Revegetation of Copper Mine Tailings with Ryegrass and Willow

To restore vegetation on metal mine tailings is very difficult because theyoften contain high concentrations of heavy metals, low nutrient content and low water retentioncapacity. This study involved 3 experiments that evaluated the effects of 4 treatment amendments:montmorillonite, rice straw, organic manure and chemical fertilizer on the growth of ryegrass(Lolium perenne L.) and willow (Salix viminalis L.) with Cu and Zn mine tailings from two miningareas. The results showed that ryegrass was the most tolerant of 4 crops to Cu toxicity. Also whenorganic manure, which contained high concentrations of inorganic salts, was added to the minetailings, it significantly hindered ryegrass growth (P = 0.05). Meanwhile, with ryegrass organicmanure significantly increased (P = 0.05) the extractable Cu concentration in both mine tailings.When montmorillonite was used as a mine tailings amendment with willow, the height and tress numberat the 1st cut were significantly greater (P = 0.05) than a control without montmorillonite. Howeverthere was no significant difference for height, tress number, dry weight or root dry weight at the2nd cut. So, amendment applications to reduce metal toxicity and increase nutrients retention inmine tailings were essential during revegetation of mine tailings.

Tolerance of Grasses to Heavy Metals and Microbial Functional Diversity in Soils Contaminated with Copper Mine Tailings

Copper （Cu） mine tailings, because of their high content of heavy metals, are usually hostile to plant colonization. A pot experiment was conducted to determine the tolerance of four forage grasses to heavy metals in Cu mine tailings and to examine the variation in the microbial functional diversity of soils from the tailing sites in southern China. All the four grass species survived on Cu mine tailings and Cu mine tailing-soil mixture. However, on pure mine tailings, the growth was minimal, whereas the growth was maximum for the control without mine tailings. The tolerance of grasses to heavy metals followed the sequence： Paspalum notatum 〉 Festuea arundinaeea 〉 Lolium perenne 〉 Cynodon daetylon. The planting of forage grasses enhanced the soil microbial biomass. The Biolog data indicated that the soil microbial metabolic profile values （average well color development, community richness, and Shannon index） of the four forage grasses also followed the sequence： P. notatum 〉 F. arundinaeea 〉 L. perenne 〉 C. daetylon. Thus, P. notatum, under the experimental conditions of this study, may be considered as the preferred plant species for revegetation of Cu mine tailing areas.

Effect of temperature on leaching behavior of copper minerals with different occurrence states in complex copper oxide ores

The effect of temperature on leaching behavior of copper minerals with different occurrence states in complex copper oxide ores was carried out by phase analysis means of XRD, optical microscopy and SEM-EDS. The results indicated that at ambient temperature, the easily leached copper oxide minerals were completely dissolved, while the bonded copper minerals were insoluble. At lukewarm temperature of 40℃, it was mainly the dissolution of copper in isomorphism state. With increasing temperature to 60℃, the copper leaching rate in the adsorbed state was significantly accelerated. In addition, when the temperature increased to 80℃, the isomorphic copper was completely leached, leaving 11.2% adsorbed copper un-leached. However, the copper in feldspar-quartz-copper-iron colloid state was not dissolved throughout the leaching process. Overall, the leaching rates of copper in different copper minerals decreased in the order: malachite, pseudo-malachite > chrysocolla > copper-bearing chlorite > copper-bearing muscovite > copper-bearing biotite > copper-bearing limonite > feldspar-quartz-copper-iron colloid.

Environmental impact improvements due to introducing automation into underground copper mines

A life-cycle assessment(LCA) model was developed to comparatively analyze the use of manual and automated mining equipment in underground copper mine sites.Processes and key variables that were determined to contribute to the environmental impact of operations were identified for six mine sites in a range of geographical locations around the world.Our model successfully calculated carbon dioxide(CO_(2) eq.) emissions to within 4.9% of the reported annual emissions from the site's respective companies.The implementation of automation was found to decrease global warming potential by a range of 11.4%-18.0% or 3.9-17.9 kg CO_(2) eq./t ore.The model was also used to estimate the average reductions across several impact potentials including,acidification(11.9%-17.8%),eutrophication(7.6%-13.7%),and human toxicity(16.0%-20.0%).World-wide the mining industry is moving toward introducing significantly more automation to enhance productivity and safety.This novel work demonstrates an important third dimension that can support this move,reduced environmental impact.

