Projecting Spring Consecutive Rainfall Events in the Three Gorges Reservoir Based on Triple-Nested Dynamical Downscaling

Spring consecutive rainfall events(CREs) are key triggers of geological hazards in the Three Gorges Reservoir area(TGR), China. However, previous projections of CREs based on the direct outputs of global climate models(GCMs) are subject to considerable uncertainties, largely caused by their coarse resolution. This study applies a triple-nested WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting) model dynamical downscaling, driven by a GCM, MIROC6(Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate, version 6), to improve the historical simulation and reduce the uncertainties in the future projection of CREs in the TGR. Results indicate that WRF has better performances in reproducing the observed rainfall in terms of the daily probability distribution, monthly evolution and duration of rainfall events, demonstrating the ability of WRF in simulating CREs. Thus, the triple-nested WRF is applied to project the future changes of CREs under the middle-of-the-road and fossil-fueled development scenarios. It is indicated that light and moderate rainfall and the duration of continuous rainfall spells will decrease in the TGR, leading to a decrease in the frequency of CREs. Meanwhile, the duration, rainfall amount, and intensity of CREs is projected to regional increase in the central-west TGR. These results are inconsistent with the raw projection of MIROC6. Observational diagnosis implies that CREs are mainly contributed by the vertical moisture advection. Such a synoptic contribution is captured well by WRF, which is not the case in MIROC6,indicating larger uncertainties in the CREs projected by MIROC6.

Analysis of the Maximum Consecutive Precipitation Variation in Liaoning Artificial Precipitation Test Area

According to the daily precipitation data in artificial precipitation season during May to September from 1961 to 2008 in Liaoning Province,the maximum consecutive precipitation in the artificial precipitation test area is studied based on the maximum consecutive precipitation from May to September in 48 years.The results shows that the period of maximum consecutive precipitation in each month is different,and the variance trends of maximum consecutive precipitation in May,July,August and September are decreasing,while the variance trend of maximum consecutive precipitation in June is increasing.

Effects of Consecutively Monocultured Rehmannia glutinosa L.on Diversity of Fungal Community in Rhizospheric Soil

Continuous monoculture problems, or replanting diseases, are one of the key factors affecting productivity and quality of Chinese medicinal plants. The underlying mechanism is still being explored. Most of the studies on continuous monoculture ofRehmannia glutinosa L. are focused on plant nutritional physiology, root exudate, and its autotoxieity. However, the changes in the diversity of microflora in the rhizosphere mediated by the continuous monoculture pattern have been remained unknown. In this study, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism （T-RFLP） technique was used for fingerprinting fungal diversity in the rhizosphere soil sampled from the fields ofR. glutinosa monocultured for 1 and 2 yr. The results showed that the structure of fungal community in consecutively moncultured rhizosphere soil was different from that in control soil （no cropping soil）, and varied with the consecutive monoeulture years （1 and 2 yr）. The comprehensive evaluation index （D） of fungal community estimated by principal component analysis of fragment number, peak area, Shannon-Weiner index, and Margalef index was higher in 1 yr monoculture soil than that in 2 yr monoculture soil, suggesting that consecutive monoculture of R. glutinosa could be a causative agent to decrease the diversity of fungal community in the rhizosphere soil.

Modified consecutive modal pushover procedure for seismic investigation of one-way asymmetric-plan tall buildings

The effects of higher modes and torsion have a significant impact on the seismic responses of asymmetric-plan tall buildings. A consecutive modal pushover (CMP) procedure is one of the pushover methods that have been developed to consider these effects. The aim of this paper is to modify the (CMP) analysis procedure to estimate the seismic demands of one-way asymmetric-plan tall buildings with dual systems. An analysis of 10-, 15- and 20-story asymmetric-plan buildings is carried out, and the results from the modified consecutive modal pushover (MCMP) procedure are compared with those obtained from the modal pushover analysis (MPA) procedure and the nonlinear time history analysis (NLTHA). The MCMP estimates of the seismic demands of one-way asymmetric-plan buildings demonstrate a reasonable accuracy, compared to the results obtained from the NLTHA. Furthermore, the accuracy of the MCMP procedure in the prediction of plastic hinge rotations is better than the MPA procedure. The new pushover procedure is also more accurate than the FEMA load distribution and the MPA procedure.

