一种风电场经VSC-HVDC并网的VSG变参数负荷频率控制策略

风电的大规模并网导致系统等效惯量下降、不确定性增加,给电力系统的负荷频率控制(loadfrequency control,LFC)带来新的挑战。考虑到柔性直流输电系统(voltage source converter based high voltage DC,VSC-HVDC)具有的潜在调频能力,对此展开研究,针对风电场经VSC-HVDC并网的情形提出了一种虚拟同步发电机(virtual synchronous generator,VSG)变参数负荷频率控制策略。首先,在风电场经VSC-HVDC并网的LFC模型及拓扑结构分析基础上,为了提高VSC-HVDC的可控性,对换流器的控制环节进行了VSG控制方法的设计;然后,对VSG控制参数与频率变化的关联性进行分析,并基于分数阶梯度下降法(fractional-order gradient descent method,FOGDM),利用频率的分数阶导数提取频率深层变化特征,以优化VSG控制参数;在此基础上,考虑到系统的不确定性,设计触发机制对VSG变参数优化模式进行调整,以降低VSG参数的变换频次,提高系统频率控制的针对性。仿真结果表明:所提控制方法能有效改善电网负荷频率控制效果,具有良好的适应性。

基于功率切换模型的三相VSC切换控制方法

三相电压源变换器(voltage source converter,VSC)工作过程可视为在不同开关状态(即不同子系统)下的切换,是一种典型的切换系统。基于切换系统理论,提出一种三相电网平衡条件下基于功率切换模型的三相VSC切换控制策略。相较于传统基于线性化模型的三相VSC控制方法,所提方法具有模型精确无近似,控制参数少,控制器实现简单,无需复杂的坐标旋转变换和脉冲宽度调制过程,对于电路参数不确定具有强鲁棒性等优点。相较于传统基于电流切换模型的三相VSC切换控制策略,所提方法具有模型更便于系统分析与切换规则设计且提升了系统延迟条件下系统稳定性等优点。仿真及实验比较结果证明了所提方法的有效性及优越性。

提高系统暂态稳定性的VSC-HVDC有功无功联合附加控制策略

依据基于电压源型换流器的高压直流输电(VSC-HVDC)对系统暂态稳定性的影响机理,提出一种提高系统暂态稳定性的VSC-HVDC有功无功联合附加控制策略。从VSC-HVDC功率特性与系统等值功角的关系出发,建立含VSC-HVDC有功无功附加量的交直流混联系统暂态稳定分析数学模型。针对数学模型的非线性,采用精确反馈线性化进行坐标变换,并采用滑模控制利用反映系统暂态特征的等值功角变化速度与加速度设计切换面,结合设计的有功无功配合方式,确定了VSC-HVDC有功无功附加量随系统暂态特征量实时调节的控制律,其参数设计与计算过程简便。仿真结果表明所提控制策略充分利用了换流站的功率调节能力,有效降低了系统等值功角首摆幅度,加快系统恢复稳定。

中小容量VSC-HVDC在解决电力系统电磁环网问题的应用

电磁环网可以提高电网供电可靠性,但也会造成故障后短路电流增加、线路过载等问题。南方电网公司目前主要采取解环运行和方式预控的措施来降低电磁环网运行风险,但解环不适用于所有场景,方式预控又可能造成电源出力受限。因此提出将中小容量柔性直流输电系统(VSC-HVDC)应用于含电磁环网的低压电网,利用其灵活可控的特点来降低电磁环网运行风险。首先综合考虑《电力系统安全稳定导则》要求以及经济性确定VSC-HVDC在电磁环网中的接入位置和容量,随后给出了VSC-HVDC直流电压、拓扑结构以及参数的确定原则。其次,设计了VSC-HVDC在电磁环网中的控制策略,该控制策略可以降低网损,提高电磁环网稳定性。最后通过实例仿真验证了提出的中小容量柔性直流方案在降低电磁环网运行风险方面的有效性。

构网型VSC暂态稳定机理及改进限幅策略

针对构网型变流器(grid-forming voltage source converter,GFM-VSC)系统在大扰动下暂态稳定问题,现有研究未能充分考虑电力电子电源暂态快速响应与控制可塑的特点。为此,以GFM-VSC为对象,借助等面积法原理与相平面图法,从能量角度揭示了其暂态响应机制与传统同步机系统的差异,分析了控制塑造下GFM-VSC系统的暂态稳定机理;然后,针对大扰动下易于触发的限幅环节,分析了系统无法自主退出限幅而失稳的机制,并提出了附带电流分配系数的改进限幅策略,有效增强了系统暂态稳定性。最后,通过仿真验证了理论分析与改进方法的正确性。

