s wear.

Expert System for 3D Collar Intelligent Design

A method to set up 3D collar prototype is developed in this paper by using the technique of cubic spline and bicubic surface patch. Then the relationship between the parameters of 3D collar prototype and different collar styles are studied. Based on the relationship, we can develop some algorithms of transferring style requirements to the parameters value of the collar prototype, and obtain some generation rules for the design of 3D collar style. As such, the knowledge base can be constructed, and the intelligent design system of 3D collar style is built. Using the system, various 3D collar styles can be designed automatically to satisfy various style requirements.

Inter-individual variation in provisioning rate,prey size and number,and links to total prey biomass delivered to nestlings in the Collared Flycatcher(Ficedula albicollis)

Background:In bird species where offspring growth and survival rely on parents’food provisioning,parents can maximise their fitness by increasing the quantity and/or the quality of preys delivered to their offspring.Many studies have focused on inter-individual variation in feeding rate,yet this measure may not accurately reflect the total amount of food(i.e.energy)provided by parents if there is large variation in the quantity and quality of preys at each feeding.Here,we explored the relative role of individual(sex,age,body condition),breeding(hatching date,brood size)and environmental(temperature)factors on feeding rate,prey number,size and quality,and their contribution to total prey biomass delivered to the nestlings of 164 Collared Flycatcher(Ficedula albicollis)parents in 98 nests.Results:Preys delivered to the nest were mainly larvae(53.6%)and flying insects(45.6%).Feeding rate increased with brood size and age,and was higher in males than females.Mean prey number decreased,but mean prey size increased,as the season progressed and parents feeding their brood with primary larvae brought more preys per visit.Relationships between feeding rate,mean prey number and size remained when taking into account the provision-ing quality:parents brought either a large number of small prey or a small number of larger items,and the force of the trade-offs between feeding rate and mean prey number and size depended on the quality of the provisioning of the parents.Whatever the percentage of larvae among preys in the provisioning,the variance in total prey biomass was foremost explained by feeding rate(65.1%to 76.6%)compared to mean prey number(16.4%to 26%)and prey size(2.7%to 4%).Conclusions:Our study shows that variation in feeding rate,prey number,size,but not quality(i.e.percentage of lar-vae),were influenced by individual factors(sex and age)and breeding decisions(brood size and timing of breeding)and that,whatever the provisioning strategy adopted,feeding rate was the best proxy of the total biomass delivered to the nestlings.

Chilled Semen of Captive Collared Peccaries （Pecari tajacu）： Effects of Preservation at 17 ℃ on Semen Quality

The trade creation and conservation of wild species in Amazon, including collared peccaries （Pecari tajacu）, may be favored by artificial insemination, but the time of semen storage may lead to reduced fertility in sperm of some wild animals. Thus, the aim of this research was to evaluate the influence of semen storage at 17 ℃ over time on seminal features of peccaries in captivity. Eight adult males were sedated and underwent electroejaculation. The ejaculates （n = 65） were evaluated for volume, concentration, pH, sperm motility, vigor, and cell with intact plasma membrane intact （IPM） and sperm morphology. Selected ejaculates （n = 21） were diluted （1：1） in Beltsville Thawing Solution and kept during 48 hours under controlled temperature （17 ℃）. Assessments were made after dilution （TO）, after 24 hours （T24）, and 48 hours after the onset of cooling （T48）. The storage impacted on sperm survival （P 〈 0.05）. Semen characteristics changed throughout the storage period studied and after 48 hours storage. The decline of sperm motility was of 55.2% for 10.9%, vigor was 2.3 for 0.5 and IPM cells were of 59.0% for 15.8%. Primary defects sperm increased of 19.8% for 32.2%, secondary defects of 9.8% for 10.4% and total defects of 29.4% for 42.7%. However, within 24 hours of preservation, chilled semen peccaries presented sperm motility average rate and IMP cells levels indicative to use in assisted reproductive events. These results indicate chilled semen for 24 hours could be used in experimentally artificial insemination of peccaries, technology that still has not been performed before.

Genetic diversity in Japanese populations of the Eurasian Collared Dove

Background:Eurasian Collared Dove(Streptopelia decaocto)is a species distributed in the Eurasian continent and North Africa,and inhabiting mainly in Saitama Prefecture in Japan.Eurasian Collared Dove is one of the most prosper-ous invaders in the world,and Japanese Eurasian Collared Dove has also been introduced from overseas.The Japa-nese population has declined to one-hundredth over 30 years and is being protected.In this study,we analyzed its genetic diversity in order to understand the genetic differences between wild populations of Eurasian Collared Dove and those bred in zoos.Methods:A sequence of about 1.9 kb mtDNA was determined for 20 wild Eurasian Collared Doves living in Saitama,Japan and 20 zoo-bred Eurasian Collared Doves,and population genetic analysis was performed.Results:In the COI gene,778 bp had the same sequence in all the 40 individuals examined,and no mutation sites could be confirmed.In the control region,two base substitution sites were confirmed in 1140 bp long sequence.Three haplotypes were detected in 20 individuals in wild,whereas all 20 zoo-bred individuals possessed the same haplotypes possessed in the wild population.Conclusion:Haplotypes of zoo-bred individuals were also retained among the wild individuals,confirming that no genetic problems could occur if the zoo-bred individuals were released to the wild for the Japanese Eurasian Collared Dove propagation program.

谁为iron collar worker?

在英美的报刊杂志上,你会越来越多地读到iron collar worker(铁领工人)或者steelcollar worker(钢领工人),乍一见,读者肯定会认同于一种职业的雇员,但实际上它们却指在喷漆、采矿、冶炼等领域中代替工人劳动的机器人(robot)。

谁为iron collar worker?

在英美的报刊杂志上,你会越来越多地读到iron collar worker(铁领工人)或者steelcollar worker(钢领工人),乍一见,读者肯定会认同于一种职业的雇员,但实际上它们却指在喷漆、采矿、冶炼等领域中代替工人劳动的机器人(robot)。

White Collar Garment Accessories

The white collar garment accessories produced by the Beijing White Collar Accessories Company are made mainly from natural fibre. The company is good at processing and making series garments including heavy real silk mid wool and cashmere overcoats. Designers are seeking a perfect combination between profession and leisure in design and have explored a real way of "white collar". In garments’ colour, they have blazed a new trail with different colours. In garments’ package, white collar garment accessories assiduously