Importance measure of system reliability upgrade for multi-state consecutive k-out-of-n systems

Importance measures in reliability systems are used to identify weak components in contributing to a proper function of the system. Traditional importance measures mainly concerned the changing value of the system reliability caused by the change of the reliability of the component, and seldom considered the joint effect of the probability distribution, improvement rate of the object component. This paper studies the rate of the system reliability upgrading with an improvement of the component reliability for the multi-state consecutive k-out-of-n system. To verify the multi-state consecutive k-out-of-n system reliability upgrading by improving one component based on its improvement rate, an increasing potential importance （IPI） and its physical meaning are described at first. Secondly, the relationship between the IPI and Birnbaum importance measures are discussed. And the IPI for some different improvement actions of the component is further discussed. Thirdly, the characteristics of the IPI are analyzed. Finally, an application to an oil pipeline system is given.

Study of the material removal mechanism of glass-ceramics based on consecutive incremental loading in ductile-regime grinding

Glass-ceramics have many excellent properties and are widely used in various fields. During the grinding process,the workpiece surface is typically subject to material removal by grit of incremental heights, which has rarely been the focus of research. As such, it is necessary to study the material removal mechanism of glass-ceramics under consecutive incremental loading, which more closely reflects the actual grinding process. In this paper,to analyze the plastic deformation and residual stress of lithium aluminosilicate(LAS) glass-ceramics, a finite element model is established based on the Drucker–Prager yield criterion for ductile regimes. A nano-scratch test was also conducted and the test results show that both the residual depth and residual stress increase with an increase in the number of increments, and that consecutive incremental loading promotes the plastic deformation of glass-ceramics and increases the residual stress of the material in the ductile-regime process. These findings provide guidance for achieving higher dimensional accuracy in the actual grinding of glass-ceramics parts.

Clinical risk factors for the development of consecutive exotropia:a comparative clinical study

AIM： To compare a group of patients with consecutive exotropia with patients who had ≤ 10 prism diopters （PD） esotropia or no deviation postoperatively in terms of probable clinical risk factors for the development of consecutive exotropia. METHODS： The study recruited fourteen patients who developed consecutive exodeviation during follow-up period after the correction of esotropia who were categorized as group 1 and thirty-one patients who had still ≤10 PD esotropia or no deviation at the final visit that were considered as group 2. Clinical risk factors leading the development of consecutive deviation were analyzed as the main outcome measures. RESULTS： The mean age of patients was 4.57±3.11y in group 1 and 5.10±3.52y in group 2 （P=0.634）. There was no significant difference of preoperative near and distant deviations among two groups （P =0.835, 0.928 respectively）. The mean amount of medial rectus recession and lateral rectus resection was similar in both groups （P=0.412, 0.648 respectively）. Convergence insufficiency and neurological diseases were more frequent in group 1 （P-0.007, 0.045）. Accompanying neurological disease was found to be as a significant factor increasing the risk of the development of consecutive exotropia significantly [odds ratios （OR）： 5.75 （1.04-31.93）]. CONCLUSION： Accompanying neurological disease appears to be a significant clinical risk factor for the development of consecutive exodeviation during postoperative follow-up after the correction of esotropia. However, larger studies are needed in order to interpret the results to the clinical practice and to ascertain other concurrent risk factors.

Selectivity modulation in the consecutive hydrogenation of benzaldehyde via functionalization of carbon nanotubes

Hydrogenation of benzaldehyde is a typical consecutive reaction, since the intermediate benzyl alcohol is apt to be further hydrogenated. Here we demonstrate that the selectivity of benzyl alcohol can be tuned via functionalization of carbon nanotubes （CNTs）, which are used as the support of Pd. With the original CNTs, the selectivity of benzyl alcohol is 88% at a 100% conversion of benzaldehyde. With introduction of oxygen-containing groups onto CNTs, it drops to 27%. In contrast, doping CNTs with N atoms, the selectivity reaches 96% under the same reaction conditions. The kinetic study shows that hydrogenation of benzyl alcohol is significantly suppressed, which can be attributed to weakened adsorption of benzyl alcohol. This is most likely related to the modified electronic structure of Pd species via interaction with functionalized CNTs, as shown by XPS characterization.