单相VSC系统宽频阻抗测量装置保护方案研究

宽频阻抗测量装置在获取单相VSC系统的阻抗特性中发挥着重要作用,由于阻抗测量装置需要接入系统进行能量交换,其自身应当具备合理的故障保护措施来保障装置和系统的运行安全。针对单相VSC系统阻抗测量装置的故障保护策略尚不完善,提出了一种单相VSC系统阻抗测量装置的故障保护方案。首先,选择了基于背靠背变流器结构的阻抗测量装置来研究保护策略;其次,分析了背靠背阻抗测量装置的特点及其对保护配置产生的影响,设计了适用于装置的保护方案;最后,基于Matlab/Simulink平台,通过几种典型的短路故障情形验证了所提出装置保护方案的可行性与有效性。

基于VSC的功率双向交直流互联系统直流侧阻抗特性分析及重塑

基于电压源型换流器(voltage source converter,VSC)的交直流互联系统因其接入灵活、电能转换高效得到越来越广泛的研究和应用。但高比例新能源接入、高比例电力电子化的特征会带来稳定性问题,系统的不同功率流向也会造成系统直流侧稳定性的差异。为研究与提升基于VSC的交直流互联系统的直流侧稳定性,该文综合考虑功率双向流动、锁相环(phase-locked loop,PLL)、电压和电流控制环以及电网阻抗等影响因素,建立VSC的直流侧导纳模型,通过解析分析VSC直流侧导纳特性,揭示系统失稳风险来源,并提出基于二阶微分环节的直流电压前馈控制方法重塑VSC直流侧阻抗,以提升交直流互联系统的稳定性。最后,在控制硬件在环(control-hardware-in-loop,CHIL)实验平台中构建基于VSC的交直流互联系统,通过实验验证对交直流互联系统直流侧阻抗特性分析的正确性及所提出阻抗重塑策略的有效性。

Recent advancements in continuously scalable conversion-ratio switched-capacitor converter

Switched-capacitor(SC)DC-DC converter[1]is an impor-tant alternative to inductive DC-DC converter,in terms of removing the bulky power inductor.Hence,it is widely used in low-profile,low-power applications,such as the internet of things(IoT)sensor nodes and energy harvesting[2].Mean-while,considering that capacitor has a much higher energy density than inductor,high-power applications.

基于VSC-HVDC的海上风电柔性直流输电系统并网控制

由于现有的控制方法并网点处的直流和交流电压较低,控制效果不佳,为此基于VSC-HVDC,针对海上风电柔性直流输电系统并网控制方法展开研究。首先,根据VSC-HVDC系统结构建立海上风电柔性并网模型,在换流侧通过换流设备将交流电源转换为直流电,并将转换后的直流电能输送到直流输电线路上;然后,运用PI控制器根据电流偏差进行调节,调整换流器的输出电流与实际电流误差,限制幅度环节输出控制系统并网有功功率信息,实现内环网并网控制;最后,运用PI控制器对交流电进行跟踪,调整无功分量来改变交流电压,实现外环网并网控制,完成针对海上风电柔性直流输电系统并网控制方法的设计。实验结果表明,经该方法控制后,交流电压维持在约0.7 p.u.的水平,直流电压被成功地限制在0.5~1 p.u.以内,控制效果较好。

Modeling the System for Hybrid Renewable Energy Using Highly Efficient Converters and Generator

High-efficient isolated DC/DC converters with a high-efficiency synchronous reluctance generator(SRG)are the ultimate solutions in DC microgrid systems.The design and modeling of isolated DC/DC converters with the performance of SRG are carried out.On the generator side,reactive and active powers are used as pulse width modulation(PWM)control variables.Further,the flux estimator is used.Three-phase PWM rectifier is used by applying space vector modulation(SVM)with a constant switching frequency for direct power control.Further,the paper also includes the experimental validation of the results.The paper also proposes that highly efficient power converters and synchronous reluctance generators are required to achieve high performance for hybrid renewable energy systems applications.