Physicochemical factors affecting the wettability of copper mine blasting dust

To investigate the factors affecting the wettability of copper mine blasting dust,the primary blasting dust was collected from an open-pit copper mine and separated into hydrophilic blasting dust(HLBD)and hydrophobic blasting dust(HBBD)using water flotation method.The physicochemical properties of HLBD and HBBD were measured and compared with each other.The properties included particle size distributions(PSDs),micromorphologies,pore structures,mineral components and surface organic carbon functional groups.The results show that particle size and pore structure of the blasting dust are the main factors affecting its wettability.Specifically,particle size of HBBD is smaller than that of HLBD,and their respiratory dust(less than 10μm)accounts for 61.74 vol%and 53.00 vol%,respectively.The pore structure of HBBD is more developed,and the total pore volume of HBBD is 1.66 times larger than that of HLBD.The identical mineral compositions were detected in HLBD and HBBD by X-rays diffraction(XRD);however,the surface organic hydrophobic component of HBBD is slightly larger than that of HLBD,this may be the reason for the poor wettability of HBBD.This study is significant to understand the effects of physicochemical properties of copper mine blasting dust on its wettability.

Influence of copper minerals on cyanide leaching of gold

The paper thermodynamically examined the behavior of various copper minerals in cyanide solu tions and investigated the influence of copper minerals on cyanide leaching of gold. In elucidating the influence of copper minerals on cyanide leaching of gold, copper minerals were classified into two types according to their solubility in cyanide solutions by proposing two concepts, cyaniding easily soluble copper (E Cu ) and cyaniding insoluble copper. The former involves copper occurrence in metal, oxides and secondary sulfides, and the latter refers mainly to primary sulfides. Experimental results show that not all the total copper in an ore affected cyanide leaching of gold, while cyaniding easily soluble copper turns out to be the decisive factor that interferes with gold cyanidation by causing decrease in gold cyanidation recovery and increase in cyanide consumption. When cyaniding easily soluble copper content ( w E(Cu) ) lies in the range of 0 0.25%, it linearly affects gold cyanidation recovery ( R ) as well as cyanide consumption ( m c). The regression equations have been worked out to be R (%)=94.177 5-142.735 7 w E(Cu) with a correlation coefficient of -0.902 and m c=5.590 7+33.572 9 w E(Cu) with a correlation coefficient of 0.945, respectively.

A Fluid Inclusion Study of Vein-type Copper Mineralization in the East Wulasigou Pb-Zn-Cu Deposit,Altay,Northwestern China