Extended consecutive modal pushover procedure for estimating seismic responses of one-way asymmetric plan tall buildings considering soil-structure interaction

Performance based design becomes an effective method for estimating seismic demands of buildings. In asymmetric plan tall building the effects of higher modes and torsion are crucial. The consecutive modal pushover （CMP） procedure is one of the procedures that consider these effects. Also in previous studies the influence of soil-structure interaction （SSI） in pushover analysis is ignored. In this paper the CMP procedure is modified for one-way asymmetric plan mid and high-rise buildings considering $SI. The extended CMP （ECMP） procedure is proposed in order to overcome some limitations of the CMP procedure. In this regard, 10, 15 and 20 story buildings with asymmetric plan are studied considering SSI assuming three different soil conditions. Using nonlinear response history analysis under a set of bidirectional ground motion; the exact responses of these buildings are calculated. Then the ECMP procedure is evaluated by comparing the results of this procedure with nonlinear time history results as an exact solution as well as the modal pushover analysis procedure and FEMA 356 load patterns. The results demonstrate the accuracy of the ECMP procedure.

A simulation study comparing the Texas two-step and the multistage consecutive fracturing method

Multistage hydraulic fracturing in horizontal wells is a critical technique for developing unconventional oil and gas resources.Stress interactions among neighboring fractures cause immature fracture development.The Texas two-step fracturing(TTSF)method is a new technique that aims to enhance fracture complexity and conductivity.This paper compares the fracture development of consecutive fracturing and the TTSF.The fracturing sequence in the multistage fracturing method has a significant effect on the fracture length,fracture width and injection pres sure.The consecutive fracturing results in relatively uneven fracture length and width.Certain fractures in consecutive fracturing are restrained to be closed due to the strong stress shadowing effect.In contrast,TTSF has considerable potential for alleviating the negative effects of stress interactions and producing a larger stimulated reservoir volume.

Epidemic of Rabies and Effect of Its Vaccine against a Dog That Consecutively Attacked Ten People in One Day

On December 21, 20：10, a stray dog consecutively attacked 10 people in Lengshui Village, Ningyuan County, Yongzhou City, Hunan Province, China. The dog was killed by the local CDC staff and vicinity villager, its brain tissue sample was taken within 24 h. The epidemic focus was disinfected and the injured people received post exposure prophylaxis （PEP）. Pathogens were detected in the tissue sample by the provincial CDC. The immunity and safety of rabies vaccine were assayed after PEP, the injured people were regularly followed up in the following 2 y and 6 mon.

Learner Autonomy via Self-Assessment in Consecutive Interpreting for Novice Learners in a Non-Interpreting Environment

This paper discusses the implementation of self-assessment in consecutive interpreting among novice learners in a non-interpreting environment specifically referring to the interpreting courses offered at USM （Universiti Sains Malaysia）, being the only bachelor＇s degree programme in Translation and Interpreting in Malaysia, and the learners＇ perception on this mode of assessment with the goal of fostering learner autonomy among them. Such implementation was made possible with the shift from analogue technology to digital technology, the deployment of e-learning in the course instruction, and the shift from teacher-centred learning approach to student-centred learning approach in line with the university＇s APEX （Accelerated Programme for Excellence） transformation plan. Findings show a high acceptance level of self-assessment among novice learners of interpreting

Case Study of Unbalanced Effort Distribution in E-C Consecutive Interpreting

Under the guidance of Daniel Gile's Effort Model, the paper makes an illustration of unbalanced effort distribution in the first phase of E-C consecutive interpretation through case studies, which are based on field interpretation practices. The paper explores the causes of improper effort distribution from three perspectives, namely knowledge of the language, extra-linguistic knowledge, and note-taking method. Then it renders several strategies to address improper effort distribution problems, aiming to offer some inspirations for the future field practice.