面向大容量风电并网的VSC-MTDC功率协调控制

基于电压源换流站的多端直流输电(VSC-MTDC)已成为大容量风电远距离传输并网的首要选择。针对含大规模风电场的VSC-MTDC系统的功率协调控制策略进行了深入研究。首先,分析大规模风电并网时下垂系数对有功功率分配的影响,指出采用固定下垂系数存在优先级电网功率缺额的可能性和缺乏有功功率分配灵活性等问题。然后,针对此类问题,提出一种基于主从控制与自适应下垂控制相结合的功率协调控制策略,该策略根据风电功率情况制定3种控制模式,从而实现风电功率灵活分配。最后,在MATLAB/Simulink上构建了风电并网的四端柔性直流输电系统,仿真结果验证了所提控制策略的可行性和有效性。

A real-time calibration method based on time-to-digital converter for accelerator timing system

The high-intensity heavy-ion accelerator facility(HIAF)is a scientific research facility complex composed of multiple cas-cade accelerators of different types,which pose a scheduling problem for devices distributed over a certain range of 2 km,involving over a hundred devices.The white rabbit,a technology-enhancing Gigabit Ethernet,has shown the capability of scheduling distributed timing devices but still faces the challenge of obtaining real-time synchronization calibration param-eters with high precision.This study presents a calibration system based on a time-to-digital converter implemented on an ARM-based System-on-Chip(SoC).The system consists of four multi-sample delay lines,a bubble-proof encoder,an edge controller for managing data from different channels,and a highly effective calibration module that benefits from the SoC architecture.The performance was evaluated with an average RMS precision of 5.51 ps by measuring the time intervals from 0 to 24,000 ps with 120,000 data for every test.The design presented in this study refines the calibration precision of the HIAF timing system.This eliminates the errors caused by manual calibration without efficiency loss and provides data support for fault diagnosis.It can also be easily tailored or ported to other devices for specific applications and provides more space for developing timing systems for particle accelerators,such as white rabbits on HIAF.

Robust optical mode converter based on topological waveguide arrays

Optical mode converters are essential for enhancing the capacity of optical communication systems. However, fabrication errors restrict the further improvement of conventional mode converters. To address this challenge, we have designed an on-chip TE0–TE1mode converter based on topologically protected waveguide arrays. The simulation results demonstrate that the converter exhibits a mode coupling efficiency of 93.5% near 1550 nm and can tolerate a relative fabrication error of 30%. Our design approach can be extended to enhance the robustness for other integrated photonic devices, beneficial for future development of optical network systems.

Energy-Efficient Implementation of BCD to Excess-3 Code Converter for Nano-Communication Using QCA Technology

Code converters are essential in digital nano communication;therefore,a low-complexity optimal QCA layout for a BCD to Excess-3 code converter has been proposed in this paper.A QCA clockphase-based design technique was adopted to investigate integration with other complicated circuits.Using a unique XOR gate,the recommended circuit’s cell complexity has been decreased.The findings produced using the QCADesigner-2.0.3,a reliable simulation tool,prove the effectiveness of the current structure over earlier designs by considering the number of cells deployed,the area occupied,and the latency as design metrics.In addition,the popular tool QCAPro was used to estimate the energy dissipation of the proposed design.The proposed technique reduces the occupied space by∼40%,improves cell complexity by∼20%,and reduces energy dissipation by∼1.8 times(atγ=1.5EK)compared to the current scalable designs.This paper also studied the suggested structure’s energy dissipation and compared it to existing works for a better performance evaluation.

Hydrodynamic Performance of An Integrated System of Breakwater and A Multi-Chamber OWC Wave Energy Converter

A multi-chamber oscillating water column wave energy converter(OWC-WEC)integrated to a breakwater is investigated.The hydrodynamic characteristics of the device are analyzed using an analytical model based on the linear potential flow theory.A pneumatic model is employed to investigate the relationship between the air mass flux in the chamber and the turbine characteristics.The effects of chamber width,wall draft and wall thickness on the hydrodynamic performance of a dual-chamber OWC-WEC are investigated.The results demonstrate that the device,with a smaller front wall draft and a wider rear chamber exhibits a broader effective frequency bandwidth.The device with a chamber-width-ratio of 1:3 performs better in terms of power absorption.Additionally,results from the analysis of a triplechamber OWC-WEC demonstrate that reducing the front chamber width and increasing the rearward chamber width can improve the total performance of the device.Increasing the number of chambers from 1 to 2 or 3 can widen the effective frequency bandwidth.