The Wulasigou Cu-Pb-Zn deposit,located 15 km northwest of Altay city in Xinjiang,is one of many Cu-Pb-Zn polymetallic deposits in the Devonian Kelan volcanic-sedimentary basin in southern Altaids.Two mineralizing periods can be distinguished：the marine volcanic sedimentary PbZn mineralization period,and the metamorphic hydrothermal Cu mineralization period,which is further divided into an early bedded foliated quartz vein stage（Q1） and a late sulfide-quartz vein stage（Q2） crosscutting the foliation.Four types of fluid inclusions were recognized in the Q1 and Q2 quartz from the east orebodies of the Wulasigou deposit：H2O-CO2 inclusions,carbonic fluid inclusions,aqueous fluid inclusions,and daughter mineral-bearing fluid inclusions.Microthermometric studies show that solid CO2 melting temperatures（T（m,CO2）） of H2O-CO2 inclusions in Ql are from-62.3℃ to-58.5C,clathrate melting temperatures（T（m,clath）l） are from 0.5 C to 7.5 C,partial homogenization temperatures（T（h,CO2）） vary from 3.3℃ to 25.9℃（to liquid）,and the total homogenization temperatures（T（h,tot）） vary from 285℃ to 378℃,with the salinities being 4.9%-15.1%NaCl eqv.and the CO2-phase densities being 0.50-0.86 g/cm-3.H2O-CO2 inclusions in Q2 have T（m,CO2） from-61.9℃ to-56.9℃,T（m,clath）from 1.3℃ to 9.5℃,T（h,CO2） from 3.4℃ to 28.7℃（to liquid）,and T（h,tot） from 242℃ to 388℃,with the salinities being 1.0%-15.5%NaCl eqv.and the CO2-phase densities being 0.48-0.89 g/cm-3.The minimum trapping pressures of fluid inclusions in Q1 and Q2 are estimated to be 260-360 MPa and180-370 MPa,respectively.The δ-（34）S values of pyrite from the volcanic sedimentary period vary from2.3‰ to 2.8‰（CDT）,and those from the sulfide-quartz veins fall in a narrow range of-1.9‰ to 2.6‰（CDT）.The δD values of fluid inclusions in Q2 range from-121.0‰ to-100.8‰（SMOW）,and theδ-（18）O（H2O） values calculated from δ-（18）O of quartz range from-0.2‰ to 8.3‰（SMOW）.The δD-δ-（18）O（H2O）data are close to the magmatic and metamorphic fields.The fluid inclusion and stable isotope data documented in this study indicate that the vein-type copper mineralization in the Wulasigou Pb-Zn-Cu deposit took place in an orogenic-metamorphic enviroment.

Petrology and Geochemistry of Ophiolitic Host Rocks of Copper Mineralization in Dowlat Abad-Tang e Hana Area (Neyriz-Iran)

Dowlat Abad-Tang e Hana area is a part of Neyriz ophiolite zone, parallel to the Zagros thrust, SW of Iran. It is also a part of obduction thrusting belt over the edge of the Arabian continent during the late Cretaceous. Petrographic investigation indicates the main host rocks are harzburgite, dunite, pyroxenite, basalt, gabbro and pelagic marine sediments. The main magma type of this ophiolite complex is sub-alkaline. The geochemical data of analysed samples show depletion of Na and K, and enrichment in Ca. Copper mineralization in Dowlat Abad-Tang e Hana is hosted mainly in peridotite rocks. The mineralizations are vein type and are associated as copper carbonate (malachite and less azurite). The average of Cu grade is 2.3 wt%. The geochemical and mineralogical data show that the primary source of copper is ortho-magmatic (from ultra-basic rocks and ferro magnesium minerals), which later influenced by hydrothermal processes.

Trace Elements in the Soil-Plant Systems of Copper Mine Areas-A Case Study From Murgul Copper Mine From the Black Sea Region of Turkey

This study presents a case study on the heavy metal analysis of soil and plant samples around the Murgul copper mine,one of the first and most important mining areas in Turkey.An attempt has been made to investigate the status of trace elements like Al^(3+),Fe^(2+),Cu^(2+),Zn^(2+),Pb^(2+),Ni^(2+),Co^(2+)and Cd^(2+)in soils and plants.The sampling localities were taken from 500 m,600 m,and 1000 m altitudes around the factory and at 1400 m in the forest zone.The aboveground parts and foliage ash of Silene compacta,Tussilago farfara,Smilax excelsa,Rhododendron ponticum,R.luteum,and herbal mix were analysed.The results of analysis have revealed the minimum and maximum concentrations measured in the plants as follows;aluminium(20-8985 mg kg^(-1)),cadmium(0.0-0.5 mg kg^(-1)),cobalt(0.0-5.5 mg kg^(-1)),copper(0.0-347.5 mg kg^(-1)),iron(25-9320 mg kg^(-1)),lead(2-51 mg kg^(-1)),nickel(1.5-16.5 mg kg^(-1)),and zinc(13.0-221.0 mg kg^(-1)).In the soil the concentrations of aluminium,cadmium,cobalt,copper,iron,lead,nickel,and zinc vary between 33-457,0.0-0.0,0.0-0.4,0.1-88.7,14-50,0.3-4.1,0.2-0.8,and 4.0-20.3 mg kg^(-1) respectively.These findings enlighten the fact that copper is generally toxic in the soils as well as plants.Silene compacta has been recorded as a high copper accumulator,behaving as a healthy plant on the polluted sites of the area alongside the Murgul creek(especially at 600 m).This study stresses the fact that it is imperative to assess and monitor the levels of heavy metals in the environment due to anthropogenic activities,including mining,for evaluation of human exposure and for sustainable environment.

