Water table configuration gives rise to hierarchically nested groundwater flow systems.However,there remains a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding the controlling factors of water table and its impact on flo...Water table configuration gives rise to hierarchically nested groundwater flow systems.However,there remains a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding the controlling factors of water table and its impact on flow systems.Moreover,it remains challenging to identify characteristics of water table space variation through limited groundwater observations at the regional scale.Based on two ideal two-dimensional cross-section analytical models,this study presents a simplified approach to preliminarily assess the nonlinear interactions between water table variation and three driving factors:Topography,geol-ogy and climate.Two criteria,C1 and C2,are utilized to address issues at different scales ranging from basin to local:(i)the influence of various factors on water table configuration;and(ii)the influence of water table on groundwater flow pattern.Then,the Ordos Plateau is taken as an example to explore the role of the water table in nested groundwater systems using the provided approach and criterion.The applica-tion of this approach in the Ordos Plateau demonstrates its appropriateness as a practical method for prelim-inarily determining the characteristics of water table configuration and its impact on flow systems.The study explores the mechanism influencing spatial variation in the water table and improves understanding of the interaction between topography,geology,and climate on groundwater flow patterns.展开更多
基金funded by the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Science and Technology Program(2021GG0198)Shaanxi Science,Technology Department(No.2021ZDLSF05-01,2022SF-327)China Geological Survey(DD20190351,DD20221751).
文摘Water table configuration gives rise to hierarchically nested groundwater flow systems.However,there remains a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding the controlling factors of water table and its impact on flow systems.Moreover,it remains challenging to identify characteristics of water table space variation through limited groundwater observations at the regional scale.Based on two ideal two-dimensional cross-section analytical models,this study presents a simplified approach to preliminarily assess the nonlinear interactions between water table variation and three driving factors:Topography,geol-ogy and climate.Two criteria,C1 and C2,are utilized to address issues at different scales ranging from basin to local:(i)the influence of various factors on water table configuration;and(ii)the influence of water table on groundwater flow pattern.Then,the Ordos Plateau is taken as an example to explore the role of the water table in nested groundwater systems using the provided approach and criterion.The applica-tion of this approach in the Ordos Plateau demonstrates its appropriateness as a practical method for prelim-inarily determining the characteristics of water table configuration and its impact on flow systems.The study explores the mechanism influencing spatial variation in the water table and improves understanding of the interaction between topography,geology,and climate on groundwater flow patterns.
文摘模块化多电平换流器(modular multilevel converter,MMC)近年来得到了广泛的发展与应用。电容器是MMC中子模块(sub-module,SM)的重要组成部分与关键元件,承担直流支撑与储能工作。为保证MMC系统的安全可靠运行,有必要对子模块电容器状态监测方法展开研究。基于MMC系统运行特性,提出一种在工频周期内对子模块电压进行多相位点采样,并结合系统控制侧开关信号、调制比与交流侧电流电压幅值、相位等信息构建电压电流状态方程,以求解电容值与等效串联电阻(equivalent series resistance,ESR)值等状态特征参量的子模块电容器状态监测方法。随后搭建单相七电平MMC系统仿真平台与半实物仿真平台,对上述方法的可行性与准确性进行验证。仿真结果表明子模块电容器C值监测误差绝对值小于0.03%,ESR值监测误差绝对值小于0.5%。实验结果表明C值监测误差绝对值小于1.5%,ESR值监测误差小于10%,满足子模块电容器状态监测要求。