附加动能与势能比例系数的跟网型VSC能量函数

针对大扰动下跟网型换流器的暂态稳定分析问题,构造了一种附加动能与势能比例系数的新型能量函数,改善了传统能量函数固有的保守性。根据待定梯度法计算能量函数的形式;以能量函数的正定性作为约束条件,初步确定附加系数的取值范围;根据梯度与微分方程判断能量函数的耗散性,进一步缩小了该范围;分析并对比能量函数的稳定域,提出改善保守性的建议。最后将得出的结论应用于并网换流器的电磁暂态仿真模型中,验证了其有效性。

Negative Stiffness Mechanism on An Asymmetric Wave Energy Converter by Using A Weakly Nonlinear Potential Model

Salter's duck,an asymmetrical wave energy converter(WEC)device,showed high efficiency in extracting energy from 2D regular waves in the past;yet,challenges remain for fluctuating wave conditions.These can potentially be addressed by adopting a negative stiffness mechanism(NSM)in WEC devices to enhance system efficiency,even in highly nonlinear and steep 3D waves.A weakly nonlinear model was developed which incorporated a nonlinear restoring moment and NSM into the linear formulations and was applied to an asymmetric WEC using a time domain potential flow model.The model was initially validated by comparing it with published experimental and numerical computational fluid dynamics results.The current results were in good agreement with the published results.It was found that the energy extraction increased in the range of 6%to 17%during the evaluation of the effectiveness of the NSM in regular waves.Under irregular wave conditions,specifically at the design wave conditions for the selected test site,the energy extraction increased by 2.4%,with annual energy production increments of approximately 0.8MWh.The findings highlight the potential of NSM in enhancing the performance of asymmetric WEC devices,indicating more efficient energy extraction under various wave conditions.

Extreme Responses of An Integrated System with A Semi-Submersible Wind Turbine and Four Torus-Shaped Wave Energy Converters in Different Survival Modes

Offshore wind power is a kind of important clean renewable energy and has attracted increasing attention due to the rapid consumption of non-renewable energy.To reduce the high cost of energy,a possible try is to utilize the combination of wind and wave energy considering their natural correlation.A combined concept consisting of a semi-submersible wind turbine and four torus-shaped wave energy converters was proposed and numerically studied under normal operating conditions.However,the dynamic behavior of the integrated system under extreme sea conditions has not been studied yet.In the present work,extreme responses of the integrated system under two different survival modes are evaluated.Fully coupled time-domain simulations with consideration of interactions between the semi-submersible wind turbine and the torus-shaped wave energy converters are performed to investigate dynamic responses of the integrated system,including mooring tensions,tower bending moments,end stop forces,and contact forces at the Column-Torus interface.It is found that the addition of four tori will reduce the mean motions of the yaw,pitch and surge.When the tori are locked at the still water line,the whole integrated system is more suitable for the survival modes.

弱并网条件下VSC的自适应型虚拟并网点规划与控制策略

电压源换流器(VSC)接入薄弱交流电网时存在系统小扰动稳定性问题,传统控制策略下VSC不得不降低输出功率以维持稳定运行。为提升弱并网VSC的小扰动稳定性,首先基于交流电压外环建立了弱并网VSC稳定性机理的通用分析模型,分析了锁相环(PLL)与VSC外环控制间的耦合特性,及其对系统小扰动稳定性的影响机理。在此基础上,提出了一种参数自适应型虚拟并网点控制策略。在PSCAD/EMTDC环境下搭建的弱并网VSC详细开关模型验证了所提控制方法的有效性。

ANovel Non-Isolated Cubic DC-DC Converter with High Voltage Gain for Renewable Energy Power Generation System

In recent years,switched inductor(SL)technology,switched capacitor(SC)technology,and switched inductor-capacitor(SL-SC)technology have been widely applied to optimize and improve DC-DC boost converters,which can effectively enhance voltage gain and reduce device stress.To address the issue of low output voltage in current renewable energy power generation systems,this study proposes a novel non-isolated cubic high-gain DC-DC converter based on the traditional quadratic DC-DC boost converter by incorporating a SC and a SL-SC unit.Firstly,the proposed converter’s details are elaborated,including its topology structure,operating mode,voltage gain,device stress,and power loss.Subsequently,a comparative analysis is conducted on the voltage gain and device stress between the proposed converter and other high-gain converters.Then,a closed-loop simulation system is constructed to obtain simulation waveforms of various devices and explore the dynamic performance.Finally,an experimental prototype is built,experimental waveforms are obtained,and the experimental dynamic performance and conversion efficiency are analyzed.The theoretical analysis’s correctness is verified through simulation and experimental results.The proposed converter has advantages such as high voltage gain,low device stress,high conversion efficiency,simple control,and wide input voltage range,achieving a good balance between voltage gain,device stress,and power loss.The proposed converter is well-suited for renewable energy systems and holds theoretical significance and practical value in renewable energy applications.It provides an effective solution to the issue of low output voltage in renewable energy power generation systems.