Respirable Dust and Respirable Crystalline Silica Concentration in Workers of Copper Mine, Mongolia

Introduction: Prosperity in the mining industry in Mongolia has led to an increase in the number of mining workers, resulting in an increase in occupational exposures and the prevalence of occupational diseases and disabilities. The aim of this study was to assess the personal exposure of workers to respirable dust (RD) and respirable crystalline silica (RCS). Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Erdenet Copper Ore Mining and included 581 personal samples of RD and 324 samples of RCS, collected in 2018-2020. Results: The study results revealed that the geometric mean (GM) of RD was 0.35 mg/m3 (95% CI 0.32 - 0.39). The RD concentration in 5.9% (n = 34) of all the samples exceeded the permissible exposure level (PEL) (3 mg/mg3). The GM of RCS was 0.012 mg/m3 (95% CI 0.010 - 0.016). In total, 12.0% (n = 39) of all RCS sample concentrations exceeded the PEL (0.1 mg/m3). Conclusion: Steel smelters, blasters, welders, and maintenance laborers were exposed to RD, while crushers, operators, drilling machinists, and maintenance laborers were exposed to RCS. Therefore, regular monitoring of the work environment, risk-based health examinations for dust-exposed workers, efficient support for dust mitigation, reduction measures at the source, and engineering controls are needed.

Geology of the Copper Mineralization in Proterozoic Ajabgarh Meta-Sediments of, Dokan-Dariba Belt, Sikar District Rajasthan Northwestern India

The Khetri copper belt is a well-known metallotect in northern part of Delhi fold belt in Rajasthan. On the eastern margin of the Khetri sub basin of North Delhi basin separated by a basement high, another sub basin Alwar-Ajabgarh sub basin exposes that a thick sequence of Ajabgarh group of rocks overlies a thick arenaceous sequence of Alwar group of Delhi Super Group of rocks. The Ajabgarh meta sediments here in the Neem Ka thana area are characterized by presence of Bornite dominated copper mineralization with silver association and minor presence of Pb. The mineralization has been described by various workers as strata-bound, hypogene and IOCG. But these inferences are based on part information and the inference drawn is sectorial in nature. The current study includes a holistic study based on exploration over a period of more than two decades and the data generated suggest thereof, that this syngenetic sulphide mineralization associated with the sedimentation of marl and carbonate rocks. Subsequently it has been relocated during 2nd deformation accompanied by epigenetic component of mineralization depicted in terms of vein filled coarse grained aggregates of bornite and chalcopyrite disposed across the general disposition of litho-package. The EPMA and fluid inclusion data generated from the area indicate association of typical hydrothermal environment minerals like, Perkrite, Wittchenite, Aguilarite, Molybdnite etc. The mineralizing fluids have been trapped between the temperature ranges of 130°C to 375°C with average being 250°C to 300°C. The fluid salinity also varies from near pure hot water to moderately saline fluid indicative of multi-episodic mineralization of syngenetic nature coupled with epigenetic component. The ore textures indicate 500°C temperature range;certain intergrowths of minerals like specular hematite and bornite suggest the occurrence of hypogene environment induced due to emplacement of granite/pegmatite on the eastern and southern margins of the belt. The strata bound nature suggests the euxogenic environment facilitated by carbonate facies of rocks. The parallelism of sulphide with the rock fabric was attained during first deformation and the epigenetic component coupled with the hypogene assemblage was deposited during the D2 deformation in the brittle ductile shear zones and limb shears, between the temperature ranges of 130°C to 570°C as deduced from petrochemical data. Hence a comprehensive model is suggested here on evolution of process of mineralization in the Neem Ka Thana belt.