Consecutive combined response spectrum

Appropriate estimates of earthquake response spectrum are essential for design of new structures, or seismic safety evaluation of existing structures. This paper presents an alternative procedure to construct design spectrum from a combined normalized response spectrum （NRSc） which is obtained from pseudo-velocity spectrum with the ordinate scaled by different peak ground amplitudes （PGA, PGV, PGD） in different period regions. And a consecutive function./（/） used to normalize the ordinates is defined. Based on a comprehensive study of 220 strong ground motions recorded during recent eleven large worldwide earthquakes, the features of the NRSc are discussed and compared with the traditional normalized acceleration, velocity and displacement response spectra （NRSA, NRSv, NRSD）. And the relationships between ground amplitudes are evaluated by using a weighted mean method instead of the arithmetic mean. Then the NRSc is used to define the design spectrum with given peak ground amplitudes. At last, the smooth spectrum is compared with those derived by the former approaches, and the accuracy of the proposed spectrum is tested through an analysis of the dispersion of ground motion response spectra.

Is side branch lesion length an independent predictor of acute side branch occlusion in provisional strategy?——a analysis of 524 consecutive bifurcation lesions

Objective To detect the impact of side branch(SB)lesion length on acute SB occlusion after main vessel(MV)stenting.Methods A total of 516 consecutive patients with 524 bifurcation lesions undergoing one-stent techniques were studied.Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of acute SB occlusion.The lesions were also further divided into two groups according to the median of SB lesion length.The incidence of SB occlusion and lesion characteristics in the two subgroups were compared.

CONSECUTIVE IMMUNIZATION WITH RECOMBINANT FOWLPOX VIRUS AND PLASMID DNA FOR ENHANCING CELLULAR AND HUMORAL IMMUNITY

Objective: To investigate the influence of consecutive immunization on cellular and humoral immunity in mice. Methods: We evaluated a consecutive immunization strategy of priming with recombinant fowlpox virus vUTALG and boosting with plasmid DNA pcDNAG encoding HIV-1 capsid protein Gag. Results: In immunized mice, the number of CD 4 + T cells from splenic lymphocytes increased significantly and the proliferation response of splenocytes to ConA and LPS elevated markedly and HIV-1-specific antibody response could be induced. Conclusion: Consecutive immunization could increase cellular and humoral immunity responses in mice.

Analysis on the Reasons for Consecutive Severe Droughts in Autumn and Winter in Xuzhou in 2008

[Objective] The aim was to study the reasons for consecutive severe droughts in autumn and winter. [Method] By dint of precipitation in the observatory station and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data in observatory station, the circulation background, vertical movement, abnormal temperature and changes of water vapor conditions in Xuzhou from October 2008 to January 2009 were expounded to reveal the causes for consecutive drought in autumn and winter. [Result] Xuzhou was under stable situation for a long time in autumn and winter in 2008, being behind east coastal trough, the downward airstream prevailing; the south trough intensity was weak, and in addition to the east subtropical high and weak intensity, the water vapor transportation condition in Indian Ocean and South Sea was unfavorable. The autumn was warm and the cold air was weak; ever since winter, there were several cold air activities. But the influencing body was in the east, and the south warm and wet airstream was insufficient. Thus, they couldn’t met, which resulted into gale and lower temperature and less precipitation when under the influence of cold air. [Conclusion] The study provided theoretical basis for the prevention of drought in the area.

Exact Failure Probability Formula for Strict Consecutive-k-out-of-n : F Systems with Homogeneous Markov Dependence

An exact formula is presented for calculating the failure probability of strict consecutive k out of n:F systems with homogeneous Markov dependence

MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR THERMOKINETICS OF IRREVERSIBLE CONSECUTIVE FIRST ORDER REACTIONS

The mathematical model for the thermokinetics of irreversible consecutive first order reactions has been suggested,which was used for the calculation of rate constants and molar enthalpies of the two consecutive steps.And its validity has been verified by the ex- perimental results.