Copper Mineralization in the Lower Cambrian Cover of Jbel N’Zourk (Central Anti Atlas, Morocco): Tectonic-Mineralizations Relationships

The Moroccan Anti-Atlas is a vast geological region composed of a Precambrian basement covered by a late-Neoproterozoic to Paleozoic sedimentary sequences. More than 200 copper occurrences are listed in these sequences. The copper mineralization of the Jbel N’Zourk (Central Anti-Atlas) is observed into the lower Limestones of the lower Cambrian (Adoudou formation), just above the volcanic formations of the Jbel Boho between Bou Azzer El Graara and Zenaga inliers. The region is by an E-W shortening resulting in an overlapping structure with vergence associated with folds. Generally, the mineralization is hosted along the principal fault of Jbel N’Zourk and sometimes in the anticlines hinges. The petrographic study showed that the mineralization can be observed in several aspects, either in the fractures and veins, in small karsts or rarely disseminated in calcite and dolomite minerals. These observations host new arguments who contribute to a later reconcentration of the copper mineralization of Jbel N’Zourk, trapped on faulted and folded structures attributed to Variscan deformation.

Extraction and stripping of Cu and Ni from synthetic and industrial solutions of Sarcheshmeh Copper Mine containing Cu, Ni, Fe and Zn ions

The extraction and stripping of Cu and Ni ions from synthetic and industrial solutions of Sarcheshmeh Copper Mine containing Cu(770 mg/L),Ni(3200 mg/L),Fe(800 mg/L)and Zn(200 mg/L)were comprehensively investigated using D2 EHPA,LIX 984,Cyanex 302,Chemorex CP 150 and Acorga 5774 diluted in kerosene.The influential parameters such as mixing speed and time,concentration of extractant,p H and temperature were considered in extraction stage.Furthermore,stripping of Cu and Ni was examined using different inorganic and organic acids(sulfuric,hydrochloric,nitric and citric acids)with different concentrations.The results indicated that the highest extractions of Cu and Ni occurred within 3 min,with the mixing speed of 500 r/min,28℃and A/O ratio of 1:1.Moreover,Cu was extracted by LIX 984 at the concentration of 10%(v/v),whereas Ni was extracted by Cyanex 302 at the concentration of 30%(v/v),efficiently.The optimal p H for Cu and Ni extraction is in ranges of 2-3 and 4-5,respectively.Cu and Ni were selectively extracted with the recoveries of 85%,93%and 77%,82%from synthetic and industrial solutions containing Ni,Cu,Zn and Fe ions,respectively.The results of optimal condition showed that 96%of Ni and 93%of Cu were stripped from the synthetic and industrial solutions.Finally,four elements Zn,Fe,Cu and Ni were extracted in three stages with D2 EHPA,LIX 984 and Cyanex 302 extractants respectively with the least impurities.

Mineralogical characterization of copper sulfide tailings using automated mineral liberation analysis: A case study of the Chambishi Copper Mine tailings

As ore grades constantly decline,more copper tailings,which still contain a considerable amount of unrecovered copper,are expected to be produced as a byproduct of froth flotation.This research reveals the occurrence mechanism of copper minerals in typical copper sulfide tailings using quantitative mineral liberation analysis(MLA)integrated with scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectroscopy(SEM–EDS).A comprehensive mineralogical characterization was carried out,and the results showed that almost all copper minerals were highly disseminated within coarse gangue particles,except for 9.2wt%chalcopyrite that occurred in the 160–180μm size fraction.The predominant copper-bearing mineral was chalcopyrite,which was closely intergrown with orthoclase and muscovite rather than quartz.The flotation tailings sample still contained 3.28wt%liberated chalcopyrite and 3.13wt%liberated bornite because of their extremely fine granularity.The SEM–EDS analysis further demonstrated that copper minerals mainly occurred as fine dispersed and fully enclosed structures in gangue minerals.The information obtained from this research could offer useful references for recovering residual copper from flotation tailings.

Hydrothermal Alteration Mapping in Northern Khur, Iran, Using ASTER Image Processing: a New Insight to the Type of Copper Mineralization

Eastern Iran has great potential for the discovery of different types of mineralization. The study area encompasses Tertiary magmatism in the northern Lut block located in northern Khur, South Khorasan, eastern Iran and is mostly covered by volcanic rocks, which are intruded by porphyritic subvolcanic intrusions in some places. Application of the spectral angle mapper （SAM） technique to Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer （ASTER） images detected sericitic, argillic, and propylitic alterations, silicification, and secondary iron oxides. The alteration is linear and associated within vein-type mineralization. Twelve prospective areas are selected for detailed exploration and based on our processing results, in addition to NW-SE faults, which are associated with Cu mineralization indications, NE-SW faults are also shown to be important. Based on the presence of subvolcanic rocks and numerous Cu ± Pb-Zn vein-type mineralizations, extensive alteration, high anomaly of Cu and Zn （up to 100 ppm）, the age （43.6 to 31.4 Ma） and the initial $78r/S6Sr ratio （0.7047 to 0.7065） of the igneous rocks, and the metallogenic epoch of the Lut block （middle Eocene-lower Oligocene） for the formation of porphyry Cu and epithermal deposits, the studied area shows great potential for porphyry copper deposits.

Free cupric ions in contaminated agricultural soils around a copper mine in eastern Nanjing City, China

To determine the environmental free metal ion activity was a recent hot issue. A method to measure low-level free cupric ion activity in soil solution extracted with 0.01 mol/L KNO3 was developed by using cupric ion-selective electrode （ISE） and calibrating with Cu-buffer solution. Three copper buffers including iminodiacetic acid （IDA）, ethylenediamine （EN）, and glycine （Gly） were compared for calibrating the Cu-ISE curves in the range of free cupric ions （pCu^2＋） 7-13. The Cu-EN buffer showed the best electrode response and thus was applied as the calibration buffer. The pCu^2＋ of 39 contaminated agricultural soils around a copper mine was measured, ranging from 5.03 to 9.20. Most Cu in the soil solutions was found to be complexed with dissolved soil organic matters, averaging 98.1%. The proportion of free Cu^2＋ ions in the soil solutions decreased with the increasing of solution pH. Soluble Cu and free Cu^2＋ ions concentrations were analyzed by multiple linear regressions to evaluate the effects of soil properties on metal levels and speciation. The results showed that soil solution pH was the most significant factor influencing pCu^2＋ （with R^2 value of 0.76）, while not important for the soluble Cu concentration.

GENESIS OF COPPER MINERALIZATION IN THE WESTERN KOHISTAN ISLAND ARC TERRANE,NW HIMALAYA—HINDUKUSH, N. PAKISTAN

The Kohistan Terrane in N. Pakistan straddles the suture zone between the collided Indian and Eurasian plates in the NW Himalayas of N. Pakistan. Initiated as an intra\|oceanic island\|arc crust in Neotethys, the terrane accreted with the southern margin of the Karakoram Plate in the Late Cretaceous (about 90Ma). Continued subduction at its southern margin resulted in Andean\|type magmatism and tectonics, until collision with the Indian Plat in the Early Eocene.Whereas much of the central and eastern Kohistan expose Cretaceous volcanic and sedimentary rocks of intra\|oceanic island arc setting, the western Kohistan in Swat, Dir, Chitral and upper Ghizer valleys preserves remnants of the Late Paleocene—Early Eocene volcanism and sedimentation of Andean\|type setting. These volcano\|sedimentary lithologies in western Kohistan are geographically divisible into two, separated by the Lowari Pluton; (1) Dir\|Swat Belt, (2) Drosh\|Shamran Belt. Late Paleocene\|Early Eocene siliceous volcanics termed Utror Volcanics and Shamran Volcanics are common in the two belts and so are the plutons intrusive into these volcanics (Late Stage\|II of the Kohistan Batholith). The difference is in the sedimentary successions presented in the two belts. Whereas in the Dir\|Swat belt, the sedimentary succession comprises Baraul Banda Slate Formation, deposited in deep\|water fore\|arc setting and contemporaneous in age with that of the nearby Utror Volcanic Formation (about 55～60Ma), the sediments in the Drosh\|Shamran belt are distinctly red beds of fluvial origin (the Purit Formation) those overlie unconformably on top of the Shamran Volcanics and their equivalents.

Porphyry Copper Mineral Prospectivity Mapping Using Interval Valued Fuzzy Sets Topsis Method in Central Iran

Geospatial Information System (GIS) provide tools to quantitatively analysis and combination of datasets from geological, geophysical, remote sensing and geochemical surveys for decision-making processes. Excellent coverage of well-documented and good quality data enables testing of variable exploration modeling in an efficient way. The study area of this research is the most important part of Cu (Mo) porphyry—type mineralization belt in Iran. There are some well-known porphyry copper deposits in this region like Sarcheshmeh and Meiduk mines, but certainly there are same grounds to search for new porphyry deposits. The risks of developing mineral resources need to be known as accurately as possible, with regarding to all features those are effective in mineralization. These features can be recognized respect to Critical Genetic Factors (CGF’s) using Critical Recognition Criteria (CRC) for each type of mineralization. CGF’s can be employed for designing a Conceptual Genetic Model (CGM). Evidence maps create on the basis of CGM and then integrate together for production of Mineral Prospectivity Map (MPM). This map categorizes the areas based on their exploration importance. There are several techniques for creation of MPM. Interval Valued Fuzzy Sets (IVFSs) TOPSIS method was applied in this research. This method as a knowledge-driven method, allocate appropriate weights to layers on the basis of the effective membership, non membership, and non-certainty. The fundamental concept of TOPSIS is that the chosen alternatives should have the shortest distance from the positive ideal points (A*) and the farthest distance from negative ideal points (A-).

Geochemical anomaly structure of South Mining District of Fenghuangshan Copper Mine

To study the geochemical anomaly structure of multi-element associations in the South Mining District of the Fenghuangshan Copper Mine,samples were collected and analyzed for their trace element contents.Multi-element anomaly associations were divided according to the correlations between Cu and each of the other elements,and the distribution characteristics of multi-element anomaly associations were also described.Among them,the anomaly distribution of metallogenic element Cu indicates the environment of mineralization.This study provided the basis for research on the metallogenic prediction and geochemistry of the Fenghuangshan Copper Mine.

Mineral Chemistry in Volcanic Rocks of Ore Deposit Nochun and Sarcheshmeh Copper Mine, Iran

This paper studies on clinopyroxene, plagioclase of andesitic to dacite rocks of Nochun area to understand the geotectonic and geothermobarometry conditions. Eocene calc-alkaline volcanic rocks are exposed in Nochun that are near the Sarcheshmeh cooper mine. Volcanic rocks consist of andesitic to dacite rocks. Minerals in the volcanic rocks exhibit degrees of disequilibrium features. Plagioclase as dominant mineral in these rocks generally displays oscillatory zoning;sieves or dusty, cores are usually Ca-rich. Petrographic evidence and varying anorthite content (10% to 90%) of plagioclase and temperature estimates of clinopyroxene indicated fractional crystallization condition later than hydrothermal alteration and partial metasomatism occurred. The varying content indicates that the parent’s magma was generated from subalkaline composition and then hydrothermal alteration affected phenocryst minerals and matrix of andesitic to dacite rocks. The equilibration temperatures of clinopyroxene showed (800°C - 1200°C). Thus, in mafic minerals development of sieve textures in plagioclase, reaction rims, zoning and heterogeneity of plagioclase phenocrysts, the resorbed and embayed phenocrysts, unique composition of clinopyroxene phenocrysts;support fractional crystallization at deep reservoir and high pressure condition as an important process in the evolution of these rocks.